8
ECHINO DERMATA
7
MOLLU
SCA
6
ARTHROPOD
A
PORIFERA
NONCHORDATE
PHYLA
ANNELID
5 A
1
CNIDARIA
2
PLATY HELMINTHE
S
ASC HELMINTHES
3
4
CREATED BY – PROF. MUBEEN SHAIKH © COMBO PRO E-CONTENT ACADEMY
8
7
ECHINO DERMATA
MOLLUSC
A
6
ARTHROPOD
A
PORIFERA
NONCHORDATE
PHYLA
ANNELID
5 A
1
CNIDARIA
2
PLATY HELMINTHE
S
ASC HELMINTHES
3
4
CREATED BY – PROF. MUBEEN SHAIKH © COMBO PRO E-CONTENT ACADEMY
8
7
ECHINO DERMATA
MOLLUSC
A
6
ARTHROPOD
A
PORIFERA
NONCHORDATE
PHYLA
ANNELID
5 A
1
CNIDARIA
2
PLATY HELMINTHE
S
ASC HELMINTHES
4
3
1
Porifera 3 Classes –
1.Calcarea 2.Demospongiae 3.Hexatninellida
2
Cnidaria 3 Classes –
1.Hydrozoa 2.Scyphozoa 3.Anthozoa
3
Platyhelminthes 3 Classes –
1.Turbellaria 2.Trematoda 3.Cestoda
4
Aschelminthes 5 Classes1.Rotifera, 2.Gastrotricha 3.Kinorhyncha,
4.nematomorpha, 5. nematoda
5
Annelida 4 Classes –
1. Polychaeta,2. Oligochaeta 3.Hirudinea
4. Archiannellida
6
Arthropoda 5 Classes –
1.Crustacea 2. Chilopoda 3.Diplopoda 4. Arachnida
5.Insecta 5.Merostomata
7
Mollusca 6 Classes –
1.Monoplacophora,2.polyplacophora,3.pelecypoda,
4.Bivalvia, 5.gastropoda 6.cephalopoda
8
Echinodermata 5 Classes 1.Asteroidea 2.Ophiuroidea 3.Echinoidea
4.Holothuroidea 5.Sea Cucumbers
CREATED BY – PROF. MUBEEN SHAIKH © COMBO PRO E-CONTENT ACADEMY
8
7
ECHINO DERMATA
MOLLUSC
A
6
ARTHROPOD
A
PORIFERA
NONCHORDATE
PHYLA
ANNELID
5 A
1
CNIDARIA
2
PLATY HELMINTHE
S
ASC HELMINTHES
4
3
1
Porifera 3 Classes –
1.Calcarea 2.Demospongiae 3.Hexatninellida
2
Cnidaria 3 Classes –
1.Hydrozoa 2.Scyphozoa 3.Anthozoa
3
Platyhelminthes 3 Classes –
1.Turbellaria 2.Trematoda 3.Cestoda
4
Aschelminthes 5 Classes1.Rotifera, 2.Gastrotricha 3.Kinorhyncha,
4.nematomorpha, 5. nematoda
5
Annelida 4 Classes –
1. Polychaeta,2. Oligochaeta 3.Hirudinea
4. Archiannellida
6
Arthropoda 5 Classes –
1.Crustacea 2. Chilopoda 3.Diplopoda 4. Arachnida
5.Insecta 5.Merostomata
7
Mollusca 6 Classes –
1.Monoplacophora,2.polyplacophora,3.pelecypoda,
4.Bivalvia, 5.gastropoda 6.cephalopoda
8
Echinodermata 5 Classes 1.Asteroidea 2.Ophiuroidea 3.Echinoidea
4.Holothuroidea 5.Sea Cucumbers
CREATED BY – PROF. MUBEEN SHAIKH © COMBO PRO E-CONTENT ACADEMY
8
7
ECHINO DERMATA
MOLLUSC
A
6
ARTHROPOD
A
PORIFERA
NONCHORDATE
PHYLA
ANNELID
5 A
1
CNIDARIA
2
PLATY HELMINTHE
S
ASC HELMINTHES
4
3
1
Porifera 3 Classes –
1.Calcarea 2.Demospongiae 3.Hexatninellida
2
Cnidaria 3 Classes –
1.Hydrozoa 2.Scyphozoa 3.Anthozoa
3
Platyhelminthes 3 Classes –
1.Turbellaria 2.Trematoda 3.Cestoda
4
Aschelminthes 5 Classes1.Rotifera, 2.Gastrotricha 3.Kinorhyncha,
4.nematomorpha, 5. nematoda
5
Annelida 4 Classes –
1. Polychaeta,2. Oligochaeta 3.Hirudinea
4. Archiannellida
6
Arthropoda 5 Classes –
1.Crustacea 2. Chilopoda 3.Diplopoda 4. Arachnida
5.Insecta 5.Merostomata
7
Mollusca 6 Classes –
1.Monoplacophora,2.polyplacophora,3.pelecypoda,
4.Bivalvia, 5.gastropoda 6.cephalopoda
8
Echinodermata 5 Classes 1.Asteroidea 2.Ophiuroidea 3.Echinoidea
4.Holothuroidea 5.Sea Cucumbers
CREATED BY – PROF. MUBEEN SHAIKH © COMBO PRO E-CONTENT ACADEMY
1. PORIFERA: GENERAL CHARACTRISTICS & Representative Example (Labelled Diagram)
1.Porifera is multicellular organisms.
2.All are marine with few exceptions (A single family of
freshwater species. e.g., Spongilla).
3.Its shape some time cylindrical, branching, globular, brightly
or dull in colour, they are orange, red, yellow or green colour.
4.Solitary or colonial.
5.The body is perforated by pores and canals but lack other
organs (mouth or nervous system).
6.Body is asymmetrical or radially symmetrical. Body surface
has numerous pores, the ostia, serving for inflow of water.
7.The water current passes through ostia into the chambers
and the central cavity and finally comes out of the body
through terminal aperture, the osculum.
8.Body wall has outer pinacoderm (dermal epithelium), inner
choanoderm (gastral epithelium) and gelatinous non-cellular
mesenchyma in between.
9.No definite organ for feeding and digestion.
10.Digestion is intracellular.
11.The water current serves to bring food organisms and
oxygen in the body and carry away the excretory and
reproductive products.
12.Cells are loosely arranged and do not form definite layers.
Thus are not truly diploblastic.
13.Choanocytes (flagellated collar cells) usually line special
chambers.
14.Choanocytes are present only in sponges.
15.Sensory and nerve cells absent.
16.Each cell is directly stimulated and transmits sensations to
other cells also.
17.Development is indirect through free swimming cilliated
larva, the amphiblastula or parenchyma.
18.All sponges are hermaphrodite.
19.The sexual reproduction occurs by the sperms and ova but
asexual reproduction by buds or gemmules.
20.Sponges have great power of regeneration.
21.Sponges are cultivated for commercial purposes.
22.About 10,000 species of sponges are known in the world.
2. CNIDARIA: GENERAL CHARACTRISTICS & Representative Example (Labelled Diagram)
1. Cnidaria / Coelenterata are metazoa or multicellular
animals with tissue grade of organisation.
2. Body radial or bi-radially symmetrical with oral-aboral
axis.
3. They are diploblastic animals.
4. Coelenterate animals are represented by two
morphologically different types of individuals, polyps and
medusa.
5. Polyps are sessile (attached to the substratum) with a
tubular body (eg. Hydra). Whereas medusa are freeswimming with an umbrella or bell-shaped body, eg.
Aurelia, Metridium.
6. They are all aquatic, mostly marine and some freshwater
(eg. Hydra).
7. They may exhibit solitary or colonial habitat.
8. One of the most characteristic structures of all
coelenterates is the stinging cells, called nematocysts.
9. Nematocysts serve for adhesion, food capture and
offence and defence.
10. They have a single gastro-vascular cavity, into which
mouth opens.
11. Short and slender tentacles encircle the mouth in one or
more whorls.
12. Coelenterate animals are usually carnivorous.
12. The coelom, excretory, circulatory and respiratory organs are
absent.
13. Anus is absent.
14. Locomotion is brought about by smooth muscle fibers.
15. Nervous system consists of one or more networks or nerve cells
and neurites located in the ectoderm and endoderm.
16. Sense organs are ocellii and statocysts.
17. Skeleton either calcereous or horny and external or internal but
absent in few.
18. Reproduction is both asexual and sexual methods.
19. Asexual reproduction occurs by budding and sexual reproduction
by the formation of gametes.
20. The Planula larva present in the life history of Coelenterata.
21. The life history exhibits the phenomena of alternation of
generations or metagenesis in which the asexual polypoid, sessile
generation alternates with sexual medusoid, free- swimming
generation.
3. PLATYHELMINTHES:
GENERAL CHARACTRISTICS & Representative Example (Labelled Diagram)
1. Bilaterally symmetrical with definite polarity of anterior (head)
and posterior (tail) ends
2. Triploblastic, i.e., body derived from three embryonic germ
layers; ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm.
3. Dorso – ventrally flattened.
4. Usually with a well- defined ventral surface bearing mouth and
gonophores.
5. Free- living commensal or parasitic forms.
6. Tissue- organ grade of organization, i.e., body cells aggregate
into definite tissues and tissues make up organs.
7. Body unsegmented (except in class Cestoda).
8. Acoelomate, i.e., without any body cavity or true coelom.
9. Spaces between various organs filled with special mesodermal
tissue, the mesenchyme or parenchyma.
10. Adhesive structures like hooks, spines and suckers, and
adhesive secretions common in parasitic forms.
11. Epidemis cellular or syncytial, frequently ciliated. Absent in
some.
12. Muscular system of mesodermal origin.
13. Longitudinal, circular and oblique muscle layers beneath
epidermis.
14. Digestive system branched and incomplete without anus.
Altogether absent in Acoela and Cestoda.
15. Skeletal, respiratory and circulatory system are wanting.
16. Excretory system includes lateral canals and proto-nephridial
(flame cells). Absent in some primitive form.
17. Nervous system primitive, ladder- like. Comprises a pair of anterior
ganglia with longitudinal nerve cords connected by transverse
nerves.
18. Sense organs simple. Eye- spots or photo receptors in free living
forms.
19. Mostly monoecious (hermaphrodite) with complex reproductive
system.
20. Well- developed gonads, gonoducts and accessory organs.
21. Eggs mostly devoid of yolk.
22. Yolk produced separately in yolk or vitelline glands.
23. Fertilization internal may be cross or self.
24. Development direct or indirect.
25. Usually indirect in endoparasites with a complicated life cycle
involving many larvae and hosts.
4. ASCHELMINTHES:
GENERAL CHARACTRISTICS & Representative Example (Labelled Diagram)
1. Mostly aquatic, free living or parasitic.
2. Usually small, even microscopic. Some reach a
meter or more in length.
3. Body slender, vermiform, unsegmented, flator
cylindrical, bilaterally symmetrical and
triploblastic.
4. Organ system grade of body organization.
5. Head not distinctily formed with well-defined
sense organs.
6. Body wall with a syncytial or cellular epidermis
externally covered with thick cuticle of
scleroprotein.
7. Cilia absent except anterior cilia of rotifers.
8. Musculature includes mostly longitudinal fibres.
9. Body cavity pseudocoel not lined by mesoderm.
10.Digestive canal complete with mouth,
specialized pharynx, straight non-muscular
intestine and posterior or anus.\
11.No circulatory and respiratory systems.
12.Excretory system is of protonephridia and canals.
13.Cloaca is present in some species.
14.Nervous system of cerebral ganglia, or of
circumenteric nerve ring with anterior and posterior
nerves.
15.Mostly dioecious. Male usually smaller then female.
16.Gonads and ducts single or double.
17.Eggs with chitinous shell. Cleavage is determinate and
spiral.
18.Development usually direct with no larval stages, or
indirect with a complicated life history.
5. ANNELIDA : GENERAL CHARACTRISTICS & Representative Example (Labelled Diagram)
Mostly aquatic, some terrestrial.
2. Burrowing or tubicolous.
3. Some commensal and parasitic.
4. Body elongated, bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic,
truly coelomate and matamerically segmented into similar
metamers.
5. Epidermis of a single layer of columnar epithelial cells,
covered externally by a thin cuticle.
6. Body wall dermo-muscular.
7. Outer muscle fibres circular, longitudinal.
8. Locomotory organs are segmentally repeated chitinous
bristles, called setae or chaetae, embedded in skin. May
be borne by lateral fleshy appendages or parapodia.
9. Coelom, true, schizocoelous. Mostly well developed except in
leeches.
10. Usually divided into compartments by transverse septa.
11. Coelomic fluid with cells or corpuscles.
12. Digestive system straight and complete.
1.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
Digestion entirely extracellular.
Blood vascular system is closed.
Respiratory pigmants either haemoglobin or erythrocruorin
dissolved in blood plasma.
Respiration by moist skin or gills of parapodia and head.
Excretory system consisting of metamerically disposed coiled
tubes, called nephridia.
Nervous system with a pair of cerebral ganglia (brain) and a
double ventral nerve cord bearing ganglia and lateral nerves
in each segment.
Sensory organs include tactile organs, taste buds, statocysts,
photoreceptor cells and sometimes eyes with lenses in
some.
Hermaphroditic or sexes separate, cleavage pattern spiral and
determinate.
Larva, when present, is a trochophore.
Regeneration is common.
6. ARTHROPODA : GENERAL CHARACTRISTICS & Representative Example (Labelled Diagram)
1.
Arthropoda is bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic and
metamerically segmented animals.
2.
Body can be divided into head, thorax and abdomen;
head and thorax are often fused to form
Cephalothorax.
3.
Body is covered with a thick chitinous cuticle forming an
exoskeleton.
9.
Respiration through by general body surface, by gills in
4.
Body segments usually bear paired and jointed appendages.
5.
Coelom largely a blood-filled haemocoel.
10.
Nervous system has dorsal nerve ring.
6.
Muscles are mostly striated, usually capable of rapid contraction.
11.
Excretory organs are malpighian tubules (in insects) and
7.
8.
Digestive tract is complete. The mouth and anus lie at opposite
aquatic forms, by tracheae and by book lungs.
green glands (in Crabs and prawn).
12.
Cilia are absent from all parts of the body.
ends of the body.
13.
Sexes are generally separate.
Circulatory system is open with dorsal heart and arteries and
14.
Fertilization is internal, oviparous and ovoviviparous
blood sinuses.
15.
Parental care is well marked in many arthropods.
7. MOLLUSCA : GENERAL CHARACTRISTICS & Representative Example (Labelled Diagram)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Molluscs are essentially aquatic, mostly marine, few
freshwater and some terrestrial animals.
Body is soft, bilaterally symmetrical, unsegmented and
without jointed appendages.
Body can be divided into head, mantle, visceral mass and
foot.
Body is commonly protected by an exoskeletal
calcareous shell of one or more pieces, secreted by the
mantle.
The head carries mouth, eyes and tentacles.
The mantle is a thick, muscular fold of body wall
extended over the viscera and thus enclosing a space,
the mantle cavity.
Visceral mass contains the visceral organs of the body
in a compact form.
The foot is ventral in position and is usually thick and
muscular being variously modified for creeping,
ploughing and seizing but is absent in oysters.
Body cavity is haemocoel. The true coelom is
generally limited to the pericardial cavity and the
lumen of the gonads and nephridia.
Digestive system is complete. Digestive glands are
liver or hepatopancreas. Radula is mostly present.
11. Circulatory system is closed type. Heart has one or two auricles and
one ventricle.
12. Respiration direct or by gills or lungs or both. The respiratory
pigment is haemocyanin.
13. Excretion is performed by nephridia or kidneys.
14. Nervous system consists of paired cerebral, pleural, pedal and
visceral ganglia joined by longitudinal and transverse connectives
and nerves.
15. Sexes are separating (dioecious) but some are
hermaphrodita. Fertilization happens externally as well as
internally.
16. Development is either direct or with metamorphosis
through the trochophore stage called veliger larva.
8. ECHINODERMATA :
GENERAL CHARACTRISTICS & Representative Example (Labelled Diagram)
1.Echinoderms are exclusively marine, free living and mostly bottomdwellers.
11.Sense organs are poorly developed.
2.Organ system grade of body organization.
13.Respiratory organs include dermal branchiae, tube feet, respiratory
3.Body triploblastic, coelomate and symmetrical.
12.Alimentary canal straight or coiled.
tree and bursae.
14.Circulatory or haemal or blood lacunar system is typically present.
4.Body unsegmented with globular, star-like, spherical, discoidal or
elongated with radiating arms.
15.Excretory organs absent.
16.Reproduction is usually sexual but few reproduce asexually or by
5.Head absent. Body generally pentameric.
regeneration.
6.Body surface with five radial areas, the ambulacra, with tube feet and
five inter-radial areas, the inter-ambulacra.
17.Sexes are separate; fertilization is external, development
indirect through free-swimming larval forms.
7.Endoskeleton is made up of spines and calcareous spicules.
8.Coelom is a large cavity lined by ciliated peristomium, coelomic fluid with
coelomaocytes.
9.Water vascular system or ambulacral system present, usually with a
madreporite.
10.Nervous system without brain but with a circum-oral ring and radial
nerves.