• • • • • • Affirmative action cause a lot of harm not only to all segments of society in general, but particularly their most destructive effect is on the very minorities who are the supposed to be the very beneficiaries. Equal opportunity such as widespread information sharing and advertising employment opportunities, have benefitted minorities, but forced equality such as quotas do not benefit them. Affirmative action cause particular harm to the highly competent people of minority, by making it seem as if their achievements are less because of their own qualities and efforts, but more because of government largesse. Affirmative action cause harm to the unqualified minority people by placing them in such positions where their incompetence is exposed. Minority people, who are excluded from affirmative action, get harmed by increased frustration and lowered motivation to acquire qualifications on their own. Affirmative action increases animosity among racial and other inter-minority groups.