2020 SUMMER EXAMINATION
ANSWER BOOKLET
THE FOLLOWING DETAILS MUST BE COMPLETED BY THE STUDENT
ENG15B00255Y
STUDENT’S ID NUMBER: _______________________________
400
LEVEL: __________
SOFTWARE ENGINEERING II
CS403
COURSE CODE: _________
COURSE TITLE: _________________________________
MR. ERNEST ACHEAMPONG
LECTURER’S NAME: (Refer to the Question Paper) ________________________________
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QUESTION NUMBER: Q1 _____________SUB-QUESTION 1(a)_____________
Computer Science (CS) focuses on understanding, designing, and evolving programs and
computers. At its core, applied science concentrates on information, information transformation, and
algorithms. Advanced courses gift specialized programming techniques and specific application
domains. The Computer science program is a smaller amount structured than the metallic element
and SE programs, giving students additional flexibility to make depth or breadth in a very sort of
application domains or within the fundamentals of applied science.
Software Engineering (SE) deals with building and maintaining package systems. it's additional
package-oriented and features a bigger stress on massive software applications than laptop
Engineering. it's additional applied than applied science, inserting bigger stress on the whole package
development method, from plan to final product. it's additionally additional disciplined than applied
science, applying additional systematic practices to assist make sure that merchandise is reliable and
safe
The ways in which to contemplate quality
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1. Users choose a system on external characteristics
• correct practicality, range of failures, varieties of failures
2. Developers choose the system totally on internal characteristics
• varieties of faults, irresponsibleness, efficiency, etc.
3. Quality models is wont to relate the user’s external read to the
developer’s internal read
• Associate in Nursing example is McCall’s quality model that relates external package
QUESTION NUMBER: Q1 _____________SUB-QUESTION 1(b)_____________
Analytically period to market time.
is that the interval of your time it takes from a product being formed till it’s being accessible for sale.
If you at first target a market of 15 million, with a market period of time of 16 months, and you're 8
months late, the available market can apparently be within the vary of 5 million units.
2. Shifts within the economics of computing
the digital economy contains merchandise and services that either were created mistreatment digital
technologies or embrace these technologies. the data and technology (ICT) trade stands at the middle
of a lot of this activity, underpinning the digital economy and serving as a reliable yardstick of its
performance
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ease of access of powerful desktop computing.
Workstation computers have high level performance as compared to personal computer. The
performance of a workstation computer is faster and reliable and is measured in floating point
in depth local- and wide-area networking
Networks connect areas that are nearby in rural or urban areas, Wide Area Networks extend across
terrestrial areas, the number of networks or individual computers connected in a very WAN is
unlimited, in essence.
5. availableness and implementation of object-oriented technology
The importance of this analysis is to extend the understanding of technology adoption among
organizations by specializing in adoption at the individual level. model is conferred to distinguish
adopters from non-adopters supported sets of constructs.
Graphical user interfaces.
is a variety of computer software’s that allows users interact with their devices over with display
icons and audio sign like notation, rather than text-based user interfaces, and command labels?
7. Changeability of the water model of software development
This model is direct and simple to hold and use. it's simple to manage. the ruthlessness of the model
– every part has specific deliverables and a review method. during this model stage are completed
one at a time.
Typical Members (Roles) of a Development Team
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• requirement analysts: work with the purchasers to spot and document
the needs
• Designers: generate a system-level description of what the system America
supposed to do
• Programmers: write lines of code to implement the planning
• Testers: catch faults
• Trainers: show users a way to use the system
• Maintenance team: fix faults that show up later
• Librarians: prepare and store documents like package needs
• Configuration management team: maintain correspondence among numerous
artifacts
QUESTION NUMBER: Q1 _____________SUB-QUESTION 1(c)_____________
engineering approach of building
The systems engineering uses all artistic, manual and technical activities necessary to outline the
merchandise and which require to be meted out to convert a system definition to a sufficiently
elaborate such as, concept, planning, design, development, and launch from drawback definition to
desired result to style specification for product manufacture and readying.
• task definition • conceptual stage • design stage • implementation stage depending on their
application, tools and techniques used for each phase of the software engineering
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1. facilitates automation
Businesses are turning towards automation for higher results. metronome marking makes automation
simple by serving to businesses generate real operating systems. It additionally helps business house
owners fathom repeatable tasks which will be automatic.
2. helps to elucidate troublesome processes
Some ideas are troublesome to specific with simply written words or verbal communication. as an
example, in a very advanced business that contains nested processes and sub-processes or branching
choices with completely different outputs, words might not describe the method absolutely.
3.increases management and consistency
One of the keys to the success of a project is that the reliable application of stylish processes and
rules. And metronome marking could be a great way to create this happen as a result of it seeks to
investigate a business’s processes, uphold and focus additional on what’s operating and discard
what’s not. once a business delivers sensible result all the time; that's consistency
4.helps in managing complexness
helps businesses to manage advanced systems and processes. It helps them read their systems from
multiple angles and helps them discover causes and effects of mistreatment model traceability.
metronome marking additionally helps to extend business understanding through visual analysis.
And it helps to find errors and alternatives
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QUESTION NUMBER: Q2 _____________SUB-QUESTION 2(a)_____________
1. knowledgeable Judgment
Experts are the folks a lot of knowledgeable in their several areas. Their data & expertise facilitate to
understand however relevant the matter and the way you may prolong your demand.
Example is that the comes necessities in similar previous comes of that.
1. knowledge Gathering
Data gathering is a crucial technique for facilitation people or cluster creativeness. Here, a bunch of
individuals involves working out all project necessities. concepts evolve through cluster creativeness
and facilitate to see necessities
Questionnaires and Surveys: we have a tendency to use this requirement-gathering tool for big
teams
Interviews: A tool to interact in person with stakeholders to know desires. Interviews may be
expedited through personal conferences or phone calls.
Focus groups: It’s used, after we need to collect the data from exact sets of stakeholders. Assume
you would like to collect the data of the highest government and method house owners
2. knowledge Analysis
his technique is additionally called Document analysis. because the name suggests, we have a
tendency to analyze existing documents to elicit project necessities. this system utilizes documents
like: Business plans, Use cases, downside or issue logs, Policies or procedures,
3. decision-making
comply with a judicial decision. Hence, there'll be call among cluster members concerning final
necessities in agreement. Either autocratic decision-making or Plurality, that's if larger chunks of
votes during a cluster qualify as a judicial decision. example, the folks agree, twenty fifth of the
members disagree and rests are neutral.
4. knowledge illustration
Affinity Diagram or mind mapping is employed to cut back the amount of necessities to least
potential few classes. This broadens the scope of focusing few classes instead of taking all them
promptly and check out to map their minds and generate concepts.
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5. Social and Team Skills
By victimization nominal cluster technique, observation, joint application style & development and
quality perform readying, this system is mostly accustomed grade the necessities. Generate as several
concepts through group action. They discuss and are available to an agreement to line final
necessities.
6. Context Diagram
Context diagrams exemplify a scope model. They represent a pictorial image of varied interactions.
Interactions between completely different users and system. Thus, they depict the steps – customers
& processes take, to end in system outcomes.
7. Prototypes
A model of the ultimate product is developed supported stakeholders’ want. Now, stakeholders are
asked to administer their feedback on this model. Negative feedbacks are captured to spot any
necessities. Positive feedbacks are preserved because it is. Thus, image provides the flavor of the
ultimate product ahead.
QUESTION NUMBER: Q2 _____________SUB-QUESTION 2(b)_____________
1. Scope Creep
Scope is everything that you simply are aiming to do and conversely, not aiming to do. thus once
you’ve discovered specifically what the project work is, sometimes via a piece Breakdown Structure,
you would like to freeze it and zealously guard against unplanned changes to that. thus planned
modifications via a change panel are ok, since then the PM will issue a brand new schedule, risk and
budget set up PRN. Otherwise, you may certainly miss your target and create each the management
and client sad.
2. Over allotted Resources
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Often there are too few resources performing on too several comes at identical time. In conjunction
thereupon, managers don’t appear to possess a footing on what their resources do all the time. Team
members are left to work out for themselves what comes they ought to be performing on and once.
higher is for managers to satisfy weekly to debate resource usage maybe employing a program to
trace.
3. Poor Communications
Many people on a project can recognize the project manager solely through his or her
communications. and that they can recognize them by however their voice comes across over the
phone or particularly by however literate their emails ar. If the project manager isn't a transparent
unambiguous person, chaos and confusion can result.
4. unhealthy neutral Management
Stakeholders have a unconditional interest within the project for the great or typically to the
impairment of the project. it's the project manager’s job not solely to spot all stakeholders, however
knowledge to manage and communicate with them during a timely fashion. A communication
management set up helps here.
5. Unreliable Estimates
Estimates are fairly often simply guesstimates by team members WHO try to calculate period of
tasks supported however long it took them last time. this could end up to be completely correct or
could also be utterly wrong. And if wrong, ends up in a imperfect schedule and accrued risk.
Historical records unbroken between comes helps solve this.
6. No Risk Management
Every project is exclusive and thus, has uncertainty. after we attempt to qualify and quantify that
uncertainty, we have a tendency to decision it risk. it's incumbent upon the project manager to
proactively anticipate things that may fail. Once he has known risks, then he and also the team will
choose a way to reply to (e.g., mitigate, avoid) those specific risks ought to they occur.
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QUESTION NUMBER: Q2 _____________SUB-QUESTION 2(c)_____________
It is sensible to implement demand within the initial as a result of merchandise with literate
necessities can have fewer defects and cleaner styles. distinguishing essential necessities from the
beginning of the project can considerably scale back project retread and mitigate technical risks
before the products unleash. because the project with success passes through every state of the
merchandise development lifecycle, the value is reduced and also the product’s speed to plug can
greatly increase. Precision Systems, Inc. (PSI) could be a leading package business firm which will
alleviate the strain of writing necessities.
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QUESTION NUMBER: Q3 _____________SUB-QUESTION 3(a)_____________
the V-model could be a variety of SDLC model wherever method executes in a very sequent manner
in V-shape. it's supported the link of a testing section for every corresponding development stage.
Development of every step directly related to the testing section. ensuing section starts solely once
completion of the previous phase I clinical trial. for every development activity, there's a testing
activity equivalent to it
Verification: It involves static analysis technique (review) steer clear off death penalty code. it's the
method of analysis of the merchandise development section to search out whether or not specific
necessities meet.
Validation: It involves dynamic analysis technique (functional, non-functional), testing done by
death penalty code. Validation is that the method to gauge the software system once the completion
of the event section to work out whether or not software system meets the client expectations and
necessities.
Design Phase:
• Requirement Analysis: This section contains elaborated communication with the client to know
their necessities and expectations. This stage is understood as demand Gathering.
• System Design: This section contains the system style and therefore the complete hardware and
communication setup for developing product.
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• Architectural Design: System style is attenuated any into modules taking on completely different
functionalities. the information transfer and communication between the inner modules and with the
surface world (other systems) is clearly understood.
• Module Design: during this section the system breaks down into tiny modules. The elaborated
style of modules is specific, additionally called Low-Level style (LLD).
Testing Phases:
• Unit checking: Unit Test Plans are developed throughout module style section. These Unit check
Plans are dead to eliminate bugs at code or unit level.
• Integration testing: once completion of unit testing is performed. In integration testing, the
modules are integrated and therefore the system is tested. testing is done on the design style section.
• System Testing: System checking test the whole application with its practicality, put down
dependency, and communication. It tests the useful and non-functional needs to developed
application.
• User Acceptance Testing: is performed in a very user setting that resembles the assembly setting.
UAT verifies that the delivered system meets user’s demand and system is prepared to be used in
globe.
QUESTION NUMBER: Q3 _____________SUB-QUESTION 3(b)_____________
Advantages of Agile model:
• Customer satisfaction by quick, continuous delivery of useful code.
• People and interactions are stressed rather than technique and tools. Customers, developers and
testers constantly act with each other.
• Working code is delivered oft (weeks rather than months).
• Face-to-face oral communication is that the simplest kind of communication.
• Close, daily teamwork among business folks and developers.
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• Continuous attention to technical excellence and sensible vogue.
• Regular adaptation to high-powered circumstances.
• Even late changes in wants are welcome
Disadvantages of Agile model:
• In case of some code deliverable, significantly the large ones, it's hard to assess the difficulty
required at the beginning of the pc code development life cycle.
• There is lack of stress on necessary developing with and documentation.
• The project can merely get began track if the shopper representative is not clear what final outcome
that they need.
• Only senior programmers are capable of taking the kind of selections required throughout the event
technique. so it's no place for amateur programmers, unless combined with full-fledged resources.
QUESTION NUMBER: Q3 _____________SUB-QUESTION 3(c)_____________
1. Agile Development Releases and Fixed-Length Iterations
Agile software package development strategies have two main units of delivery: releases and
iterations. An unharness consists of many iterations, every of that is sort of a micro-project of its
own. Features, defects, sweetening requests and different work things are organized, calculable and
prioritized, then assigned to an unharness. these work are then assigned by right of way to
repetitions. The diagram reviews
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The results of every iteration is functioning, tested, accepted software package and associated work
things.
2. Agile Development Delivers-Working, Tested software package
Delivering operating, tested options live} Associate in Nursing agile development team's primary
measure of progress. operating options function the idea for sanction active and rising team
collaboration, client feedback, and overall project visibility. they supply the proof that each the
system and therefore the project are on course. In early iterations of a replacement project, the team
might not deliver several options. among many iterations, the team typically hits its stride. because
the system emerges, the applying style, design, and business priorities are all unendingly evaluated.
3. Value-Driven Development
Agile development strategies focus strictly on delivering business worth early and unendingly, as
measured by running, tested software package. this means that the team emphases on product options
because the main unit of coming up with, tracking, and delivery. From week to week and from
iteration to iteration, the team tracks what number running, tested options they're delivering. they'll
additionally need documents and different artifacts, however operating options are overriding. This
successively needs that every "feature" is tiny enough to be delivered in a very single iteration. that
specialize in business worth additionally needs that options be prioritized, and delivered in priority
order.
Methodology
Feature Terminology
Extreme programming
User stories
Scrum
Product backlog
DSDM
Requirement
Unified process
Use cases & Scenarios
FDD
Features
4. Continuous (Adaptive)
It is a story that agile strategies forbid up-front coming up with. it's true that agile strategies insist
that up-front coming up with be command in command of the resources it consumes. Agile coming
up with is additionally based mostly the maximum amount as attainable on solid, historical
information, not speculation. however most significantly, agile strategies insist that coming up with
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continues throughout the project. The arrange should unendingly demonstrate its accuracy: no one on
Associate in Nursing agile project can take it without any consideration that the arrange is possible.
5. Multi-Level coming up with in Agile Development
Continuous coming up with is way a lot of correct if it happens on a minimum of 2 levels:
• At the discharge level, we tend to establish and grade the options we tend to should have, would
love to possess, and might do while not by the point in time.
• At the iteration level, we tend to decide and arrange for consecutive batch of options to implement,
in priority order. If options are large to be calculable or delivered among one iteration, we tend to
break them down more.
As options are prioritized Associate in scheduled for an iteration, they're weakened into their
separate technical tasks.
6. Relative Estimation
Many agile development groups use the follow of relative estimation for options to accelerate
coming up with and take away excess quality. rather than estimating options across a spectrum of
unit lengths, they choose many (3-5) relative estimation classes, or buckets, and estimate all options
in terms of those classes.
Examples include:
• 1-5 days
• 1, 2, or three story points
• 4, 8, 16, 40, or eighty hours
With relative estimation, estimating classes are approximate multiples of 1 another. for instance, a
three-day feature ought to take 3 times as long as a 1-day feature, even as a 40-hour feature is close
to five times as long as Associate in Nursing 8-hour feature. The ideas of relative estimation and/or
predefined estimation buckets stop the team from holdup debating whether or not a selected feature
is actually seventeen.5 units or nineteen units.
7. aborning Feature Discovery
As opposition payment weeks or months particularization needs before initiating development, agile
development comes quickly grade and estimate options, so refine details once necessary. options for
Associate in Nursing iteration are delineate in additional detail by the shoppers, testers, and
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developers operating along. further options will be known; however, no feature is delineating very
well till it's prioritized for Associate in Nursing iteration.
8. Continuous Testing
With continuous testing we tend to deterministically live progress and forestall defects. we tend to
bring forth the running, tested options. we tend to additionally scale back the danger of failure late
within the project. What can be riskier than suspending all testing until the tip of the project? several
body of water comes have failing once they have discovered, in Associate in Nursing endless lateproject "test-and-fix" part, that the design is fatally imperfect, or the parts of the system cannot be
integrated, or the options are entirely unusable, or the defects cannot presumably be corrected in
time. By active continuous testing in agile development, we tend to a lot of simply avoid each the
danger that this may occur, and therefore the constant dread of it.
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QUESTION NUMBER: Q4 _____________SUB-QUESTION 4(a)_____________
Payroll may be a profitable-critical process for organization. you need to pay your employees
accurately on time to escape low morale, by effective trailing right from the beginning, through to
the achievement and hiring method and through your employees' entire career progression, is
important to keeping your force happy and productive.
Advantages of payroll

Many businesses want to use payroll over manual process, because it will facilitate them.

Payroll software package may also offer further information and analysis to create payroll data a lot
of helpful to your business.

Linking payroll software package with time recording

You can link payroll to written record systems that record worker attending or time worked. this
permits you to mechanically transfer data concerning hours worked into the payroll system and
create payroll calculations a lot of less complicated.
Using payroll software package for news
By exploitation basic payroll information, along with information on attending and hours worked,
payroll systems will offer a wealth of reports. this permits in-depth analysis of employees prices for
the business as a full, across departments and even individual jobs and contracts.
Storing personnel records
Most organizations will keep different information concerning workers, like records of annual leave.
By obtaining payroll systems that record these further sorts of data you'll be able to avoid the
requirement for a separate software package.
Using payroll system to arrange future prices
As payroll packages will offer forecasts, you'll be able to use these to arrange employee’s prices
Associate in budgets by getting into theoretic numbers to visualize the precise total price of an
worker.
Depending on your business desires, you will notice different payroll software package options a lot
of helpful.
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Disadvantages of payroll
Payroll software package, like every different IT system, will have sure weak points. Potential issues
might arise round the problems such as:
• data security, loss or stealing
• cyber security and fraud
• information access, quality and management
• Full featured software package can usually be costlier than manual payroll systems.
• It will need pc instrumentality, resources and skilled operators. If you do not have these in-house,
you may have to be compelled to invest cash into manufacturing them.
QUESTION NUMBER: Q4 _____________SUB-QUESTION 4(b)_____________
UNDERSTANDING OF BUSINESS PROBLEMS
First of all, you would like your team to know business problems. This not solely applies to Business
Analysts or Project Managers, however additionally to the core development team, testers and
quality assurance consultants. once operating, instead of concentrating on the technicalities alone, the
complete team should perpetually detain mind the tip goal of the project that is to fulfill the
requirements of your business. this may make sure that your project progress is aligned with the
required result.
KNOWLEDGE OF THE INDUSTRY
Secondly, it's vital for a team to possess domain information. Your internal team can presumably
meet the standards. If area unit are considering Associate in Nursing outsourced team it's vital to
hunt whether or not, they either possess province information or are willing. Outsourcing
corporations can typically have case studies of purchasers that allow you see that sectors they
understand and add. soon you will additionally wish Associate in Nursing outsourcing team to go to
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you to achieve a lot of in-depth understanding of your business that is why it’s sensible apply to
appear for people who are willing to travel and are comparatively obtainable, e.g. at intervals a pair
of flights from your location.
TEAM SCALABILITY
An ideal project team would, for several executives, be one that's simply ascendible permitting them
to feature a lot of team members as project needs grow. With a general shortage of IT resources
within the market, let alone slow speed and high prices of achievement and coaching, true is way
from ideal, particularly once you have to be compelled to regulate team size dynamically. an
alternate possibility would be to travel with Associate in Nursing outsourcing partner WHO can
facilitate support team size and supply a chance for adding further team members, particularly if they
need a buffer.
TECHNICAL EXPERT ISE
Technical skills shouldn’t be forgotten. A shortage of IT-literate employees is often limiting to any
organization; however, this is often even a lot of vital once a bit of software package is that the
center of the complete operation. an issue to raise here is – will my team have adequate skills and
enough technical experience to extract the very best price from technology.
It is sensible to think about this question holistically, taking into thought not solely programming
languages and platforms, however additionally areas of technical experience similarly as specific
methodologies. different things to appear out for in outsourcing partners are certifications in varied
technologies, and partnerships, e.g. with leaders like Microsoft.
PROJECT ENGAGEMENT
The team’s engagement during a project is crucial if you're fascinated by best results potential.
Unless you're already engaged on a project or have worked with a given team before, project
engagement is often tough to assess. It can, however, be expected. Look out for a team that's
displaying Associate in Nursing perspective of commitment through dedication to quality and taking
pride in what they are doing. Engagement may also be checked throughout the request for
information/proposal stage if you choose to source your development – queries asked earlier on and
fast latent period are usually an honest sign!
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TEAM PLAYING
The atmosphere of the team will have a serious impact on any project that is why it's important for
your team members to be open, certificatory and willing to share their areas of experience with
others. If you accept your in-house team, produce a culture of openness – a cooperative atmosphere
wherever folks feel appreciated and square measure happy to share information. once considering
associate degree outsourced team, you'll use the RFI to envision whether or not the organization
supports a cooperative atmosphere through its values and vision. it's conjointly an honest plan to seek
out for ‘good employer’ awards that indicate staff square measure operating during a certificatory
atmosphere.
COMMUNICATION
Effective communication inside a project team is essential to the success of the project. For each inhouse and outsourced groups, associate degree open and comprehensive team culture, regular
conferences and project collaboration tools are often the distinction between project success and
project failure.
An even a lot of obvious factor is, of course, speaking an equivalent language. whereas this might
not usually be a drag together with your in-house team, it's particularly relevant to overseas suppliers
whose level of language proficiency will typically leave a great deal to be desired.
QUESTION NUMBER: Q4 _____________SUB-QUESTION 4(c)_____________
Software project management and different project management uses an equivalent procedures and
square measure similar as a result of, most pc code development life cycle models want similar
activities which is able to be dead in various ways in which during which, the breakdown of topics is
activity-based. the weather of the ranking breakdown performed once a pc code development project
is being managed as engineering methodology that has been chosen for a particular project, uses
same Initiation and Scope Definition, that modify the selection to begin a pc soft engineering project
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