The Language Of
Medicine
th
10
edition
Davi-Ellen Chabner
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
1
Chapter 22
Psychiatry
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
2
Chapter Goals
• Differentiate among a psychiatrist, a
psychologist, and other mental health
specialists.
• Learn of tests used by clinical psychologists
to evaluate a patient’s mental health and
intelligence.
• Define terms that describe major psychiatric
disorders.
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
3
Chapter Goals (cont’d)
• Identify terms that describe psychiatric
symptoms.
• Compare different types of therapy for
psychiatric disorders.
• Learn the categories and names of common
psychiatric drugs.
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4
Chapter Goals (cont’d)
• Define combining forms, suffixes, prefixes, and
abbreviations related to psychiatry.
• Apply your new knowledge to understanding
medical terms in their proper contexts, such
as medical reports and records.
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
5
Chapter 22
Lesson 22.1
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6
Introduction
Psychiatry is the branch of medicine that
deals with the diagnosis, treatment, and
prevention of mental illness.
• Psychiatrist
• Psychologist
• Clinical psychologist
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7
Tools Used by Psychiatrists
• Psychotherapy
• Psychoanalysis
• Drug therapy
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8
Tools Used by Clinical
Psychologists
•
•
•
•
•
•
Psychotherapy
Psychoanalysis
Intelligence tests
Mental processing tests
Memory tests
Personality tests
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9
Psychiatric Clinical Symptoms
Abnormalities in behavior evident to
examining health professionals
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Amnesia
Anxiety
Apathy
Autistic thought
Compulsion
Conversion
Delusion
Dissociation
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Dysphoria
Euphoria
Hallucination
Labile
Mania
Mutism
Obsession
Paranoia
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10
Psychiatric Disorders
• Sigmund Freud and personality
structure:
 Id
 Ego
 Superego
• Defense mechanisms
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11
Psychiatric Disorders (cont’d)
•
•
•
•
•
•
Anxiety disorders
Delirium and dementia
Dissociative disorders
Eating disorders
Mood disorders
Personality disorders
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12
Anxiety Disorders
Characterized by unpleasant tension, distress,
troubled feelings, and avoidance behavior
• Phobic disorders: agoraphobia, acrophobia,
claustrophobia, zoophobia
• Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD):
recurrent thoughts, repetitive acts, rituals
• Post-traumatic stress disorder: fear,
helplessness, insomnia, nightmares
• Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD): chronic
anxiety and exaggerated worry and tension
even when there is little or nothing to
provoke such feelings
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13
Delirium and Dementia
Disorders of abnormal cognition (thinking,
perception, reasoning, judgment)
• Delirium: mental confusion, incoherent
speech, sensory misperception,
disorientation, memory impairment
• Dementia: gradual loss of intellectual
abilities involving impairment of judgment,
memory, abstract thinking, and personality
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14
Dissociative Disorders
Chronic or sudden disturbances of memory,
identity, consciousness, or perception of the
environment not caused by brain damage or
drugs
• Dissociative identity disorder: two
personalities take over
• Dissociative amnesia: memory loss of
personal information
• Dissociative fugue: sudden unexpected
travel
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15
Eating Disorders
• Anorexia nervosa: refusal to maintain
body weight, conscious relentless
attempt to diet, excessive overactivity
and exercise
• Bulimia: binge and purge eating using
vomiting and misuse of laxatives or
enemas
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16
Mood Disorders
Prolonged emotion that dominates a person’s
entire mental life
• Bipolar disorder: alternating manic and
depressive episodes
• Cyclothymic disorder: mild bipolar with at least
2 years of hypomania and numerous depressive
episodes
• Depressive disorder: major depression, severe
dysphoria
• Dysthymic disorder
• Seasonal affective disorder (SAD)
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17
Personality Disorders
Impaired ways of thinking and relating to
and perceiving the environment and self,
leading to conflict, distress, and
inflexibility
• Antisocial
• Borderline
• Histrionic
• Narcissistic
• Paranoid
• Schizoid
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18
Chapter 22
Lesson 22.2
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19
Pervasive Developmental
Disorders
• Autism
• Asperger syndrome
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20
Psychiatric Disorders
•
•
•
•
Schizophrenia
Sexual and gender identity disorders
Somatoform disorders
Substance-related disorders
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21
Schizophrenia
Chronic psychotic disorder characterized
by disturbed thinking and disorganized
speech
• Delusions
• Hallucinations
• Disorganized thinking
• Flat affect
• Social withdrawal
Catatonic, disorganized, paranoid, and
residual types
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22
Sexual and Gender Identity
Disorders
• Sexual masochism
• Sexual sadism
• Transvestic
fetishism
• Voyeurism
• Exhibitionism
• Fetishism
• Pedophilia
A gender identity disorder is a strong and persistent
cross-gender identification with the opposite sex
(cross-dressing and cross-sex roles, fantasies of
being the gender other than the person is).
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23
Somatoform Disorders
Mental conflicts are expressed as physical
symptoms
• Conversion disorder: Repressed conflicts
expressed as physical symptoms
• Hypochondriasis: Preoccupation with
bodily aches, pains, and discomforts in the
absence of real illness
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24
Substance-Related Disorders
• Psychological dependence: Compulsion to
take a drug despite adverse consequences
• Physiologic dependence: Withdrawal
when the drug is abruptly discontinued
• Tolerance: Declining effect of a drug so the
dose must increase
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25
Substances Associated with
Abuse
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Alcohol
Amphetamines
Cannabis (marijuana)
Cocaine
Hallucinogens
Opioids
Sedatives, hypnotics, anxiolytics
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26
Chapter 22
Lesson 22.3
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27
Therapeutic Terminology
• Psychotherapy
• Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
• Drug therapy
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28
Psychotherapy
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Cognitive behavior therapy (CBT)
Family therapy
Group therapy
Hypnosis
Insight-oriented psychotherapy
Play therapy
Psychoanalysis
Sex therapy
Supportive psychotherapy
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29
Drug Therapies and
Specific Drugs
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30
Vocabulary – General Terms,
Symptoms, and Disorders
• affect
• amnesia
• anorexia nervosa
• anxiety disorders
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31
Vocabulary – General Terms,
Symptoms, and Disorders (cont’d)
• affect
External expression of emotion
• amnesia
Loss of memory
• anorexia nervosa
Eating disorder with excessive dieting
and refusal to maintain normal body
weight
• anxiety disorders
Characterized by unpleasant tension,
distress, and avoidance behavior
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32
Vocabulary – General Terms,
Symptoms, and Disorders (cont’d)
• apathy
• autism
• bipolar disorder
• bulimia nervosa
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33
Vocabulary – General Terms,
Symptoms, and Disorders (cont’d)
• apathy
Absence of emotions; lack of interest or
emotional involvement
• autism
Pervasive developmental disorder
characterized by inhibited social interaction
and communication and by restricted,
repetitive behavior
• bipolar disorder
Mood disorder with alternating periods of
mania and depression
• bulimia nervosa
Eating disorder with binge eating followed by
vomiting, purging, and depression
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34
Vocabulary – General Terms,
Symptoms, and Disorders (cont’d)
• cannabis
• compulsion
• conversion
disorder
• defense
mechanism
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35
Vocabulary – General Terms,
Symptoms, and Disorders (cont’d)
• cannabis
Substance from which marijuana is made
• compulsion
Uncontrollable urge to perform an act repeatedly
• conversion
disorder
Condition marked by physical symptoms with no
organic basis, appearing as a result of anxiety and
unconscious inner conflict
• defense
mechanism
Unconscious technique a person uses to resolve or
conceal conflicts and anxiety
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36
Vocabulary – General Terms,
Symptoms, and Disorders (cont’d)
• delirium
• delusion
• dementia
• depression
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37
Vocabulary – General Terms,
Symptoms, and Disorders (cont’d)
• delirium
Confused thinking, disorientation, changes in alertness,
difficulty paying attention, and fearfulness; usually
reversible
• delusion
Fixed, false belief that cannot be changed by logical
reasoning or evidence
• dementia
Loss of intellectual abilities with impairment of
memory, judgment, and reasoning as well as changes in
personality
• depression
Major mood disorder with chronic sadness, loss of
energy, hopelessness, worry, and discouragement, and,
commonly, suicidal impulses and thoughts
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38
Vocabulary – General Terms,
Symptoms, and Disorders (cont’d)
• dissociative
disorder
• ego
• fugue
• gender identity
disorder
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39
Vocabulary – General Terms,
Symptoms, and Disorders (cont’d)
• dissociative
disorder
Chronic or sudden disturbance in memory,
identity, or consciousness
• ego
Central coordinating branch of the
personality or mind
• fugue
Flight from customary surroundings
• gender identity
disorder
Strong and persistent cross-gender
identification with the opposite sex
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40
Vocabulary – General Terms,
Symptoms, and Disorders (cont’d)
• hallucination
• id
• labile
• mania
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41
Vocabulary – General Terms,
Symptoms, and Disorders (cont’d)
• hallucination
False sensory perception
• id
Major unconscious part of the personality;
energy from instinctual drives and desires
• labile
Unstable; undergoing rapid emotional
change
• mania
Extreme excitement, hyperactive elation, and
agitation
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42
Vocabulary – General Terms,
Symptoms, and Disorders (cont’d)
• mood disorders
• mutism
• obsessivecompulsive
disorder
• paranoia
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43
Vocabulary – General Terms,
Symptoms, and Disorders (cont’d)
• mood disorders
Prolonged emotion dominates a person’s
life
• mutism
Nonreactive state with inability to speak
• obsessivecompulsive
disorder
Anxiety disorder in which recurrent
thoughts and repetitive acts dominate
behavior
• paranoia
Overly suspicious system of thinking
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44
Vocabulary – General Terms,
Symptoms, and Disorders (cont’d)
• paraphilia
• personality
disorders
• pervasive
developmental
disorders
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45
Vocabulary – General Terms,
Symptoms, and Disorders (cont’d)
• paraphilia
Recurrent intense sexual urge, fantasy, or
behavior that involves unusual objects,
activities, or situations
• personality
disorders
Lifelong personality patterns marked by
impairment of social functioning
• pervasive
developmental
disorders
Group of childhood disorders
characterized by delays in socialization and
communication skills
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46
Vocabulary – General Terms,
Symptoms, and Disorders (cont’d)
• phobia
• post-traumatic
stress disorder
• projective
(personality) test
• psychiatrist
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47
Vocabulary – General Terms,
Symptoms, and Disorders (cont’d)
• phobia
Irrational or disabling fear of an object or
situation
• post-traumatic
stress disorder
Anxiety-related symptoms appear after
personal experience of a traumatic event
• projective
(personality) test
Diagnostic personality test using stimuli to
evoke responses that reflect aspects of an
individual’s personality
• psychiatrist
Physician (MD) with medical training in the
diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of
mental disorders
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48
Vocabulary – General Terms,
Symptoms, and Disorders (cont’d)
• psychologist
• psychosis
• reality testing
• repression
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49
Vocabulary – General Terms,
Symptoms, and Disorders (cont’d)
• psychologist
Nonmedical professional specializing in mental
processes and how the brain functions in health
and disease
• psychosis
Disorder marked by loss of contact with reality
• reality testing
Psychological process that distinguishes fact
from fantasy
• repression
Defense mechanism by which unacceptable
thoughts, feelings, and impulses are
automatically pushed into the unconscious
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50
Vocabulary – General Terms,
Symptoms, and Disorders (cont’d)
• schizophrenia
• sexual disorders
• somatoform
disorder
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51
Vocabulary – General Terms,
Symptoms, and Disorders (cont’d)
• schizophrenia
Chronic psychotic disorder that may
include hallucinations, disorganized
speech and behavior, flat affect, and
lack of initiative
• sexual disorders
Paraphilias and sexual dysfunctions
• somatoform
disorder
Presence of physical symptoms that
cannot be explained by an actual
physical disorder or other welldescribed mental disorder
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52
Vocabulary – General Terms,
Symptoms, and Disorders (cont’d)
• substance-related
disorder
• superego
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53
Vocabulary – General Terms,
Symptoms, and Disorders (cont’d)
• substance-related
disorder
Regular overuse of psychoactive
substances that affect the central
nervous system
• superego
Internalized conscience and
moral part of the personality
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54
Vocabulary – Therapy
• amphetamines
• atypical antipsychotics
• benzodiazepines
• cognitive behavioral
therapy
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55
Vocabulary – Therapy
(cont’d)
• amphetamines
CNS stimulants that may be used to treat
attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder and
depression
• atypical antipsychotics
Drugs that treat psychotic symptoms and
behavior
• benzodiazepines
Drugs that lessen anxiety, tension,
agitation, and panic attacks
• cognitive behavioral
therapy
Focuses on the connection between
behavior and thoughts
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56
Vocabulary – Therapy
(cont’d)
• electroconvulsive
therapy
• family therapy
• free association
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57
Vocabulary – Therapy
(cont’d)
• electroconvulsive
therapy
Electric current is used to produce
convulsions and loss of consciousness;
effective in the treatment of major
depression
• family therapy
Treatment of an entire family to resolve
and shed light on conflicts
• free association
Psychoanalytic technique in which the
patient verbalizes, without censorship,
the passing contents of his or her mind
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58
Vocabulary – Therapy
(cont’d)
• group therapy
• hypnosis
• insight-oriented
therapy
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59
Vocabulary – Therapy
(cont’d)
• group therapy
Group of patients with similar problems
gains insight into their personalities
through discussion and interaction with
each other
• hypnosis
Induced trance (state of altered
consciousness)
• insight-oriented
therapy
Face-to-face discussion of life problems
and associated feelings; psychodynamic
therapy
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60
Vocabulary – Therapy
(cont’d)
• lithium
• neuroleptic drug
• phenothiazines
• play therapy
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61
Vocabulary – Therapy
(cont’d)
• lithium
Medication used to treat the manic stage of
manic-depressive illness
• neuroleptic drug
Any drug that favorably modifies psychotic
symptoms
• phenothiazines
Antipsychotic (neuroleptic) drugs
• play therapy
Treatment in which a child, through use of
toys in a playroom setting, expresses
conflicts and feelings unable to be
communicated in a direct manner
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62
Vocabulary – Therapy
(cont’d)
• psychoanalysis
• psychodrama
• psychopharmacology
• sedatives
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63
Vocabulary – Therapy
(cont’d)
• psychoanalysis
Treatment that allows the patient to
explore inner emotions and conflicts so
as to understand and change current
behavior
• psychodrama
Group therapy in which a patient
expresses feelings by acting out family
and social roles with others
• psychopharmacology
Treatment of psychiatric disorders with
drugs
• sedatives
Drugs that lessen anxiety
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64
Vocabulary – Therapy
(cont’d)
• supportive
psychotherapy
• transference
• tricyclic
antidepressants
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65
Vocabulary – Therapy
(cont’d)
• supportive
psychotherapy
Offering encouragement, support, and
hope to patients facing difficult life
transitions and events
• transference
Psychoanalytic process in which the
patient relates to the therapist as
though he/she were a prominent
childhood figure
• tricyclic
antidepressants
Drugs used to treat severe depression
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66
Abbreviations
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
AD
ADHD
ADLs
AIMS
ASD
BZD
CA
CBT
CNS
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67
Abbreviations (cont’d)
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
AD
ADHD
ADLs
AIMS
ASD
BZD
CA
CBT
CNS
Alzheimer disease
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder
Activities of daily living
Abnormal involuntary movement scale
Autism spectrum disorder
Benzodiazepine
Chronological age
Cognitive behavioral therapy
Central nervous system
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68
Abbreviations (cont’d)
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
DSM-IV-TR
DT
ECT
GAD
IQ
LSD
MA
MAOI
MDD
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Abbreviations (cont’d)
• DSM-IV-TR
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
DT
ECT
GAD
IQ
LSD
MA
MAOI
MDD
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental
Disorders, 4th edition, revised
Delirium tremens
Electroconvulsive
Generalized anxiety disorder
Intelligence quotient
Lysergic acid diethylamide
Mental age
Monoamine oxidase inhibitor
Major depressive disorder
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Abbreviations (cont’d)
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
MMPI
MR
OCD
PDD
PTSD
Rx
SAD
SNRI
SSRI
TAT
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Abbreviations (cont’d)
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
MMPI
MR
OCD
PDD
PTSD
Rx
SAD
SNRI
SSRI
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
Mental retardation
Obsessive-compulsive disorder
Pervasive developmental disorder
Post-traumatic stress disorder
Therapy
Seasonal affective disorder
Serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor
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Abbreviations (cont’d)
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
TAT
TCA
TD
THC
WAIS
WISC
Ψ
ΨRx
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Abbreviations (cont’d)
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
TAT
TCA
TD
THC
WAIS
WISC
Ψ
ΨRx
Thematic Apperception Test
Tricyclic antidepressants
Tardive dyskinesia
Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale
Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children
Symbol for psychPsychotherapy
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Combining Forms, Suffixes,
Prefixes, and Terminology
COMBINING FORMS
Combining Form
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Meaning
anxi/o
auto
hallucin/o
hypn/o
iatr/o
ment/o
neur/o
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Combining Forms, Suffixes,
Prefixes, and Terminology (cont’d)
COMBINING FORMS
Combining Form
Meaning
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
uneasy, anxious
self
hallucination
sleep
treatment
mind
nerve
anxi/o
auto
hallucin/o
hypn/o
iatr/o
ment/o
neur/o
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76
Combining Forms, Suffixes,
Prefixes, and Terminology (cont’d)
COMBINING FORMS
Combining Form
•
•
•
•
•
Meaning
phil/o
phren/o
psych/o
schiz/o
somat/o
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77
Combining Forms, Suffixes,
Prefixes, and Terminology (cont’d)
COMBINING FORMS
Combining Form
Meaning
•
•
•
•
•
attraction to, love
mind
mind
split
body
phil/o
phren/o
psych/o
schiz/o
somat/o
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78
Combining Forms, Suffixes,
Prefixes, and Terminology (cont’d)
SUFFIXES
Suffix
•
•
•
•
•
•
Meaning
-genic
-leptic
-mania
-phobia
-phoria
-thymia
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Combining Forms, Suffixes,
Prefixes, and Terminology
SUFFIXES
Suffix
Meaning
•
•
•
•
•
•
produced by
to seize hold of
obsessive
fear
feeling
mind
-genic
-leptic
-mania
-phobia
-phoria
-thymia
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80
Combining Forms, Suffixes,
Prefixes, and Terminology (cont’d)
PREFIXES
Prefix
•
•
•
•
•
Meaning
-a-, anbicatahypoparaCopyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
81
Combining Forms, Suffixes,
Prefixes, and Terminology (cont’d)
PREFIXES
Prefix
Meaning
•
•
•
•
•
no, not
two
down
deficient, less than
abnormal
-a-, anbicatahypopara-
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82
QUICK QUIZ:
1. Fear of strangers is called:
A. kleptomania
B. agoraphobia
C. xenophobia
D. pyromania
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QUICK QUIZ: (cont’d)
2. Which of these health professionals
has an MD?
A. Psychologist
B. Psychiatrist
C. Clinical psychologist
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QUICK QUIZ: (cont’d)
3. An uncontrollable urge to perform
an act repeatedly is called:
A. delusion
B. compulsion
C. dissociation
D. amnesia
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85