REVIEW FOR PSYCH EXAM 3: Know these terms and how they are used.
Chapt 10 –













Stream of Consciousness and how it works
o Experience of perceiving one’s self and others; decrease in brain activity decline in
consciousness
Spatial neglect
o Ignore the sensations of left side of body;
blind sight
o damage to visual cortex; respond to stimuli but not being conscious of them- people can
see things but not pay attention to it but can guess where it was last placed
Déjà vu
o Familiarity with strange person, place, or event
capgras syndrome
o belief that real person was replaced with an imposter; eyes are saying the same, but
emotions saying different
brain death
o absence of activity or response to stimuli
coma
o prolonged state of unconsciousness; person alive but cannot be awakened to any
stimulation
vegetative state
o chronic or long term condition; can open eyelids and demonstrate sleep wake cycles but
lack cognitive function
Circadian Rhythms
o Cycles of activity and inactivity lasting about one day; body clock telling you when to
sleep and eat
Jet Lag
o period of weariness and discomfort when body clock adjusts to new time zone;
Sleep
o Sleep saves energy: decrease muscle activity, body temperature lower
o Sleep restorative functions: deprivation=weakened immune system
o Sleep strengthens learning and memory: reanalyze memories
o Animals evolved to only sleep for as much as safe for them to sleep
REM Sleep
o Rapid eye movements, high level of brain activity & deep relaxation of postural muscles;
dreams; 90 minutes after fall asleep; stores memories, learning, and balancing moods;
babies spend more time in REM sleep than adults
Non REM Sleep
o Stage 1: eyes closed but easy to wake up; stage 2: light sleep- body getting ready for
deep sleep; stage 3: deep sleep- if someone woke up you would feel disorientated







Polygraph test
o Lie detector; detects blood pressure, pulse, respiration, and skin conductivity, while
asked questions- untruthful answers produce different responses than truth
Abnormal sleep patterns
o Insomnia: feeling poorly rested due to lack of sleep; many have occasional insomnia,
chronic insomnia is associated with medical/psychological disorders such as depression
o Apnea: fail to breathe for minute or longer and wake up gasping for air; associated with
snoring; many obese middle aged or older
o Narcolepsy: attacks of extreme and irresistible sleepiness (REM sleep) during the day;
muscle weakness or paralysis and vivid dreams;
o Parasomnias: unsettling occurrences during sleep
 Sleep talking: not symptom of any psychological disorder
 Sleep walking: usually found in children during stage 4; safe to wake them
 Nightmares: unpleasant dreams
 Night terrors: awaking during slow wave sleep in extreme panic; more in
children than adults
o Hypersomnia: excessive sleep that is not refreshing; not such thing as too much sleep
Sigmund Freud’s dream
o Dreams reveal dreamers unconscious thoughts and motivations; not scientific
Manifest content
o Story you dreamed about
Latent content
o True meaning of why we dreamt the dream; what manifest content represents
Hypnosis and its impact
o State of consciousness where person loses power of voluntary action and is highly
responsive to suggestion or direction; Not same as sleep- people respond to stimuli
from outside world; used in therapy; focus on subject at hand, tune out other stimuli
around you; Franz Anton Mesmer
o Hypnosis cannot: give person increased strength or enhance person’s memory; produce:
relaxation, manage pain better, better concentration
Meditation: method of inducing calm, relaxed state
Chapt 11 –


Motivation: physical and psychological process that drives us toward certain goal; combination
of desire and energy directed at achieving a goal
The Drive theories
o Incentive: comes from outside (external)
o Drive: starting point of motivation; push comes from within (internal)
o Motivated behavior: goal directed behaviors; instigated, prompted, activated
o







Drive-reduction: Clark Leonard Hull; animals strive to reduce drives as much as possible;
purpose of biological drives is to correct disturbances of homeostasis; drive is to have
behavior to meet biological needs and bring system back to homeostasis
Homeostasis
o Maintenance of bio conditions; temperature, hydration, nutrition, weight;
Intrinsic Motivation
o Motivation to do an act for its own sake; drive coming from within, activity we enjoy and
find motivating
Extrinsic Motivation
o Based on reinforcements and punishments that follow an action; motivated by external
forces
Delay of Gratification
o Choosing smaller payoff now in order to get bigger payoff later; get an unpleasant event
over with now to avoid experiencing dread, postpone desirable event to enjoy
anticipation of it
Overjustification
o Predicts that if people are given more extrinsic motivation than needed to perform a
task, the intrinsic motivation declines
Hypothalamus
o Contained sub areas that contribute to eating, drinking, sexual behavior, and other
motivated activities; regulation; hunger center;
Obesity
o Excessive accumulation of body fat; serious health risks: diabetes, cardiovascular
diseases, arthritis, sleep apnea; due to taking in more calories than he or she is using;
emotional disturbances can cause temporary fluctuations in food intake and weight,
genes play role; medications weaken hunger signals to brain, block absorption of fat in
intestines, or increase metabolism








Hunger
o
Eating disorders
o Anorexia: condition in which normal weight person continuously loses weight but still
feels overweight; refuses to eat adequate amount of food; related to social pressure
and media influence; inability to maintain body weight within 15% of ideal body weight
o Bulimia: disorder of episodes of overeating, usually high calorie foods, and vomiting,
using laxatives, fasting, or excessive exercise; low self esteem, dissatisfaction with
bodies
Alfred Kinsey
o First major survey of human sexual behavior; attacked widespread ignorance of sexual
structure and physiology; results demonstrate wide variation in human sexual habits
and attitudes
Sexual Anatomy and the 3 Identities
o Gender Identity: sex that person regards him or her self as being
o Sexual orientation: person’s preference for male partners, female partners, or neither
Mere Measurement Effect/ Familiarity principle
o Psychological phenomenon where people tend to develop preference for things
because they are familiar with them
Work Motivation
o Very high goals tend to promote good performance as long as goal seems realistic’
serious commitment; feedback is received; believe that achieving goal is worth the
effort; motivation is complicated by fact that there is no point of done
Leadership
o How hard one works at a job is influenced by perceptions and how organized one is\
o Transformational: articulate vision for future, challenge, motivate subordinates to be
creative in improving organization; effective across variety of contexts
o Transactional: make the organization more efficient at what it already does, usually
through incentives; more effective in stable organizations
Job satisfaction
o Scientific-Management/Theory X: most employees are lazy, indifferent and not creative;
work should be easy to preform and strictly supervised
o Human-Relations/Theory Y: employees crave sense of responsibility, variety or tasks,
feeling of accomplishment
Chapt 12 –


Emotion
o Powerful informer of our decisions; impaired emotions=bad decision making
2 autonomic nervous systems: automatic controlling of functions of internal organs (not
voluntary); shifting between systems keep body balanced and homeostasis
o













Sympathetic: increases heart rate, breathing rate, production of sweat, and flow of
adrenaline; prepares body for fight or flight;
o Parasympathetic: decreases heart rate, digestion, and other functions that keep an
organism alive in the long-term
The 3 Theories of Emotions
o James-Lange theory: bodily reaction occurs first, followed by emotional reaction (afraid
because we run instead of run because afraid; emotions caused by interpretations of
bodily reactions; emotions=result of body
o Schachter and Singer theory: two factor theory; intensity of psychological reaction
detemins intensity of emotion
o Cannon-Bard Theory: emotion-triggered stimulus and body’s arousal take place at the
same time
Perceived Arousal by the psychologists
Smile
o Voluntary: only utilizes mouth muscles
o Duchenne smile: involves eye muscles along with mouth; most people cant produce
voluntarily
Facial expressions
o Purpose is for communication of emotions; facial expressions of emotions more likely to
occur in presence of other people
Duchenne theory
Trolley Dillemma
o Experiment in ethics; kill 5 people if you do nothing or kill 1 person if you switch lever
Footbridge Dilemmas
o Push man and stop train killing him but saving 5 people
Brain damaged patients
o Ability to experience and express emotions plays key role in important life and moral
decisions; Phineas Gage who survived injury to frontal cortex-> emotional interpretation
skewed
Fear
o Response to immediate danger
Anxiety
o Increase in startle reflex, accompanied by sense of dread
Micro-expressions
o Quick negative facial expressions when trying to lie
Anger and Violence
o Causes: frustration and aggression; after fight or flight; likelihood of violence when
frustration esp in sexual content (jealousy); violent acts are sporadic and situationdependent; best predictor of future violent behavior is past violent behavior;
Positive psychology
o Study of features that enrich life- hope, creativity, spirituality, and responsibility




Selye’s Concept of Stress
o Stress is the nonspecific response to the body having demand on it; body responds in 3
stages
 Alarm: brief high arousal on SNS
 Resistance: body enters phase of prolonged moderate arousal
 Exhaustion: long lasting stress depletion of proteins
Health psychology including types A and B, PTSD
Problem and Focus Coping Emotions and examples
Faith, God, Spirituality as a predictor of good health