Presented by: Sabir M. Uddin, MSN, BSN, RN
* Bone marrow
* Stem cells
* White, Red, Platelet
* Connective tissue
* Transportation
* Regulation
* Protection
* Plasma (55%)
* Water, proteins,
electrolytes, gases,
nutrients
* Blood Cells (45%)
* Erythrocytes, leukocytes,
thrombocytes
* Vascular Response
* Vasoconstriction
* Platelet Plug
Formation
* Activated by
intersitial collagen
* Form clumps
(aggregate)
* Fibrin Clot
* Coagulation factors
* Fibrin
* Lysis of Clot
* Anticoagulation
(antithrombins)
* Plasminogen
* Atrophy
* Bone loss
* More vulnerable
* Decreased hemoglobin and
iron
* Membranes more fragile
* WBC not affected
* Past medical history
*
Anemia, bleeding disorders, blood diseases
*
Vitamins, herbal products, anticoagulants
*
Gastrectomy (vitamin B12), etc.
*
Family history, non-modifiable risk factors
*
Diet, weight
*
Blood in urine or stool
*
Fatigue, ADLs
*
Paresthesias, numbness, tingling, vision, hearing, taste, mental status
*
Menstrual cycle, HIV
*
Support for ADLs, fear
* Medications
* Surgery or other treatments
* Health patterns
* Nutrition/Metabolic
* Elimination
* Activity/Sleep
* Cognitive-Perceptual
* Sexuality/Reproductive
* Coping-stress
* Complete blood count (CBC)
* Hemoglobin (Hgb): 11.7-16 (F) and 13.2-17.3 (M)
* Hematocrit (Hct): 35%-47% (F) and 39%-50% (M)
* White blood cells (WBC): less than 11,000
* Platelet Count: 150,000–400,000
* Deficiency of erythrocytes, quantity/quality of hemoglobin/hematocrit
* Blood loss, impaired erythropoiesis, hemolysis
* Decreased erythrocytes = potential hypoxia
* S/S: palpitations, dyspnea, fatigue, pallor, pruritus (bile), jaundice (bilirubin),
angina, cold, tacycardia, anorexia.
* Complications: heart failure, MI, CVA
* Treatment: blood, erythropoietin, volume replacement, oxygen, vitamins (i.e.
B12, iron, niacin)
* One of most common –
2%-5% of adults
* Risks: young, women,
poor diet
* Causes: poor intake of
iron, malabsorption,
blood loss, hemolysis,
bleeding.
* S/S: pallor, glossitis,
cheilitis, headache,
paresthesia
* Treatment: iron
supplement
http://umm.edu/health/medical/ency/vi
deos/iron-deficiency-anemia
* Vitamin B12 (cobalamin) deficiency
* Caused by absence of intrinsic factor (IF)
* Begins usually after age 40
* S/S: classic signs of hypoxia, sore, red, beefy, and shiny tongue
(glossitis), anorexia, nausea, vomiting, weakness.
* Treatment: Diet if lacking B12. If lacking IF, it does not matter how
much B12 is ingested. Parenteral B12 or intranasal cyanocabolamin
would be treatment of choice.
* Complications: Without cobalamin administration, death may occur
in 1 to 3 years.