Gland
Hormone [class)
Target/affect
Hypothalamus
releasing and inhibiting factors (peptides)
anterior pituitary/modify activity
Anterior pituitary
growth hormone (GH) (peptide)
t bone and muscle growth, t cell turnover rate
prolactin (peptide)
mammary gland/milk production
thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
(peptide)
thyroid/t synthesis and release of TH
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
(peptide)
t growth and secretory activity of adrenal
cortex
luteinizing hormone (LH) (peptide)
ovary/ovulation, testes/testosterone synch.
follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
(peptide)
ovary/follicle development, testes/
spermatogenes1s
antidiuretic hormone (ADH,
vasopressin) (peptide)
kidney/water retention
oxytocin (peptide)
breast/milk letdown, uterus/contraction
thyroid hormone (TH, thyroxine)
(modified amino acid)
child: necessary for physical and mental
development; adult: t metabolic rate and
temp.
calcitonin (peptide)
bone, kidney; lowers serum [Ca2 +]
Parathyroids
parathyroid hormone (PTH) (peptide)
bone, kidney, small intestine/raises serum
[Ca2+]
Thymus
thymosin (children only) (peptide)
T cell development during childhood
Adrenal medulla
epinephrine (modified amino acid)
sympathetic stress response (rapid)
Adrenal cortex
cortisol ("glucocorcicoid") (steroid)
longer-term stress response; t blood [glucose]; t protein catabolism; J.. inflammation
and immunity; many other
aldosterone ("mineralocorticoid")
(steroid)
kidney/t Na+ reabsorption tot b.p.
sex steroids
not normally important, but an adrenal
tumor can overproduce these, causing
masculinization or feminization
tropic
gonadotropic
Posterior pituitary
Thyroid
thyroid C cells
Endocrine pancreas
(islets of Langerhans)
insulin (~ cells secrete) (peptide)
-absent or ineffective in diabetes mellitus
,J, blood [glucose]/t glycogen and fat storage
glucagon (a. cells secrete) (peptide)
t blood [glucose]/J.. glycogen and fat storage
somatostatin (SS-8 cells secrete)
(peptide)
inhibits many digestive processes
Testes
testosterone (steroid)
male characteristics, spermatogenesis
Ovaries/placenta
estrogen (steroid)
female characteristics, endornetrial growth
progesterone (steroid)
endometrial secretion, pregnancy
Heart
atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) (peptide)
kidney/t urination to J.. blood pressure
Kidney
erythropoietin (peptide)
bone marrow/t RBC synthesis
Table 7
Summary of the Hormones of the Endocrine System