DNA Fingerprinting Guided Notes 1. _________ is the genetic material in our cells. 2. No two people (except ______________ _________) have the exact same DNA. 3. DNA fingerprinting is also known as _______ _________________. 4. DNA fingerprinting is a technique used by scientists to distinguish between individuals of the same species using only samples of their ________. 5. DNA fingerprinting has been used to help solve crimes by ______________ ______________ __ ______________ and by helping ______________ bodies of victims. 6. DNA fingerprinting can also be used to a. establish ______________ and ___________________ b. Identify victims of ________ and large scale _________________ c. study _________________ of species d. track ________________ ________________ crops e. settle ___________________ disputes 7. Small amounts of biological evidence left at crimes scenes is called _____________ __________________. 8. ______________ _______________ is the source of DNA needed for DNA fingerprinting. 9. Biological evidence includes: a. ______________ b. ______________ c. ______________ d. ______________ e. ______________ _____________ f. ______________ ______________ ___________ g. ______________ 10. The human _______________ is the total amount of DNA in a cell. It consists of approximately _____ ____________ base pairs. 11. Not all of the 3 billion bases are ___________ code. 12. __________ are encoded DNA, with directions to build molecules. The make up _____ of the entire genome. 13. ___________ are un-encoded DNA , that do not code for the production of molecules. They make up _______ of DNA, often referred to as ____________ DNA. 14. ___________ are very useful in forensic science. 15. Most of the human genome is the __________ in all humans, but there is some variation. 16. Most variation in DNA is in the ___________. 17. Many of the ___________ are in the form of _________________ __________ __________________. Some of these sequences can be repeated ___________ __________. 18. _____________________ are the non-coded DNA segments (also called __________) that contain unique _______________ ____ ________________ ______________ ________________ that are ____________ to individuals. 19. The number of times the sequence repeats ___________ between individuals. 20. 2 types of repeating DNA sequences: a. ________________ _____________ ____ ______________ _____________ (________) that are ___________________ in length. b. ________________ _____________ ______________ (________) that are ___________________ in length. 21. VNTR and STR data from ________ _______________ can be analyzed for 2 main purposes: a. ____________ matching i. Comparing _____ _______________ from a crime scene with DNA taken from a suspect. ii. 2 samples that have the same __________ ____________ are from the same person. b. ______________ matching i. Comparing familial members’ DNA for proof of _________________ _____________________. ii. Each band in a child’s DNA fingerprint must be present in at least ______ ______________. ***When interpreting the sample, start with the child. EVERY band in the child’s sample MUST be in at least one parent 22. Evidence that is very small is called ___________ _____________. 23. Many forensic tests will ____________ the evidence sample, so prior to DNA fingerprinting, ________ is a technique that is used to make _____________ of copies of segments of DNA that investors want to analyze. 24. PCR stands for __________________ _____________ ______________. 25. Steps of DNA fingerprinting: a. _____________ of DNA b. Cutting the DNA into restriction _____________ (RFLPs) c. ________________, (making many copies of those fragments) using _____ d. ______________________, a process that separates RFLPs according to their _____________, creating a ________ _____________________. 26. Steps of Gel Electrophoresis: a. _________________ ______________ cut DNA segments into various smaller sizes b. _________ _______________ are loaded into wells in a porous gel within a chamber c. An ________________ _________________ is passed through chamber taking the DNA in the wells from an area of negative charge to an area of positive charge d. _____________ DNA segments move faster and farther than larger ones 27. One well should contain a ____________, a solution containing DNA fragments of known lengths (for comparison). 28. Other wells should contain DNA from _____________ _____________, _____________, and _______________. Analysis of DNA Fingerprints: 29. In order for DNA fingerprints to match, the columns must have bands in the exact same ____________ with the exact same ______________. 30. DNA fingerprinting can a. ____________ crime scene DNA with a suspect b. ________________ a suspect c. ________ a falsely imprisoned individual d. _______________ determine maternity, paternity, or match to other relative e. _____________ human remains