T
OPI
C:
E
F
F
E
CT
I
VECOMMUNI
CAT
I
ON
L
E
S
S
ON:
CONT
RACT
E
DF
ORMS
.
T
heE
ng
l
i
s
hl
a
ng
ua
g
eof
t
e
ns
hor
t
e
nsorc
ont
r
a
c
t
swor
ds
.
F
ore
x
a
mpl
e
,
wema
ys
a
y
,
he’
si
ns
t
e
a
d
ofhei
s
;
I
’
l
l
c
ome
,
i
ns
t
e
a
dofI
wi
l
l
c
ome
.
Not
et
ha
tweus
ua
l
l
yi
ns
e
r
ta
na
pos
t
r
ophe(
‘
)i
nt
he
pl
a
c
eofami
s
s
i
ngl
e
t
t
e
rorl
e
t
t
e
r
s
.
Ofc
our
s
e
,
onl
yonea
pos
t
r
ophei
sus
e
d.
L
ooka
tt
hef
ol
l
owi
ngs
e
nt
e
nc
e
s
:
1.I
ha
v
e
n’
tg
oney
e
t
.
2.Who’
sy
ourpa
r
t
ne
r
?
3.S
he‘
l
l
ha
v
et
obe
a
rwi
t
hus
.
Cont
r
a
c
t
i
onsc
a
nbec
l
a
s
s
i
f
i
e
di
nt
ot
hef
ol
l
owi
ngc
a
t
e
g
or
i
e
s
:
1)Pos
i
t
i
v
ec
ont
r
a
c
t
i
ons
2)Ne
g
a
t
i
v
ec
ont
r
a
c
t
i
ons
3)Ot
he
rc
ont
r
a
c
t
i
ons
4)I
nf
or
ma
l
c
ont
r
a
c
t
i
ons
Cont
r
a
c
t
i
onsa
r
ev
e
r
yc
ommoni
ns
pok
e
nE
ng
l
i
s
h.
T
he
ya
r
el
e
s
sc
ommoni
nwr
i
t
t
e
nE
ng
l
i
s
h.
T
he
ya
r
el
i
k
e
l
yt
obec
ommoni
ni
nf
or
ma
l
f
r
i
e
ndl
yl
e
t
t
e
r
sa
nda
r
enotr
e
c
omme
nde
di
nf
or
ma
l
l
e
t
t
e
r
s
.
E
s
s
a
y
si
ne
x
a
mss
houl
da
v
oi
dc
ont
r
a
c
t
i
ons
.
Howe
v
e
r
,
whe
nquot
i
ngt
hedi
r
e
c
twor
dsof
as
pe
a
k
e
ri
ny
oure
s
s
a
y
,
t
hi
si
sa
l
l
owe
d.
1)Pos
i
t
i
v
ec
ont
r
a
c
t
i
on
T
he
s
ea
r
ec
ont
r
a
c
t
i
onst
ha
ta
r
ei
nt
hea
f
f
i
r
ma
t
i
v
e
.
Onet
hi
ngt
onot
ehe
r
ei
st
ha
tt
he
s
e
c
ont
r
a
c
t
i
onsc
a
nha
v
emor
et
ha
noneme
a
ni
ng
.
T
hec
or
r
e
c
tme
a
ni
ngwi
l
l
onl
ydr
a
wf
r
om
t
hec
ont
e
x
t
.
F
ore
x
a
mpl
e
,
‘
s
he’
dc
oul
dme
a
n,
s
heha
dors
hec
oul
d.
E
x
a
mpl
e
s
:
a
)I
’
dwa
ntt
ok
now,
mea
ni
ngI
woul
dwa
ntt
ok
now.
b)S
he
’
dbe
e
nt
he
r
ebe
f
or
e
,
mea
ni
ngs
heha
dbe
e
nt
he
r
ebe
f
or
e
.
c
)T
he
y
’
v
ede
ni
e
dbe
i
ngr
e
s
pons
i
bl
e me
a
ni
ngt
he
yha
v
ede
ni
e
dbe
i
ngr
e
s
pons
i
bl
e
.
T
hec
ont
r
a
c
t
e
df
or
mof‘
i
s
’
i
sus
e
dwi
t
hnouns
,
na
me
s
,
que
s
t
i
onwor
dsa
ndwor
dsl
i
k
ehe
r
e,
t
her
e.
He
r
ea
r
es
omee
x
a
mpl
e
s
:
a
)Mi
c
ha
e
l
’
she
r
e
.
-Mi
c
ha
e
l
i
she
r
e
.
b)Whe
r
e
’
st
hedonor
s
’
l
i
s
t
?-whe
r
ei
st
hedonor
sl
i
s
t
?
c
)T
he
r
e
’
sas
t
r
a
ng
e
ri
nt
hehous
e
.
-T
he
r
ei
sas
t
r
a
ng
e
ri
nt
hehous
e
.
d)He
r
e
’
sy
ourc
ha
ng
e
.
-he
r
ei
sy
ourc
ha
ng
e
.
He
r
ei
sal
i
s
tofpos
i
t
i
v
ec
ont
r
a
c
t
i
ons
:
I
. I
’
m–I
a
m
I
I
. I
’
v
e
-I
ha
v
e
I
I
I
. I
’
l
l
-I
wi
l
l
I
V. I
’
d-I
woul
d
V. Y
ou’
r
e–
y
oua
r
e
VI
. Y
ou’
v
e–y
ouha
v
e
VI
I
. Y
ou’
l
l
-y
ouwi
l
l
VI
I
I
.
I
X.
X.
XI
.
XI
I
.
y
ou’
d–y
ouwoul
d
he’
s-hei
s
he
’
l
l
–hewi
l
l
he
’
d–hewoul
d
s
he
’
s–s
hei
s
E
x
e
r
c
i
s
e1
Gi
v
et
hel
ongf
or
moft
hef
ol
l
owi
ngc
ont
r
a
c
t
i
ons
:
1. s
he
’
l
l
2.we
’
v
e
3.t
he
y
’
l
l
4.s
he
’
d
5.we
’
l
l
6.t
he
y
’
d
7.i
t
’
s
8.we
’
d
9.i
t
’
l
l
10.
t
he
y
’
r
e
11.
we
’
r
e
12.
t
he
y
’
v
e
2.
Ne
g
a
t
i
v
eCont
r
a
c
t
i
ons
T
he
s
ea
r
eus
e
dwi
t
hne
g
a
t
i
v
es
t
a
t
e
me
nt
s
.
S
omec
a
nbes
hor
t
e
ne
di
nmor
et
ha
nonewa
y
wi
t
houtc
ha
ng
i
ngt
heme
a
ni
ng
,
F
ore
x
a
mpl
e
,
‘
Wea
r
en’
tc
a
nbes
hor
t
e
ne
da
s‘
we’
r
enot
’
E
x
e
r
c
i
s
e2
Wha
ta
r
et
hel
ongf
or
msf
ort
hef
ol
l
owi
ngc
ont
r
a
c
t
i
ons
?
1.a
r
e
n’
t
2.c
a
n’
t
3.don’
t
4.da
r
e
n’
t
5.di
dn’
t
6.doe
s
n’
t
7.don’
t
8.ha
s
n’
t
b,
wha
ta
r
et
hes
hor
tf
or
msoft
hef
ol
l
owi
ngc
ont
r
a
c
t
i
ons
?
1.Ha
v
enot
2.Ne
e
dnot
3.Ha
dnot
4.I
snot
5.Ma
ynot
6.Mi
g
htnot
7.Mus
tnot
8. Oug
htnot
9.s
ha
l
l
not
10.woul
dnot
11.
wa
snot
12.
s
houl
dnot
13.
we
’
r
enot
.
3.
Ot
he
rCont
r
a
c
t
i
ons
T
he
r
ea
r
eot
he
rl
e
s
sc
ommonc
ont
r
a
c
t
i
ons
,
butt
he
y
,
ne
v
e
r
t
he
l
e
s
s
,
oc
c
ur
.F
ore
x
a
mpl
e
:
a
)he
r
e
’
s
-he
r
ei
s
-He
r
ei
st
hemone
y
.
b)t
he
r
e
’
l
l
-t
he
r
ewi
l
l
-T
hewi
l
l
bene
e
df
ori
t
.
E
x
e
r
c
i
s
e3
Wr
i
t
et
hef
ol
l
owi
ngi
ns
hor
tf
or
m:
1.t
he
r
ei
s
2.t
ha
ti
s
3.t
ha
twi
l
l
4.howi
s
.
b.wr
i
t
et
hef
ol
l
owi
ngi
nl
ongf
or
m:
1.
wha
t
’
l
l
2.
wha
t
’
s
3.
whe
n’
s
4.
whe
r
e
’
s
5.
who’
s
6.
who’
d
4.
I
nf
or
ma
l
Cont
r
a
c
t
i
ons
T
hef
ol
l
owi
nga
r
ei
nf
or
ma
l
c
ont
r
a
c
t
i
onsa
ndmus
tnotbeus
e
dne
v
e
rbeus
e
di
nt
he
e
x
a
mi
na
t
i
ons
.
1.Wa
nna
2.Gonna
3.Got
t
a
4.Wa
t
c
ha
5.L
e
mme
6.Ai
nt
7.Gi
mme
8.Ki
nda
9.Az
i
nni
10.
S
a
t
t
i
11.
y
e
s
a