Module 1: Fundamentals in Criminal Investigation
Eugene Francois Vidocq
– a former convict who became the head of Surete,
which was recognized at that time asFrance’s premier
detectiveagency. He is credited for his effective use of
criminals to catch criminals.Vidocq’s unorthodox approachlater became a
model for John Wilkes Booth who infamously stated that “it takes a thief to
catch a thief”.
Henry & John Fielding
– Henry Fielding was a travelling
magistrate
of
establishedthe
England
who
world’s
first
uniformed
police
forcein
Street,
road
notorious
a
Bow
for
thievery. Also known as“runners”
or
“thief -takers”, they conduct patrol and respond to
reported incidents. When Henry died, he was
replaced by his blind brother John as head of the
Bow Street Runners. This eventually became a model for the London
Metropolitan Police (Scotland Yard) of Sir Robert Peel.
Dr. HansGross
– father of Criminalistics, he published a book entitled
“Modern Criminal Investigation” which pave the way for
EdmundLocard to incorporate modern science to police
works.
Edmund Locard
– French criminologist, heestablished the world’s first crime
laboratory inLyon, France. He expounded Dr. Gross’ theory
by stating that “when two object come into contactwith one
another, they leave traces of each otherbehind” (there is
always something left behind at the crime scene). This
became known as Locard’sExchange Principle upon which modern
forensic science owes its theoretical foundation.
Sir Llewelleyn William Atcherly
– Chief
Constable
of West
Riding,
Yorshire.
He
pioneered the recording of M.O. (modus operandi) files
as
investigative aidsthat can be used to identify criminals
based on the tools they use, the manner of commission,
the time of the crime, and other pertinent data.
Thomas Byrnes
– he discovered that Modus Operandi do not remain the same
and
it changes as the career progression of the criminal
changes. He instituted the Bulmerry Morning Street Parade– a practice
where captured criminals are paraded in front of the police force in order to
facilitate easy identification in case they commit crimes in the future. This is
the origin of the Police Line-Up.
Alphonse Bertillon
– father
of
Personal
individualization
of
Identification
a
person
who
based
framed
on
Anthropometry
(the
body measurements).
This
supplemented the practice of descriptive words accompanying a sketch in
order to identify criminals (also known as Portrait Parle– French for “word
picture” or “talking pictures”).With the advent of photography, drawings
became out of fashion. Nevertheless, the practice of accumulating Rogues
Gallery became imbedded in policing around the world.
Jonathan Wild
– conceived
a
business
of
recovering
stolen
properties for a fee in England in the 17thCentury
(theif-takers). Arguably the world’s first private
detective, he took advantage of a system of bounty and rewards set up by
the British Parliamentary Reward System.
Alan Pinkerton
– he was a pioneer in nongovernment
policing
and
private detective works in the US. The company he established bore his
name (Pinkertons) and have a logo of an eye with the inscription “we never
sleep” which the American public came to know as “private eye”. Among the
famous cases they solved involved Harry “Sundance Kid” Longbaugh of the
Butch Cassidy outlaw gang. He is also credited for hiring the first female
involved in investigative works, Mrs. Kate Warne. The Pinkertons are rivaled
only by another private protection business known as the Wells-Fargo & Co.
August Vollmer
– He
served
as
an
Army
Sergeant
in
the
Philippines during the Spanish-American war and
became an Army Policemen who oversaw the
integration of former Guardia Civil into the new
Insular Constabulary. His experience in the Philippine convinced him of the
need to professionalize policing and shield it from politics.
He reluctantly accepted the position of Marshal of Berkeley California when a
posse was commissioned in order to respond to a train derailing incident and
it was then that his innovative approach to policing began to be recognized.
Following the lead of European development in Criminal Investigation, he
established the first crime laboratory in the United
States
in
order
professionalize
to
support
policing
his
(Wadman&
efforts
to
Allison,
2004,cited in Intro. to Theory, Practice & Career
Devt. In Public & Private Invst., Gunter &Hertig, 2005).
John Edgar Hoover
– director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, his efforts to centralize
information on fugitives, criminal activity, organized crime, fingerprints, etc.,
led to the further development of criminal investigation.
Module 2: Introduction to Criminal Investigation
A. Etymology of Investigation
1. The term came from the Latin word INVESTIGARE (vestigare in
some books) which means “to track or to look into for traces”.
2. Fundamentally, it may have been derived from VESTIGIUM, another
Latin word which means footprint. (MS Encarta Reference Library,
2009)
3. Criminal Investigation came from the Latin term Investigat, which
means “to inquire or to discover” during the 5th century (Microsoft®
Encarta® 2008. © 1993-2007 Microsoft Corporation).
B. Definition of Terms
1. Investigation refers to the process of carrying out a detailed
examination
or
inquiry
usually
in
official
manner,
to
discover
something or somebody.
2. Criminal Investigation is a logical process of collection and analysis
of facts about persons, things and places relative to a crime.
It includes:
a. Identification of the guilty party
b. The location of the whereabouts of the guilty party, and
c. Providing admissible evidence to establish the guilt of the parties
involved in the crime.
3. Criminal investigation is an undertaking that seeks, collects, and gathers
evidence
of
a
crime
for
a
case
or
specific
purpose
(http://www.pinow.com/investigations/criminal-invesrigations)
C. Criminal Investigation as
1. an art based on intuition and sometimes by chance.
2.a science because it involves the application of knowledge of forensic
sciences.
3. a process because it involves systematic procedure.
THE CRIMINAL INVESTIGATOR
Criminal investigator is the superstar in the process of investigation.
He must be capable of observation and a rational thinker. Many times, a
police investigator is being tested with his discretion.
Roles of Investigator
1. Determine whether a crime has been committed
2. Identify the victim/s and the offender
3. Locate and apprehend the accused
4. Present evidence of guilt for the suspect/s
5. Assist in case follow-up
Qualities of a Criminal Investigator
1. Perseverance - bring the desired conclusion in spite of obstacles.
2. Endurance is the ability to last physically and mentally.
3. Incorruptible Honesty and Integrity.
4. The intelligence and Wisdom of Solomon. Investigator could easily
decipher falsehood from truth and separate the gain from the chaff.
5. Acting Abili
6. Mastery of the Oral and Written Communication
7. The Keen Power of Observation and Description
8. Courage is the moral fortitude to tell the truth no matter who will be
hurt.
9. Working Knowledge of laws
10. The power to “read between the lines.” This is the ability of the
investigator to interpret the words or phrases encountered in the
process of investigation. 11. Working knowledge of martial arts and
firearms proficiency
Desirable Traits of the Investigator
1. Superior Reasoning Ability is the ability to analyze logically a
multitude of facts and determine how they interrelate is basic to the
investigative process.
Elements from the foundation of the critical thinking process:
a. Differentiating between fact and opinion.
b. Determining cause-and-effect relationships
c. Determining the accuracy and completeness of information
presented.
d. Recognizing logical fallacies and faulty reasoning.
e. Developing inferential skills through deductive or inductive
reasoning
2. Imagination and Curiosity
a. Imagination means forming mental images of what is not
present.
b. Curiosity is the desire to learn by being inquisitive.
3. Intuition. This is the immediate apprehension or cognition – quick
and ready insight without the conscious use of reasoning.
4. Observational Ability.
Under most circumstances, the investigator
will use the sense of seeing and hearing, the former being the more
significant.
5. Organizational Ability.
The police investigator is continually
processing various types of information.
6. Legal Knowledge.
Today’s investigator must possess a solid
grounding in criminal and to a lesser degree, in civil law.
7. Cultural Understanding and a Wide Range of Interest . An
awareness
and
understanding
of
cultures
different
from
the
investigator’s own can be of great advantage.
8. Persistence. Continuing in the face of opposition, or refusing to give
up when faced with an adverse situation.
Module 3: CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION
A. Goals of Criminal Investigation Generally, the goals of criminal
investigation are the following:
1. To determine whether a crime has been committed;
2. To legally obtain information or evidence;
3. To identify persons involved in the crime;
4. To arrest suspects ;
5. To recover stolen properties;
6. To present the best possible case to the prosecutor.
B. Kinds of Criminal Investigation Generally speaking, there are only
two kinds of criminal investigation:
1. Investigation while the suspect is under arrest and detention; and
2. Investigation while the suspect is “at large”. It means that the
suspect is not under arrest or detention, as distinguished from fugitive
from justice.
C. The Four Phases of Criminal Investigation
1. The identification of criminal.
2. The criminal is traced, located and arrested.
3. The facts or evidence to prove the guilt of the accused are
gathered.
4. Pieces of evidence are presented in court.
D. Components of Criminal Investigation
1. PATTERN Refers to a series of similarities that may link particular
cases or indicate that the same person is committing a series of
crimes.
2. LEADS These are clues or pieces of information that aid in the
progress of an investigation.
3. TIPS Specifically refer to leads provided by the citizens that aid in
the progress of an investigation.
4. THEORIES Beliefs regarding the based on the evidence, patterns,
leads, tips and other information developed and uncover in the case.
E. Trichotomy of Criminal Investigation
1. Training Being a critical factor in developing good and competent
investigator, is the key to freedom from bandage of ignorance.
2.
Tools
To
establish
facts
and
develop
evidence,
a
criminal
investigator must use these tools-information, interview, interrogation,
and instrumentation.
3. Technique Essence of tactical strategy in investigation.
F. Importance of Criminal Investigation
1. The problem on crimes and criminals should be carefully studied
and provided with solutions.
2. It helps the five pillars of the Criminal Justice system in recognizing
and identifying criminal and provides clues or information in promoting
social justice.
3. An aid in enforcing the laws and the protection of lives and
properties.
Module 4: Basic Steps In Crime Scene Investigation
1. Recognition- involves the efforts of identifying data, including
physical things that may provide relevant information regarding the
criminal case being investigated.
2. Collection- refers to the act of gathering those identified data or
facts, or physical things that are significant to the case under
investigation.
3. Preservation- includes act of keeping the collected evidences in
their true and original for, preventing contamination or destruction of
its substantive value.
4. Evaluation- the process of determining the probative value of the
evidence.
5. Presentation- it is the function that is primarily manifested inside
the courtroom.
J. STARTING POINTS OF CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION
1. State the problem
2. Form hypotheses
3. Observe and experiment
4. Interpret data
5. Draw conclusions
K. THE SIX (6) CARDINAL POINTS OF INVESTIGATION
1. WHO QUESTIONS: These are questions used to inquire on the
identity
of
the
victims
or
offended
party,
name
of
suspect,
accomplices, accessories and witnesses of the crime.
2. WHAT QUESTIONS: The purpose of these types of questions is to
find out what happened or what took place before, during and
immediately after the commission of the offense.
3. WHERE QUESTIONS: These are questions that localize the place of
the incident- the city or town, the district or barangay, the street or
road, the number of the house or building. Where questions are
necessary in specifically pinpointing the particular location of the crime
scene.
4. WHEN QUESTIONS: These are questions needed to determine and
fix the time, day, month and year when the crime was committed.
When questions should be specified and as accurate as possible.
5. WHY QUESTIONS: These are questions that endeavor to ascertain
the motives, causes, antecedents, previous, incidents, related facts,
background occurrences that might help explain the commission of the
offense.
6. HOW QUESTIONS: These are designed to help the investigator
determine how the crime was committed, the means/tools are
employed, the crime was discovered, and the culprit enters the
building/room. L. The Golden Rule in Criminal Investigation The golden
rule states “Do not touch, alter, move, or transfer any object at the
crime scene unless it is properly marked, measured, sketched and/or
photographed.” The purpose of this rule is to avoid the mutilation,
alteration and contamination (MAC) of the physical evidences found at
the crime scene.
Module 5: Sketches
Crime Scene Sketch
Main Types of Crime Scene Sketch
1. Rough Sketch-
2. Finished SketchSAMPLE
SKETCH DETAILS AND MEASUREMENT
Rough Sketch
Recommended Legend Symbols
Motor Vehicle
Explosion Crater
Motor Cycle
Skid marks/ Tire prints
Tree
Shrubs
Fence
Utility
North Direction
Post
N
Module 6: Types of Searches
Methods of Crime Scene Search
1. Strip Search Method - the three (3) Searchers A, B, and C, proceed slowly
at the same pace along paths parallel to one side of the rectangle.
2. Double Strip Search Method- the double strip or grid method of search is a
modification of the Strip Search Method. The rectangle is traversed first
parallel to the base then parallel to a side.
3. Spiral Search Method -the three searchers follow each other along the
path of a spiral, beginning on the outside and spiraling in toward the center.
4. Zone Search Method-one searcher is assigned to each subdivision of a
quadrant, and then each quadrant is cut into another set of quadrants.
Wheel Search Method- the area is considered to be approximately
circular. The searchers gather at the center and proceed outward along
radii or spokes.
Type of searching methods
a. The quadrant or zone method
b.
Strip
method
c. Grid or double strip method
d. Spiral method
e. Wheel method
Module 7: NATURE, CONCEPTS AND PRINCIPLES OF INTELLIGENCE
Nature of Intelligence Function
Intelligence is responsible in procuring and obtaining political, economic,
psychological, sociological, military and other information which may bear
upon, national interest and which had been collected by the different
government and agencies. Intelligence is knowledge and powerful it can
prevent war and cause one it can help in crime control and crime prevention.
Intelligence As an activity- The organized effort to collect information, to
assess it little by little, and piece it together until it forms larger and clear
patterns. As a product- The end product resulting from the collection,
evaluation, analysis, integration, and interpretation of all available
information which may have immediate or potential significance to the
development and execution of plan, policies and programs of the user.
As an organization- An institution composes of persons who pursue of
preparing plans or formulating policies.
B. Police Intelligence – The end product resulting from the collection,
evaluation, analysis, integration and interpretation of all available
information regarding the activities of criminals and other law violators for
the purpose of affecting their arrest, obtaining evidence, and forestalling
plan to commit crimes.
INTELLIGENCE
The end product resulting from the collection, evaluation, analysis,
integration, and interpretation of all available information which may have
immediate or potential significance to the development and execution of
plan, policies and programs of the user
POLICE INTELLIGENCE
The end product resulting from the collection, evaluation, analysis,
integration and interpretation of all available information regarding the
activities of criminals and other law violators for the purpose of affecting
their arrest, obtaining evidence, and forestalling plan to commit crimes.
Module 8: DEFINITION OF TERMS
1. Intelligence Agency - is a government agency responsible for the
collection, analysis or exploitation of information and intelligence in support
of law enforcement, national security, defense and foreign policy objectives.
2. Intelligence Officer - is a person employed by an organization to
collect, compile and analyze information which is used to that organization.
3.
Counter
Intelligence
-
refers
to
effort
made
by
intelligence
organizations to prevent hostile or enemy intelligence organization from
successfully gathering and collecting intelligence against them.
4. Human Intelligence - category of intelligence derived from information
collected and provided by human sources.
5 Dead Drop/Dead. Letter Box - is a method of espionage trade craft
used to pass items between 2 individuals using a secret location and thus
not require to meet directly.
6. Live Drop - 2 persons meet to exchange items or information.
7. Dead Drop Spike - is a concealment device used to hide money, maps,
documents,microfilm and other items.
8. Cut-Out - is a mutually trusted intermediary, method or channel of
communication, facilitating the exchange of information between agents.
9. Espionage/Spying - involves a government or individual obtaining
information that is considered secret of confidential without the permission
of the holder of the information.
10. Agent Handling - is the management of agents, principal agents and
agent networks by intelligence officers typically known as case officers.
11. Case Officer - is an intelligence officer who is trained specialist in the
management of agents and agent network.
12. Agent - acts on behalf of another whether individual, organization or
foreign government, works under the direction of a principal agent or case
officer.
13. Cryptography - is the practice and study of techniques for secure
communication in the presence of third parties called adversaries.
14. Flip- apprehended criminals who turn informants.
15. Snitches - jailhouse informants.
EVENTS AND PERSONALITIES IN THE WORLD OF INTELLIGENCE
A. Number 13:17-32, Old Testament (Holy Bible) - Moses sent twelve
(12) scouts to the land of Canaan where he detected directed them to spy
the land, the people and their location and the nature of their cities.
B. Sun Tzu - “Those who know themselves as well they know their enemies
will never suffer defeat". In his book "Art of War".
C. Alexander the Great- A renowned Greek conqueror had his share of
advance information when rumors of discontent circulated from among the
ranks of his men. He was able to identify those disloyal ones by ordering the
communication letters opened and was successful in curtailing the decline of
esprit de corps and morale of his men.
D. Delilah- A biblical personality who was able to gain information by using
her beauty and charm. She was responsible for the fall of Samson a known
Israelite leader who terrorized the Philistines.
E . Karl Schulmeister - Renowned as " Napoleon's Eye ". He was
credited for establishing counter intelligence conducted against spies. He is a
master of deceit who used black mail to obtain vital information pertaining to
the personality and identify of the enemies of Napoleon during the 18th
Century
F. Frederick the Great - "Father of Organized Military Espionage". He
divided his agents into four classes.
G. Julius Ceasar - During his time, the staff of each legion includes ten
"speculators" who served as an information-collecting agency. The
"speculators" were the first intelligence personnel to appear definitely in a
military organization. Military success of the Romans was aided by
communication system. Made use of carrier pigeons, which made possible
the amazing speed with which intelligence of the Imperial Rome was
transmitted.
Module 9: NOTABLE INTELLIGENCE ORGANIZATIONS
FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION-First established in 1908 as an
investigative arm of the U.S. Department of Justice and became what is
known as the F.B.I. under its first director John Edgar Hoover in 1924: On
September 6, 1939 by a presidential directive, it came to its responsibility
the task of a domestic intelligence.
FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION First established in 1908 as an
investigative arm of the U.S. Department of Justice and became what is
known as the F.B.I. under its first director John Edgar Hoover in 1924: On
September 6, 1939 by a presidential directive, it came to its responsibility
the task of a domestic intelligence.
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY The agency was created under the US
National Security Act of 1947. The law above the personnel of the Central
Intelligence group established by the late President Truman in January 1946.
The CIA is under the National Security Council.
BRISTISH SECRET SERVICE (MI5/MI6) Established in 1909 and was
created as internal departments under the control of the Secret Service
Bureau. Military Intelligence Department 5, under the command of Captain
Vernon Kell, was then responsible for exposing German spies. MI6 under the
command of Captain Mansfield Cumming, was in charge of gathering
foreign intelligence. BRITISH SECRET SERVICE (MI5/MI6) MI5 became the
responsibility of the Home Secretary and MI6 reported to the Foreign and
Commonwealth Secretary. MI5 today is still responsible for national security
counterespionage activities, but it does not have the power to arrest
suspects. M16 principal role is to provide intelligence gathered from foreign
sources in support of national security, defense and foreign economic
policies.
KGB
Komitet Gosudarstvennoy Bezopasnosti, A Russian Intelligence
Agency named on 1954. The most feared security service in the world was
created after the Russian Revolution in 1917.
MOSSAD Intelligence Agency of Israel and is considered the best in
the world. The agency's motto is found in "Provers XI, 14" Where no
counsel is, the people fall, but in the multitude of counselors there is safety.
REUVEN SHILOAH was the first Director of MOSSAD
MOSSAD Mossad has two branches namely:
1. AMAN- Military Intelligence (Israels Defense Forces)
2. SHABAK - GENERAL SECURITY SERVICE (INTERNAL SECURITY);
Shabak is form the word "shin bet" that means a defender who shall
not be seen MINISTRY OF STATE SECURITY (MSS) Ministry of State
Security, is the security agency of the Peoples Republic of China.
NATIONAL INTELLIGENCE COORDINATING AGENCY (NICA)- The
primary intelligence gathering arm of the Philippines formed in 1949. Its
motto is “Intelligence is Security”. It is headed by a Director General and is
assisted by a Deputy Director General. (Alex Paul I Monteagudo) The
Director General reports directly to the President of the Philippines.
BND Intelligence agency of West Germany Bundesnachrichtendienst which
means Federal Intelligence Service
Module 10: PRINCIPLES OF INTELLIGENCE
1. Intelligence must be timely ◦- must reach the user in time to serve as
basis for appropriate action.
2. Intelligence must be flexible
3. Intelligence requires imagination and foresight
Broad Categories of Intelligence
National Intelligence – integrated product of intelligence developed by all
government departments concerning the broad aspect of national policy and
national security.
National Policy – specific courses of action to achieve the national
objectives.
National Security – this relate to the protection and preservation of
military, economic and a productive strength of a country including the
security of the government and domestics and foreign affairs against
espionage, sabotage and subversion.
Department of Intelligence – the intelligence required by department or
agencies of the government to execute its mission and discharge its
responsibilities.
Military Intelligence – used in the preparation and execution of tactical
plans.
FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATIONS OF POLICE INTELLIGENCE
Criminal Intelligence – refers to the knowledge essential to the prevention
of crimes and the investigation, arrest, and prosecution of criminal
offenders.
Internal Security Intelligence – refers to the knowledge essential to the
maintenance of peace and order.
Public Safety Intelligence – refers to the knowledge essential to ensure
the protection of lives and properties
LEARNING ACTIVITIES
NOTE: Date of submission
Activity 1: August 28, 2020
Activity 2:September 4, 2020
Activity 3: September 11, 2020
Activity 1
a. Create a diagram showing the

roles of an investigator.

Traits of investigator

Qualities of an investigator
(There should be three diagram. Use your creativity)
b. On your own words, create your own definition of criminal investigation and its importance (It
should not be less than three sentences)
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Activity 2
a. If you are an investigator how would you interview a suspect or a witness using the six
cardinal points of investigation? Show it by making a comic strip. Use your creativity. You may
use an extra paper if necessary.
Activity 3
b. Illustrate the different types of Searches.
c. Create your own crime scene. Make a rough sketch of it on the first box then turn it into a
smooth sketch.
Rough Sketch
Smooth Sketch
Activity 3
a. Recall a movie that you have watched about Intel agent( ex. Mission Impossible). Give a brief
summary of the said movie. Make sure that in your essay, you must use the terms mention in
modules 8 and 10 to make sure that you understood its meaning.
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b. Choose at least three of the notable Intelligence Organizations in the world in module 10.
Conduct a research about it and cite some of its notable accomplishments.
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