‫جامعة بنها‬
‫كلية ‪:‬الهندسة ببنها‬
‫إسم الطالب‪ :‬أحمد سالمة يوسف ابراهيم‬
‫رقم الجلوس‪4111 :‬‬
‫قسم‪ :‬مدني‬
‫الفرقة‪ :‬الرابعة‬
‫كود المادة‪C1392 :‬‬
‫اسم المادة‪ :‬هندسة االمداد بالمياة‬
‫اسم الملف اإللكترونى المرسل‪4111-C1392-C.pdf :‬‬
‫عنوان البحث‬
‫المياه وطرق التنقية الحديثة (الموضوع األول)‬
‫تقييم الموضوع البحثي من قبل استاذ المادة‬
‫(اليكتب الطالب اى شئ هذا الجزء وهومخصص للجنة التقييم فقط)‬
‫نقاط التقييم‬
‫مقبول‬
‫غير‬
‫مقبول‬
‫هل الشكل العام للبحث مقبول؟‬
‫هل المادة العلمية المذكورة جيدة؟‬
‫هل التزم الطالب بالموضوعية والمنهجية العلمية ؟‬
‫هل النتائج التي توصل اليها البحث واضحة؟‬
‫هل ذكر الطالب المصادر والمراجع العلمية ومواقع االنترنت التي‬
‫اعتمد عليها البحث ؟‬
‫هل البحث مدعم بالصور والرسومات الخاصة بفكرة البحث واية‬
‫وسائل آخرى لتدعيم فكرة البحث‬
‫أخرى‬
‫نتيجة التقييم‬
‫ناجح‬
‫راسب‬
‫توقيع السادة أعضاء لجئة وضع األمتحان‬
‫‪-1‬‬
‫‪-2‬‬
‫‪-3‬‬
‫ختم الكنترول‬
Water and Modern Methods of Treatment
contents
Page
Abstract …….……………………………………………………………………………… 2
Introduction ……………………………………………………………………………… 2
A History of Drinking Water Treatment ………….……………………….… 3
Sources of water ……………………………………………..………………………. 3
The water cycle in nature ………………………………………………………… 4
The effect of pollution on drinking water purification ……………… 5
Collection Works ……………………………………………………………………… 6
Types of intake structures ………………………………………………………… 6
Design of Collection Works ……………………………………………………… 8
Ground Water Tank …………………………………………….……….………… 10
Design of Ground Water Tank ………………………………………………… 11
References
….…….……………………..…………………………………………… 12
1
Water and Modern Methods of Treatment
Abstract
In this research I will talk about Water and water
purification history, the water cycle in nature, the effect of
pollution on the purification of drinking water and different
methods of collecting water.
Design of water collection works and ground water tank.
Introduction
Water is necessary for life so we must do our best to
keep it and make it fit for human consumption.
When we take water into our bodies, it is used in several
ways – as a coolant (keeping our body at a temperature
of 36.9 °C), as a waste disposal medium, as a conductor
for nerve impulses, and as a component in the digestion
of food. You can see from the above that even if you
didn't move an inch, your body would still need water to
keep you alive . So for many years, people have been
searching for any ways to purify water and make it ideal
for using it.
2
Water and Modern Methods of Treatment
 A History of Drinking Water Treatment
Ancient water treatment Water treatment methods were recommended
in ancient Greek and Sanskrit (India) writings dating back to the year
2000 Bc. People back than knew it could be purified by heating water,
and they were also educated in the filtration of sand and gravel. Boil,
and stretch. The key reason for water purification was better
degustation of drinking water, because people still could not
differentiate between foul and clean water. Turbidity was the main
driving force among earliest treatment of water. Micro-organisms, or
chemical contaminants, were not much known. The Egyptians first
discovered the coagulation principle after 1500 B.C. We used the
chemical alum for settling of suspended particles. Pictures of this
purification process have been found on the tomb wall of Amenophis II
and Ramses II. Hippocrates discovered the curative properties of water
around 500 BC. He invented the sieving water practice and got the first
filter bag called the 'Hippocratic sleeve.' The bag's main purpose was to
trap sediments that triggered bad tastes or odors. Rome constructed the
first aqueducts between 300-200 BC. ]1[ ]2[
 Sources of Water:
There are two primary water sources: groundwater and surface water.
Surface water is found in ponds, lakes and rivers,ice and waters stored
as rain. Groundwater lies beneath the earth's surface, where it travels
and fills openings in the rocks. The rocks where groundwater is stored
and transmitted are called aquifers. Groundwater has to be pumped
from an aquifer to the surface of the earth for use.]3 []4[]5[
3
Water and Modern Methods of Treatment
 The Water Cycle in Nature :
The water of the Earth is always in motion, and the natural water cycle ,
also known as the hydrological cycle, describes the continuous
movement of water on, above and below the Earth's surface. Water is
continuously moving into air , gas, and ice, with these cycles taking place
in the blink of an eye and over millions of years. The natural cycle of
water describes the existence and motion of water on, in, and above the
Earth. Earth's water is always in motion and constantly changing states,
from liquid to vapor to ice and back. The water cycle has been
functioning for billions of years and all life on Earth depends on it
continuing to work; without it the Earth would be a pretty stale place.
Where does all the water on earth come from? Ancient, primordial
World was a magma-made incandescent globe because all magmas
contain water. Water set free by magma began to cool down the Earth's
atmosphere, and gradually the world became cold enough so that water
could stay as a liquid on the surface. Volcanic activity maintained and
continues to introduce water into the atmosphere, thereby increasing
the volume of Earth's surface water and groundwater.] 5[
4
Water and Modern Methods of Treatment
 The effect of pollution on drinking water
purification:
If you don't think your life is affected by pollution, or you're not sure
how, consider the water you drink every day. Drinking water pollution
causes many deaths and a great deal of illness among urban residents
worldwide. Urban water supplies often get fouled with waste, especially
in developing countries, and clean water is scarce. A cloud of emissions
from the environment remains over many major cities, both in
developed and developing countries. Sanitation construction and water
use also have a major part to play. Water and sanitation Urbanization
will drastically improve freshwater consumption per capita. The key
cause of freshwater contamination can be traced to untreated sewage
runoff, chemical effluent disposal and run-off from farm fields. Industrial
development and urbanization are increasing the use of synthetic
chemicals that harm our freshwater bodies severely. The principal
problem caused by water pollution is its effect on aquatic life. Poor fish,
birds, dolphins and many other species often end up on beaches, in their
habitat destroyed by toxins. Pollution is also disrupting the natural food
chain.] 4[ ]5[
5
Water and Modern Methods of Treatment
 Collection Work
Collection works are meant for the development of surface water or
ground water resources. For major cities, or where water requirements
are large, water mostly a river or stream. If the river is perennial, a direct
intake structure can be built on the river bank. If, however, river is not
perennial, a dam is built across the river so that water is stored collected
from a surface source- in the reservoir. Water is then drawn from the
reservoir as per needs. The collection works, therefore, consist of
storage or diversion work, and an intake structure. [2]
Structures of water collection:
1234-
Intake structure
Intake conduit
Sump or Main Header
Raw (Low) Lift Pump
Intake Structure is used to collect the required quantity of
water from source.
Types of Intake structures:

Shore intake is used in shallow, narrow & navigable waterways that not
polluted on shore.
Pipe intake is used in wide and deep rivers and when there are fluctuation in
water level this type is preferred for the high quality of water that is far from
pollution in shore or on surface.
6
Water and Modern Methods of Treatment
 Submerged intake is used for deep, narrow and navigable waterways or
shallow, wide and navigable. This type is chosen when the waterway is narrow
and polluted on shore. It is constructed under water and when there is pollution
on shore.
 Tower intake is used in lakes, large areas, in polar countries, and in case of
changing water levels .
7
Water and Modern Methods of Treatment
 Design of collection work:
Use pipe intake
Pop = 300,000 capital ,
The W.T.P 100 m far from the collection work. ,
Working hours = 24 hr
Assumptions :
Average water consumption = 250 l/c/d
, Ground level of W.T.P = 75 m
H.W.L = 55m , L.W.L = 53m , Bed level =48m
Solution :
]1[
 Design of conduit pipes
250
Qav = pop * w.c = 300,000 * 24∗60∗60∗1000 = 0.868 m3/ s
Qd = Qmm = 1.4 * 0.868 = 1.215 m3/ s
Qmin = 0.8* 0.868 = 0.694 m3/ s
Let velocity of flow in conduit pipes V = 1 m/s , assume n = 4
𝜋
Qmm = 𝑛 ∗
4
∗ ∅2 ∗ 𝑣
𝜋
1.215 = 4 * 4 ∗ ∅2 *1
Check on Vact
:
∴ ∅ = 0.628 𝑚 = 628 𝑚𝑚
Vact =
1.215
𝜋
4
4∗ ∗ 0.652
= 0.91
𝑚
𝑠
Check on Vmax when one pipe is broken : Vmax =
(0.6 → 1.2) 𝑚⁄𝑠
1.215
𝜋
3∗ ∗ 0.652
4
Check on Vmin at min flow using 2 pipes :
Vmin =
0.694
𝜋
4
2∗ ∗ 0.652
= 1.04 𝑚⁄𝑠
> 0.6 𝑚⁄𝑠
 Design of low lift pump :
Qmax = 1.125 m3/s = 1215 l/s ≈ 1300 l/s
, Qmin = 0.694 m3/s = 694 l/s ≈ 700 l/s
8
take ∅ = 650 𝑚𝑚
𝑠𝑎𝑓𝑒
= 1.22 𝑚⁄𝑠
𝑠𝑎𝑓𝑒
( 𝑠𝑎𝑓𝑒 )
Water and Modern Methods of Treatment
system 1
system 2
system 3
main
reserve main
reserve main
reserve
200
300
200
200
300
200
200
300
200
200
300
200
200
300
200
200
300
200
200
100
200
200
200
100
200
100
300
300
100
300
100
100
no.=9 , Q=2100 l/s
no.=11 , Q=2500l/s
no.= 12 , Q= 2100 l/s
System 2 is the economic
Design of transmition pipes:
Qmm = A *V = 𝑛 ∗
1.215 = 2 ∗
Vact =
𝜋
4
4
∗ ∅2 ∗ 𝑣 ,Assume n = 2 ,
∗ ∅2 ∗ 1.2
1.215
𝜋
4
𝜋
2∗ ∗ 0.92
v = 1.2 m/s
∴ ∅ = 0.803𝑚 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒 ∅ = 900 𝑚𝑚
= 0.955 𝑚⁄𝑠
Assume conduit pipe length = 60 m , HT = Hstatic + Hloses
Hstatic = G.L – L.W.L + 5 = 75 - 53 + 5 = 27 m
Hloses = hf1 + hf2 + hf3 ( hf1 : loses in intake conduit , hf2 : loses in
transmission lines , hf3 : secondary loses)
𝑓𝑙𝑣 2
hf1 = 2 𝑔 ∅ =
0.032∗60∗0.912
2∗9.81∗0.65
𝑓𝑙𝑣 2
= 0.12m , hf2 = 2 𝑔 ∅ =
0.032∗100∗0.9552
2∗9.81∗0.9
= 0.17 m
hf3 = 0.1*(0.17+0.12)= 0.03m ∴ Hloses = 0.12+0.17+0.03 = 0.3 m
∴ HTotal = 27 +0.3= 27.3 m
HP(Q=300 ) =
𝑤∗𝑄∗𝐻𝑡
75∗ 𝑛
=
1∗300∗27.3
75∗0.7
= 156 𝐻𝑃 , HP(Q=100) =
1∗100∗27.3
75∗0.7
 Design of main header:
Volume ( 𝕍 ) = Qmax * 1 min = 1.215 *60 = 72.9 m3
OR = Qmin * 2 min = 0.694 * 2 * 60 = 83.3 m3
𝜋
∴ take the bigger volume = 83.3 m3 , 𝕍 = ∗ ∅2 ∗ 𝑙
4
let s = 2 m , ∴ L = 9 * 2 = 18 m
L=n*s
𝜋
∴ 83.3 = ∗ ∅2 ∗ 18
4
∴ ∅ = 2.4 m ≈ 2.5 m
9
= 52 𝐻𝑃
Water and Modern Methods of Treatment

GROUND WATER TANK:
The ground tank (clear water reservoir) will accept the water after it
comes out from the filters to feed the high pressure stations that raise
the water in the distribution networks, and this tank is usually built
under the ground.
Ground tank is usually built of reinforced concrete or masonry coated by
isolating sheets to block any filtration.
Ground tank is equipped with the piping system consist of inlet, outlet,
over flow and drain system.
 Purpose of Ground Reservoir:
 Cover the time required for disinfection ( contact time ) ≈ 0.5 hr.
 Cover the required time for emergency ≈ 6 : 8 hr .
 Cover the difference between max consumption and max
production through one day ( Qmax daily – Qmax monthly ) .
 Cover 80 % of fire demand. ]1[
10
Water and Modern Methods of Treatment
 Design of GROUND WATER TANK
Pop = 300,000 capital
 Solution
Let, qav =
]1[
200 l/c/d
∴ Qav = Pop * qav = 300,000 * (200/1000) = 60,000 m3 /d
∴ Qd = 1.4* 60,000 = 84000 m3
V1 = (0.5/24) *84000 = 1750 m3
(for disinfection)
V2 = (6/24) *84000 = 21000 m3
(for emergency)
V3 = (1.8-1.4)* Qav = 0.4 * 300,000 *(200/1000) = 24000 m3
(through a day)
Use V3 = 24000 m3 , For fire C = 0.8 *
300,000
10,000
* 120 = 2880 m3
 Total Capacity = V3 + C = 24000 + 2880 =26880 m3
V = n*L*B*d
∴B =
26880
4∗40∗5
assume d =5 m , n=4 , L=40 m
= 33.6 m ≈ 34 m
∴Use 4 ground tanks ( d =5m , L=40 m , B=34m)
11
Water and Modern Methods of Treatment

References:
]1[-
Sanitary Engineering, Prof. Dr. Mohamed Basiouny,
Benha faculty of engineering, civil department.
]2[- Water
Supply and Wastewater Removal
Nazih K. Shammas University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA (PhD)
Professor and Environmental Consultant, Pasadena, CA, USA.
Lawrence K. Wang Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA (PhD)
Professor and Environmental Consultant, Latham, NY, USA.
]3[- Water supply engineering, Dr B.C. Punmia .
Formerly, professor and head, department of civil engineering & Dean ,
faculty of engineering M.B.M. Engineering college JODHPUR .
]4[- Igor Shiklomanov's chapter "World fresh water resources" in Peter
H. Gleick (editor), 1993, Water in Crisis: A Guide to the World's Fresh
Water Resources (Oxford University Press, New York).
] 5[-USGS, U.S Geological Survey, science for a changing world website.
_____________________________________________
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