Biological Rhythm Research
ISSN: 0929-1016 (Print) 1744-4179 (Online) Journal homepage: https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/nbrr20
Ingestive behavior and physiological parameters
of lactating goats fed diets containing detoxified
castor cake
Ricardo Alves De Araújo, José Neuman Miranda Neiva, Marcos Cláudio
Pinheiro Rogério, Patrícia Guimarães Pimentel, Rafael Nogueira Furtado,
Lays Débora Silva Mariz, Magno José Duarte Cândido & Roberto Cláudio
Fernandes Franco Pompeu
To cite this article: Ricardo Alves De Araújo, José Neuman Miranda Neiva, Marcos Cláudio
Pinheiro Rogério, Patrícia Guimarães Pimentel, Rafael Nogueira Furtado, Lays Débora Silva Mariz,
Magno José Duarte Cândido & Roberto Cláudio Fernandes Franco Pompeu (2019): Ingestive
behavior and physiological parameters of lactating goats fed diets containing detoxified castor cake,
Biological Rhythm Research
To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/09291016.2019.1594120
Published online: 25 Mar 2019.
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BIOLOGICAL RHYTHM RESEARCH
https://doi.org/10.1080/09291016.2019.1594120
ARTICLE
Ingestive behavior and physiological parameters of lactating
goats fed diets containing detoxified castor cake
Ricardo Alves De Araújo a, José Neuman Miranda Neivab,
Marcos Cláudio Pinheiro Rogérioc, Patrícia Guimarães Pimentela,
Rafael Nogueira Furtadoa, Lays Débora Silva Mariza, Magno José Duarte Cândidoa
and Roberto Cláudio Fernandes Franco Pompeuc
a
Department of Animal Science, University Federal of Ceara, Fortaleza, Brazil; bDepartment of Animal
Science, University Federal of Tocantins, Araguaína, Brazil; cBrazilian Agricultural Research Corporation,
Sobral, Brazil
ABSTRACT
ARTICLE HISTORY
This study aimed to evaluate the influence of the substitution of
soybean meal (SM) by detoxified castor (DCC) by two alkaline products
on the feeding behavior and physiological parameters of lactating
goats of Saanen breeds and Anglo Nubian. The treatments consisted
of three diets, with a standard formulation based on corn and FS and
the others were formulated with detoxified castor by calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2 DCC) and another by sodium hydroxide (NaOH) DCC,
which were and isonitrogenous and isoenergic. There was effect of
diets on the consumption of DM and NDFap (P<0.05), with lower
values for the goats fed with NaOH DCC. There was no effect
(P<0.05) of diets on the fill times, rumination, time in other activities
and time in idleness, rumination efficiency of NDF and chewing time
total were influenced (P<0.05) by the diets. The goats fed with diet the
basis of SM presented a higher heart rate and increased rectal temperature. When used in the composition of diets for lactating goats,
the detoxified castor with sodium hydroxide leads to the reduction of
intake DM, as well as the NDF, but both pies do not adversely affect the
physiological parameters of goats.
Received 27 February 2019
Accepted 7 March 2019
KEYWORDS
Water; anglo nubian;
calcium; rumination; sodium;
saanen
Introduction
It is notorious that the use of food concentrates becomes virtually indispensable in
maintaining production of animals of high production, as the Saanen goats of breeds
and Anglo Nubian, for example. However, it is often limited, due to its high cost. In this
way, the use of ingredients available locally may be a viable alternative to animal
production. In this context, the use of by-products of the biodiesel industry has been
presenting good results of weight gain and milk production in several species (Medeiros
et al. 2015; Visoná-Oliveira et al. 2015).
In the northeast region of Brazil, one of the possibilities is the use of castor cake (Severino
et al. 2012). However, there is a limiting factor for the use of castor cake in animal feed,
considering the presence of ricin in castor seed, toxic glycoprotein composed of two subunits
CONTACT Ricardo Alves de Araújo
ricardo_zoo@hotmail.com
© 2019 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group
2
R. A. DE ARAÚJO ET AL.
(36 kDa) and B (29 kDa), linked by bridges dissulfídicas. The ingestion of castor seed can cause
poisoning in ruminants (Worbs et al. 2011). Recent studies have demonstrated the potential
use of castor cake in replacement of soybean meal in diets for ruminants after a process of
detoxification (Furtado et al. 2012; Pompeu et al. 2012; Gionbelli et al. 2014; Nicory et al. 2015).
However, there are few evaluations in dairy goats, mainly because the possibility of residues in
milk, makes another obstacle in the use of this product.
On the other hand, one must consider the interaction between animals of different
genotypes and their environment creation. Especially when it comes to animals confined, because the management employee represents a large proportion of the results
obtained. With this, advances in scientific research have been occurring in the area of
animal nutrition, in particular as regards the study of animal behavior and physiological
processes, and how different factors affect them, particularly when there are changes in
the diets provided (Araújo et al. 2018).
Based on the assumption that the inclusion of castor bean cake in the diets of
lactating goats can influence the performance of the animals, the objective of this
work was to evaluate the feeding behavior and physiological parameters of Saanen
goats of breeds and Anglo Nubian in confinement.
Material and methods
The study was conducted at the Technological Center of production of goat milk from
Embrapa Goats and Sheep (3º44ʹ57.42” south and 40°20ʹ43.50” West) located in the city of
Sobral-CE, Brazil, in the period from November 2016 to April 2017. All procedures involving
animals were carried out in accordance with the regulations of the Commission of Ethics in
the use of animals in the Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Centro Nacional de
Pesquisa with goats, protocol no. 005/2015. The food chemical analyses were performed in
the Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and biochemistry of Embrapa Goats and Sheep.
Eighteen goats were used with body weight of 43 ± 2.97 kg of body condition score
of 2.5 ± 0.5 kg, being nine Saanen and nine Anglo Nubian, distributed in a completely
randomized design, in factorial scheme 3 × 2 (diet x breed). The goats were subjected to
a regime of confinement in individual stalls, suspended and with floor ripped of 5.06 m2,
being 2.87 m2 solarium, provided of drinkers, feeders and salt shakers.
The treatments consisted of three diets, the first was formulated with corn and soybean
meal (SM) and the others were formulated with detoxified castor by calcium hydroxide
(Ca(OH)2 DCC) and another composed by detoxified castor by sodium hydroxide (NaOH
DCC), both in the total substitution of soybean meal. It was used as roughage hay of tifton
85 grass, crushed into particles of approximately 4 cm. The experimental diets were
formulated in accordance with the requirements of goats with body weight of 45 kg and
daily production of 1.5 L of milk, based on the recommendations of the NRC (2007), with the
same content of protein and energy. The chemical composition of the ingredients is found
in Table 1 and the proportion of ingredients and their chemical composition based on
roughage: concentrate ratio are shown in Table 2.
Castor cakes used in this study were obtained after collecting oil, by mechanically
pressing castor bean seeds at temperatures between 90°C and 100°C. After mixing the
cakes with reagents and water for 3 h (mixing for 10 min and resting for 30 min,
alternately), the cakes were placed outdoors on a plastic canvas for 48 h and constantly
BIOLOGICAL RHYTHM RESEARCH
3
Table 1. Chemical composition of the ingredients used for the preparation of the experimental diets.
Ingredients
Item (g kg DM−1)
Dry matter (g kg−1 fresh matter)
Organic matter
Mineral mattera
Crude protein
Ether extract
Non-fiber carbohydrates
Neutral detergent fiberb
Acid detergent fiber
Hemicellulose
Cellulose
Lignin
Total digestible nutrients
a
Tifton
85 hay
872.52
911.34
88.75
104.12
14.52
277.80
514.90
472.22
248.44
413.65
60.62
546.83
Ground
corn
889.24
965.92
34.11
79.50
36.83
722.41
123.28
69.07
115.53
60.22
8.80
848.75
Soybean
meal
870.21
956.90
43.10
443.30
28.84
320.81
163.84
117.93
99.82
105.60
12.21
822.52
Ca(OH)2
DCC
904.22
867.77
132.32
315.41
52.10
103.95
396.18
379.22
104.13
328.50
50.73
620.54
NaOH
DCC
904.82
855.63
144.42
309.01
47.53
132.44
360.12
388.74
54.70
342.63
46.15
627.93
Ca(OH)2 DCC: 0.90 g Na kg−1 DM and 2.25 g Ca kg−1 DM; NaOH DCC: 29.20 g Na kg−1 DM and 0.63 g Ca kg−1 DM. b
Corrected for ash and protein.
Table 2. Proportion of ingredients and chemical composition of the experimental diets.
Diets
Ingredients
Item (g kg DM−1)
Tifton 85 hay
Ground corn
Soybean meal
Detoxified castor cake
Limestone
Mineral premixa
Chemical composition (g kg−1 DM)
Dry matter (g kg−1 fresh matter)
Organic matter
Mineral matter
Crude protein
Ether extract
Non-fiber carbohydrates
Neutral detergent fiberb
Acid detergent fiber
Hemicellulose
Cellulose
Lignin
Total digestible nutrients
a
Soybean meal
525.40
414.20
58.70
–––
1.70
Ad libitum
883.03
939.17
62.49
113.94
26.46
471.80
416.78
352.80
166.06
211.88
30.86
674.90
DCC Ca(OH)2
Proportion of ingredients
485.80
424.60
–––
89.60
–––
Ad libitum
890.84
933.06
66.94
110.13
29.22
468.70
424.98
356.60
163.67
221.19
32.62
678.80
DCC NaOH
474.30
437.40
–––
85.70
2.6
Ad libitum
885.76
930.90
71.43
112.12
29.82
477.40
404.54
337.19
152.66
209.34
30.32
678.70
Guaranteed levels (per kg, in active elements): calcium – 218.00 g; phosphorus – 71.00 g; sulfur – 20.00 g; iron –
1800.00 mg; iodine – 80.00 mg; manganese – 1300.00 mg; selenium – 15.00 mg; zinc – 3800.00 mg; molybdenum –
300.00 mg; maximum fluorine – 870.00 mg; phosphorus (P) solubility in citric acid 2% minimum – 95%. b Corrected
for ash and protein.
rolled with a squeegee adapted for homogeneous drying. After drying, the cakes were
chopped using a forage machine to reduce the material size and to facilitate its
homogenization with the other ingredients.
The concentrations of alkaline products (calcium hydroxide and sodium hydroxide)
used for 100% detoxification of ricin in crude castor cakes were 90 g Ca(OH)2 and 60
g NaOH per kilogram, respectively, which were diluted in 2 L of water using a stationary
mixer (Fischer® MOB 400 G2) equipped with a three-phase motor. No hemagglutinating
activity was observed at those concentrations; i.e. ricinus agglutinin was no longer active
(Figure 1), therefore, these two concentrations were used to formulate the diets.
4
R. A. DE ARAÚJO ET AL.
Figure 1. Electrophoretic characterization of castor cake proteins treated with different chemical
products. 1: Molecular weight marker (kDa); L: Lectins; 2: Crude castor cake; 3: Detoxified castor cake
Ca(OH)2; 4: Detoxified castor cake NaOH.
Feeding behavior observations were performed instantaneously at 10-min intervals (feed
intake, rumination, other activities, and idle) for 24 h. Moreover, the frequency of water
intake, urination and defecation were monitored in the interval between two observations.
On the following day, collections were made during three 2-h periods (between 08h00 and
10h00; 14h00 and 16h00; and 18h00 and 20h00), to estimate the number of rumination
chews per bolus (RCnb) and time elapsed with rumination chews per bolus (RCtb) using
a digital timer. The methodology reported by Bürger et al. (2000) was used to determine
feed efficiency (FE) and rumination efficiency (RE) as a function of DM (g DM h−1) and NDF.
The physiological parameters of respiratory rate (RR), heart rate (HR), rectal temperature (RT), and body surface temperature (BST) were measured during three consecutive
days at the following times: from 07h00 to 08h00, 12 to 13h00, and 18h00 to 19h00. RT
was determined by introducing a digital clinical thermometer (Techline® TS-101PM;
range, up to 42.9°C) directly into the animal’s rectum.
BST corresponded to the average temperatures obtained from five determined regions
of the body: forehead (FST), neck (NST), rump (RST), back (BST), and womb (WST) surface
temperatures using a non-contact digital infrared thermometer (ICEL-Manaus® – TD-950). RR
and HR were obtained using a flexible stethoscope. Measurements were made at the
laryngotracheal region for RR, counting the number of movements in 15 s; the value
obtained was multiplied by four, with values expressed as movements minute−1.
Measurements were made for 1 min between the third and fourth intercostal space close
to the costochondral joint for HR, with values expressed as beats minute−1.
Data were initially subjected to normality tests (Shapiro–Wilk) and homoscedasticity
tests (Levene), and were also submitted to analysis of variance by the F test when the
presuppositions were met, by using the following model:
Yijk ¼ μ þ /i þ βj þ ð/ βÞij þ eijk ;
BIOLOGICAL RHYTHM RESEARCH
5
where Yijk is the dependent variable corresponding to the experimental observation; μ is
the overall mean; αi is the fixed effect of the diets; βj is the fixed effect of the breed; (αβ)ij is
the interaction effect; and eijk is the random error, assuming an independent normal
distribution. Interaction between breed and diet was only considered when significant at
5% probability. A comparison of means was carried out by Tukey test at 5% probability to
evaluate the effects of breed and diet. Statistical analyses were performed using the GLM
procedure of the SAS software version 9.3 (SAS INSTITUTE 2005).
Results
There was no effect of diets on the DMI and NDFap (P < 0.05), but with no effect of breeds (P
> 0.05) or interaction between both factors. We observed a higher intake of DM and NDFap
for goats fed with SM and Ca(OH)2 DCC (Table 3). The diet also influenced (P < 0.05) the
feeding time, rumination time, time in other activities and leisure time. In relation to the
races, we observed the effect of this factor on these last two parameters.
Larger were observed feeding and rumination times for goats that received diets with
SM and Ca(OH)2 DCC (384.25 and 381.75 min/day, respectively) (Table 4). It was
observed that the goats of the Anglo Nubian spent more time with other activities
(395.00 min/day) when compared to those of the Saanen goats (358.33 min/day).
Similarly, the time in idleness was greater for the goats Anglo Nubiana. There was no
effect (P > 0.05) of diets or breeds on the efficiency of supply of DM, power efficacy of
NDF, Rumination efficiency of DM. On another hand, the efficiency of rumination of NDF
Table 3. Dry matter intake (DM), Neutral detergent fiber corrected for ash and protein (NDFap) and
behavior al activities of goats fed detoxified castor cake.
Diets
SM
Breed
Saanen
2250.70
Anglo Nubian
2220.94
Mean
2235.82a
NDFap (g day−1)
Saanen
657.93
Anglo Nubian
689.96
Mean
673.95a
Feeding (min day−1)
Saanen
378.00
Anglo-Nubian
390.50
Mean
384.25a
Rumination (min day−1)
Saanen
463.00
Anglo Nubian
465.50
Mean
464.25a
Other activities (min day−1)
Saanen
335.00
Anglo Nubian
375.00
Mean
355.00c
Idle (min day−1)
Saanen
264.00
Anglo Nubian
209.00
Mean
236.50b
Ca(OH)2 DCC
DM (g day−1)
2110.65
2132.78
2121.715a
NaOH DCC
1962.71
1980.78
1971.745b
P-value
Mean
2108.02
2111.50
MSE
50.98
Diet
*
Breed
0.416
DxB
0.213
685.84
663.78
674.81a
628.97
602.26
615.62b
657.58
652.00
19.89
*
0.817
0.737
373.00
390.50
381.75a
359.25
340.50
349.88b
370.08
373.83
45.17
*
0.095
0.092
483.00
480.50
481.75a
388.00
408.00
398.00b
444.67
451.33
10.13
*
0.176
0.916
355.00
390.00
372.50b
385.00
420.00
402.50a
358.33B
395.00A
56.76
*
*
0.097
229.00
179.00
204.00b
307.75
271.50
289.63a
360.83B
421.25A
28.77
*
*
0.085
MSE: Mean standard error. Averages followed by common lowercase letters in the lines and by uppercase letters in the
columns do not differ from one another according to the Tukey test at 5% significance.
6
R. A. DE ARAÚJO ET AL.
Table 4. Dry matter feed efficiency (FEDM), neutral detergent fiber feed efficiency (FENDF), rumination
efficiency of dry matter (REDM), rumination efficiency of neutral detergent fiber (RENDF), total
chewing time (TCT) and number of ruminal bolus (NRB) of goats fed detoxified castor cake.
Diets
SM
Breed
Saanen
357.25
Anglo Nubian
341.25
Mean
349.25
−1
FENDF (g NDF h )
Saanen
73.83
Anglo Nubian
79.24
Mean
76.54
−1
REDM (g DM h )
Saanen
291.67
Anglo Nubian
286.27
Mean
288.97
−1
RENDF (g NDF h )
Saanen
85.26
Anglo Nubian
88.93
Mean
87.10b
−1
TCT (h day )
Saanen
14.02
Anglo Nubian
14.27
Mean
14.14a
−1
NRB (nº day )
Saanen
1120.63
Anglo Nubian
942.44
Mean
1031.54
Ca(OH)2 DCC
NaOH DCC
FEDM (g DM h−1)
339.51
327.70
333.61
327.80
349.04
338.42
70.13
64.86
67.50
262.19
266.32
264.26
P-value
Mean
341.52
339.33
MSE
21.67
Diet
0.158
Breed
0.764
DxB
0.791
54.27
55.41
54.84
66.07
66.50
14.19
0.134
0.937
0.725
303.51
291.29
297.40
285.79
281.29
29.41
0.597
0.607
0.178
85.20
82.89
84.04b
97.26
88.57
92.92a
89.24
86.80
23.02
*
0.710
0.517
14.27
14.52
14.39a
12.45
12.48
12.46b
13.58
13.75
1.43
*
0.077
0.075
1058.58
860.64
105.99
0.582
0.176
0.701
1047.62
881.79
964.70
1007.48
757.69
882.59
MSE: Mean standard error. Averages followed by common lowercase letters in the lines and by uppercase letters in the
columns do not differ from one another according to the Tukey test at 5% significance.
and chewing time total were influenced (P < 0.05) by the diets. The goats fed with diet
the basis of NaOH DCC had the greater efficiency of rumination of neutral detergent
fiber (NDF 92.92 g/hour) and lower total chewing time (12.46 h/day).
There was no effect (P < 0.05) of diets and races on the frequency of intake of water
and the effect of breed on the daily frequency of urination (Table 5). The goats fed with
NaOH DCC were more often to consume drinking water (9.84 times/day), being that the
Table 5. Water intake (WI), Urination (URI) and defecation (DEF) of goats fed detoxified castor cake.
Diets
SM
Ca(OH)2 DCC
NaOH DCC
Breed
Water intake (times day−1)
Saanen
5.69
7.44
9.19
Anglo Nubian
4.81
2.19
10.50
Mean
5.25b
4.81b
9.84a
Urination (times day−1)
Saanen
11.31
9.32
13.56
Anglo Nubian
9.21
7.21
3.94
Mean
10.26
8.27
8.75
Defecation (times day−1)
Saanen
7.54
8.05
8.31
Anglo Nubian
8.38
6.79
10.94
Mean
7.96
7.42
9.63
P-value
Mean
7.44A
5.83B
MSE
1.69
Diet
*
Breed
0.119
DxB
*
11.40A
6.79B
1.17
0.121
*
0.098
7.97
8.70
0.96
0.083
0134
0.491
MSE: Mean standard error. Averages followed by common lowercase letters in the lines and by uppercase letters in the
columns do not differ from one another according to the Tukey test at 5% significance.
BIOLOGICAL RHYTHM RESEARCH
7
Table 6. Heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), rectal temperature (RT) and body surface temperature
(BST) of goats fed detoxified castor cake.
Diets
SM
Breed
Saanen
Anglo Nubian
Mean
RR (mov min−1)
Saanen
Anglo Nubian
Mean
RT (ºC)
Saanen
Anglo Nubian
Mean
BST (ºC)
Saanen
Anglo Nubian
Mean
Ca(OH)2 DCC
NaOH DCC
−1
87.03
93.43
90.23a
HR (beats min )
87.04
83.48
85.26b
85.23
85.70
85.47b
P-value
Mean
86.44
87.54
MSE
4.68
Diet
*
Breed
0.132
DxB
0.301
39.12
39.73
39.42
38.12
39.09
38.60
38.69
37.70
38.20
38.64
38.84
0.52
0.243
0.191
0.318
39.03
39.16
39.09a
39.08
39.02
39.05a
38.85
38.92
38.89b
38.99
39.03
0.08
*
0.365
0.163
36.18
36.58
36.38
36.29
36.45
36.37
37.03
36.71
36.87
36.50
36.58
0.17
0.127
0.053
0.587
MSE: Mean standard error. Averages followed by common lowercase letters in the lines and by uppercase letters in the
columns do not differ from one another according to the Tukey test at 5% significance.
Saanen presented a higher frequency (7.44 times/day) that the Anglo Nubian (5.83
times/day). It was observed that the goats Anglo Nubian (6.79 times/day) urination
unless the Saanen (11.40 times/day).
We observed the effect of diets on the cardiac frequency and rectal temperature (P <
0.05) (Table 6). The goats fed with diet the basis of SM presented a higher heart rate
(90.23 beats/minute) and increased rectal temperature (39.09 ºC) but did not differ from
the rectal temperature of goats fed with diet containing the Ca(OH)2 DCC (39.05 ºC).
Discussion
The smallest intake DM and NDFap for goats fed with NaOH DCC should be related to
the sodium content of the detoxified castor by this alkaline product (Table 1), because
the greater inclusion of sodium in the diet of ruminants provides a regulatory effect of
voluntary intake by animals (Paulino 2000). It should be noted that the quantity of
sodium in the NaOH DCC (Table 1) was 32.4 times higher than that in the Ca(OH)2 DCC,
which highlights even more this effect in the control of intake DM. Araújo et al. (2018)
evaluated the replacement of soybean meal by NaOH DCC in diet of goats kids and also
observed a reduction in the consumption of DM by these animals, a decrease around
19.30% when compared to consumption by goats fed diets based on soybean meal. In
this study, the reduction of power consumption when compared with the goats fed with
SM was 12.79%.
In relation to the time of rumination can be observed that the times were close to 403
min/day of rumination obtained by Vieira et al. (2011), using the total substitution of
soybean meal by cottonseed meal in the diet of sheep castor. The lowest times of
rumination and feeding observed in goats fed with NaOH DCC are directly related to the
lesser intake of DM and NDFap, because according to Queiroz et al. (2001). The time
8
R. A. DE ARAÚJO ET AL.
spent in rumination depends on the type of diet and seems to have little variation in
diets rich in grains, up to a maximum of 600 min/day for those rich in bulky. In addition,
the level of intake of food also influences the time of rumination, the greater amount of
food to be fragmented, before being digested. In this way, the shorter time of rumination has a direct relationship with the consumption of NDFap, once the increase in
consumption of fiber, according to Van Soest (1994), promotes an increase in the time of
rumination, due to the increased need to process this. Oliveira et al. (2016) evaluated the
inclusion of castor bran destoxificado by calcium oxide in the ingestive behavior of
lambs and one observed that the rumination time was above 500 min/day, a value very
close to the observed by goats fed with diet the basis of SM and/or Ca(OH)2 DCC, they
also observed that as they increased the amount of castor bran in the diet, the rumination time tended to increase. It should be emphasized that the content of NDFap of
diets was above 47%, and this experiment the NDFap content of the diets were below
30%, which may have contributed to the rumination time was lower.
In relation to the time dedicated to leisure and other activities, this type of behavior
was common throughout the experiment, where the goats Anglo Nubian showed less
adaptation to the environment of containment, since they had less docile temperament
that the Saanen. As the activities involved with the ingestive behavior are considered
mutually exclusive, the largest time intended for the feeding of goats of treatment SM
and Ca(OH)2 DCC reflected in shorter times for other leisure activities (and other
activities). The increase of the time in idleness is of fundamental importance in animal
production, once that animals in idleness reflected in reduced energy costs (Missio et al.
2010), but the dry matter intake should meet their nutritional requirements.
The Rumination efficiency is an important variable to evaluate the control of the use of
food of low digestibility, because the animal can ruminate a greater quantity of foods of this
kind, providing increased food consumption and improved productive performance. In this
way, we can observe that even the goats fed with NaOH DCC present lower intake of DM
and NDFap, had the same power efficiency of DM and NDFap than those which had a higher
consumption. This fact influenced the efficiency of rumination of NDF which the goats fed
with NaOH DCC showed greater efficiency. Palmieri et al. (2017) evaluated the effect of the
inclusion of soybean meal in diets of detoxified castor goats in growth and did not observe
changes in times of supply, rumination and idleness, however, there was a decrease in dry
matter intake and efficiency of rumination of dry matter.
According to Neiva et al. (2004) the frequency of water intake has a direct correlation with
the intake of dry matter, in this case, however, the opposite has happened, since the goats
of treatment NaOH DCC consumed smaller quantities of dry matter. This behavior can be
explained by two factors. The first is related to the sodium content in the NaOH DCC,
because, as has been seen, the presence of this element in large quantity in food (Table 1)
reduced the intake of DM (Table 3). Large quantity of sodium in the diet alters the tonicity of
the ruminal environment, disbalanced level of sodium in relation to other organs of the
body of the animal, causing an increase in epithelial permeability to sodium, and secondarily, to water, which induces an increase of the tonicity of the extracellular fluid. With this,
there is an increase in the frequency of intake of water to try to dilute the sodium and thus
make the isotonic medium in relation to the organism as a whole (Kozloski 2011). Araújo
et al. (2018) also observed the same effect of NaOH DCC on water consumption per goats’
kids during the growth phase.
BIOLOGICAL RHYTHM RESEARCH
9
The second factor is related to the consumption of NDF and is a consequence of the
first. The goats fed with diets SM and Ca(OH)2 DCC consumed larger quantities of NDF,
spending more time of rumination (Table 3). This behavior has stimulated a greater flow
of saliva, providing greater dilution rate of DM to the level of rumen. On the contrary,
the goats of NaOH DCC diet consumed smaller quantities of NDF, do not stimulate
rumination extensive, which resulted in a low rate of dilution, influencing a higher
frequency of intake of water, so much so that in spite of the chewing time overall by
goats fed diets based on SM and/or Ca(OH)2 DCC have been greatest, the greater part of
the total chewing time refers to the time of feeding of the animals, considering that this
variable is the sum of the times of feeding and rumination.
One factor that may have influenced the lower urinary frequency of animals of the
breed Anglo Nubian is the dark color of the coat of these goats, which promotes greater
absorption of heat from the environment, leading them to the higher thermal stress.
With this, the dissipation of heat occurs by conversion of the water in the form of steam,
both by the sweat secreted by glands of the skin and the humidity of the respiratory
tract (Morand-Fehr and Doreau 2001), which justifies the lower urinary frequency.
The highest heart rate for the animals fed with the diet FS must be linked to the CMS
and rumination time of animals, because according to Kelly (1976), the ingestion of large
quantities of food causes a considerable increase in heart rate and the rumination alters
the heart rate at 3%. As seen in Table 3, the animals fed with this diet consumed larger
amounts of dry matter and showed greater time of rumination, next to the goats fed
with Ca(OH)2 DCC. Despite the variation observed, all animals presented a frequency
within the normal, which varies from 70 to 90 beats/min (Kelly 1976).
The rectal temperature is a good indicator of the effect of diets on the energy
generated by the metabolism, because the increase in RT means that the animal is
storing heat, and if this is not dissipated, the heat stress manifests (Cunningham and
Klein 2014). Probably the greatest consumption and increased rumination time (Table 3),
in line with the lowest frequency of water intake, increased the internal temperature of
the goats who consumed these two diets. Already the goats who consumed a diet
based on NaOH DCC, had a lower increase caloric intake, as a consequence of reduced
consumption and increased water intake, thereby dispelling the metabolic heat. Despite
the minimum variations observed, the goats of the experiment did not suffer great stress
from the diet, because according to Kelly (1976), for goats at rest, the physiological
reference for this variable is 38.5°C to 39.7 ºC.
Conclusions
The detoxified castor with sodium hydroxide reduces the intake of dry matter and increases
the efficiency of rumination of NDF in dairy goats during lactation, increasing the consumption of water. The physiological parameters are influenced both by the diets as the
races, but without negative changes indicating that animal stress or discomfort.
Acknowledgments
The authors are grateful to the Coordenação de aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal do Nível Superior
(CAPES) for financing the project and for post-graduate scholarships; to Embrapa Caprinos
10
R. A. DE ARAÚJO ET AL.
e Ovinos for all the technical and installation/infrastructure support; to the Conselho Nacional de
Pesquisa (CNPQ) for the grants; and to Agroindústria OLVEq Ltda. for donating the castor cake for
conducting the research.
Disclosure statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.
ORCID
Ricardo Alves De Araújo
http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9696-5680
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