International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD)
Volume: 3 | Issue: 4 | May-Jun 2019 Available Online: www.ijtsrd.com e-ISSN: 2456 - 6470
Extraction of Pectin from Mangifera Indica Linn.
(Indian Mango) Fruit Peel
Aurelia Jane Jatap1, Melinda C. Getalado1,2
1Department
of Physical Sciences, College of Science,
Research and Development Services,
1,2University of Eastern Philippines, Catarman, Northern Samar, Philippines
2University
How to cite this paper: Aurelia Jane
Jatap | Melinda C. Getalado "Extraction
of Pectin from Mangifera Indica Linn.
(Indian Mango) Fruit Peel" Published in
International Journal of Trend in
Scientific Research and Development
(ijtsrd), ISSN: 24566470, Volume-3 |
Issue-4, June 2019,
pp.1446-1448, URL:
https://www.ijtsrd.c
om/papers/ijtsrd25
180.pdf
IJTSRD25180
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ABSTRACT
This study extracted pectin from the fruit peels of Mangifera indica Linn. (Indian
Mango) sold in Catarman. The Mango fruit peels pectin has greenish light brown
color, sweet-dry smell odor and coarse texture. The 0.5% pectin solution has pH
of 4, acidic and is soluble in water but insoluble in both hexane and chloroform
reagents. Extracted pectin has 280°C to 284°C high melting point and gelling
point of 32°C in 10min. The glucose content of extracted pectin is 2% and few
from chloride ions. Extracted pectin is comparable in terms of odor, texture,
solubility and glucose content to commercial pectin but quit incomparable in
color, pH, melting point, gelling point and chloride ion test.
Keywords: Pectin, Mangifera indica Linn. (Indian Mango), extraction
INTRODUCTION
Most of us usually does not know pectin, or even know them at all, we may not
sense it in our foods, drugs or in fruits we eat but they are present in it, they may
not flavor our foods but they play a vital role in thickening your chocolates, jams
and yogurts. Pectin is a complex carbohydrate, which is found both in the cell
walls of plants, and between the cell walls, helping to regulate the flow of water in
between cells and keeping them rigid. This compound of plant is used for making
gels and as a gelling agent or the manufacture of food drugs and cosmetics.
Pectin is a structural heteropolysaccharide contained in the primary cell walls of
terrestrial plants. It was first isolated and described in 1825 by Henri Braconnot.
It is produced commercially as a white to light brown
powder, mainly extracted from citrus fruits, and is used in
food as a gelling agent particularly in jams and jellies. It is
also used in fillings, medicines, sweets, as a stabilizer in fruit
juices and milk drinks and as a source of dietary fiber.
The common mango or Indian mango here in the Philippines
is the most common fruit that we usually eat during summer
seasons, these fruits can be eaten raw with a bit of salts or
bagoong, but what relies in these fruit is that it possibly
contains pectin. As stated by Wilkinson, F. (2008) mangoes
also contain pectin, a soluble dietary fiber, which has been
shown to lower blood cholesterol levels.
For this reason, the researcher was interested in extracting
the pectin of Mangifera indica Linn. or Indian mango to our
dialect here in Northern Samar. So that there will be a newer
source of pectin that came from a common plant but not
from a common pectin source and to help elderly people
lower their blood cholesterol level and enjoy life better
METHODOLOGY
The extraction of pectin from fruit peelings of Indian mango
used an extraction method, and the physical and chemical
properties of the pectin content present in the fruit peelings
of Indian mango was determined. The extraction procedure
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used in the study is from Laguda, G.C (2009) and Acong, R.P.
(2011) was employed to extract pectin from the fruit peels of
Indian mango. Extracted pectin then analyzed for its
physical properties in terms of color, odor, texture,
solubility, boiling and gelling points, and chemical property
in terms of its glucose test, were identified as stated above
for a more detailed study.
Data Gathering Procedures
The sample fruits were first gathered from the designated
place. A total of 150 fruit samples were peeled, and the
peelings were gathered and cleaned. Then the process of
extraction from the author Laguda, G.C. (2009) and Acong,
R.P. (2011) were used; the following procedure was used:
One hundred fifty (150) grams of Indian mango fruit peels
were prepared, 600 mL of distilled water were added, and
the mixture was homogenized in a blender. The homogenate
were adjusted into pH of 5 with NaOH and were heated to
90-95°C for one hour with continuously stirring. The pHs
were checked in every fifteen minutes and maintained to 4.5
through the use of a digital pH meter. Lost water be replaced
during the last twenty minutes. And after one hour, the
homogenate was filtered with moistened cheesecloth; the
filtrate were collected in a beaker and 90 mL of 55% ethyl
alcohol acidified with 1 M HCl (pH= 0.7-10 were added. The
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mixture was stirred for ten minutes. After stirring, 50% of
70% ethyl alcohol was added in just a second coagulation
occured, then washed with 150 mL acetone and was filtered
through a filter paper. The obtained fibrous pectin were
dried at a temperature not to exceed 60°C for 3-4 hours and
pounded to fine powder. The fine powder is now the pectin.
After the extraction procedure, the extracted pectin was
stored in a bottle and is then identified in terms of its
physical properties.
For the determination of the Physical Properties, the
following procedures were used:
For Color, the Pectin Extracted was examined carefully in a
Petri dish by 5 respondents and the color of the pectin was
recorded.
For the Odor, the pectin extracted from the fruit peel of
Indian mango was smelled by 5 respondents. Then the
overall odor in which the respondents agreed the odor of the
extracted pectin from the mango peels.
by a few drops of silver nitrate solution. If chloride ions are
present white precipitate of silver chloride will be visible.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
The extraction of pectin from the peels of Indian mango was
done at the Chemistry Laboratory of the College of Science,
University of Eastern Philippines. Catarman, Northern
Samar. The total one hundred fifty grams (150 g) of Indian
mango peel used yielded about only 3 grams of fibrous
pectin. After the extraction, physical and chemical assay was
established to further characterize the pectin taken from the
Indian mango. The following results were obtained from the
different experimentations: 2% of glucose and the chloride
ions are negative.
Percent Yield
Only 3g of pure pectin was extracted from the total 150g of
the mango fruit peels. The percent yield of the mango peels
pectin was 2%, which means that it takes more peels to
make isolate and extract pectin the mango fruit. The
computation is as follows;
For the texture, the extracted pectin was observed by
touching it with bare hands by 5 respondents. Then the
overall texture in which the respondents agreed the texture
of the extracted pectin from the mango peels.
About 0.5 g of pectin was dissolved in 10 mL of neutral
distilled water. Then a pH paper was dipped into the pectin
solution. After dipping, the pH of the pectin solution was
analyzed using a pH indicator. The procedure was repeated
thrice.
For the Solubility test, a small portion of the extracted pectin
was dropped in three different solvents namely; water,
hexane and chloroform. Then observation begins if the
pectin extracted from the fruit peel of Indian mango fruit is
soluble on water, or in hexane, or in chloroform solvents.
For the melting point determination, the powder pectin
extracted was placed in a sealed capillary tube, the capillary
tube with the pectin tied to a thermometer and then it was
placed in an oil solvent, then the oil was heated for a given
period of time, when the pectin started melting in the tube,
the rate of temperature reading in the thermometer was
recorded.
About 1 gram of the prepared pectin from the mango peels
was dissolved in water. The pectin-water mixture was
subjected to heating in a water bath. After 15 minutes the
pectin solution was taken out from the water bath and
shaken. Then, it was allowed to stand for a time until a gel
starts to form. The time and temperature at which the gel
formed was recorded.
For the glucose test, a five pinch of pectin was placed in a
test tube and a Fehling’s solution was added. The mixture
was mixed well and was placed in boiling water for 10
minutes. After the boiling process, a green color was formed.
The color reaction indicates the amount of sugar present in
the sample, if green color forms, it is 0.5% glucose, if yellow,
it is 1% glucose and if orange, it is a t 2% glucose (Laguda,
2009).
For the chloride ion test, drops of dilute nitric acid was
added to the solution of pectin and distilled water followed
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Physical Properties
Most respondents perceived the color that it was greenish
light brown, the black consistency of the pectin might be due
to be overheated in the oven. The odor was perceived mostly
by the respondents to be sweet dry smell; the sweet smell
might be characterized by the presence of sugar molecules
on the pectin powder. And lastly, the texture was also
perceived by the respondents to be coarsely powder, this is
due to the fibrous pectin obtained from the Indian mango
fruit and the poor pounding and powdering of the pectin in
the mortar and pestle.
All three trials for pH using a pH paper resulted in a
consistent number of pH which is 4, which further indicates
that the isolated pectin from the mango peel was acidic.
The pectin obtained from the peels of the Indian mango fruit
was soluble in all trials using water solvent. But in the
hexane and chloroform solvents, all trials resulted in an
insoluble conclusion. This result can be a basis of using the
pectin in making water soluble products.
The melting point of the extracted pectin from the peels of
the mango fruit ranges from 280oC to 284oC with an average
melting point of 282oC which indicates that the pectin of the
mango peels has a high melting point.
The gelling process of the pectin from the mango peels is
slower than the commercial pectin which is 3 minutes, while
the pectin from the mango peels was 10 minutes. The gel
forms an inconsistent color and texture of slimy gel.
Chemical Properties
The extracted pectin from the mango peels has a 2% glucose,
which is evidenced by the three trials with an orange
coloration after heating it in a water bath with drops of
Fehling’s reagent. This means that the pectin from the mango
peels has the same glucose content with the commercial
pectin.
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Results show that chloride ion is not present in the extracted
pectin of the mango peels after the administration of a few
drops of silver nitrate. This indicates that the pectin from the
mango peels is free from chloride ion which is in contrast
with the commercial pectin.
Table 1. Comparing the parameters of Pectin from Indian Mango peel to Commercial Pectin
Physical Properties Extracted Pectin Commercial Pectin
Color
Greenish brown
Light brown
Odor
Sweet-dry
Sweet-dry
Texture
Coarse
Coarse
pH
Acidic
Acidic
Solubility in
Water
soluble
soluble
Hexane
insoluble
insoluble
Chloroform
insoluble
insoluble
Melting point
280 oC -284 oC
236-324 oC
Gelling point
32 oC (10 min.)
30 oC (3 min.)
Chemical Properties
Glucose point
2%
2%
Chloride ions
negative
negative
It is summarized that the color of the pectin from the mango peels is greenish light brown, odor of sweet dry smell, texture
of coarse grains, with a pH of 4, soluble in water but in soluble in hexane and chloroform, has a 282oC of melting point, 2%
glucose content, free of chlorine and has a long gelling time.
Figure1. (a) sample pectin from Indian Mango peel and (b) commercial pectin
CONCLUSIONS
There is a small amount of pectin found in the fruit peels of
Indian mango. The extracted pectin from the fruit peels of
Indian mango is comparable to the commercial pectin in
terms of odor, texture, and solubility and incomparable to
color, pH, melting point and gelling point. The pectin from
the mango peels has a high glucose content of 2% the same
with that of the commercial pectin which is comparable to
commercial pectin. The pectin from the mango fruit peels is
free from chloride ions in similar with the commercial
pectin.
Reference
[1] Lui, A et al. 2003. A study on technology of extracting
pectin from mango peel. Chemical Research
and
Application. Sciences School, Foshan University,
Foshan, China.
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[2] Rehman, et al. 2004. Utilization of Mango Peels as a
Source of Pectin. Journal of the
Chemical Society
of Pakistan, 26(1).
[3] Srirangarajan, Shrikhande. 2006. Characterization of
Mango Peel Pectin. Biochemistry & Food Technology
Div., Bhabha Atomic Research Centre.
[4] Sudhakar, et al. 2007. Isolation and Characterization of
Mango Peel for pectins. Journal of Food Processing and
Preservation.
[5] Varanyanond. 2000. Changes in pectin content and
average molecular weight of pectin during maturation
of the mango “kaew”. Institute of Food Research and
Product
Development,
Kasetsart
University,
Bangkok, Thailand.
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