Broaden Your
Heat Exchanger
Design Skills
i
After masteing
the basics
rMrtrbc hcd er.hrger
(sTHEj ilr.
of
shell-and-tube heat
exchanger design,
jo
.adi.r CEP ini.k .overd
d'enal dsisn ot sheLL
basir
Here,
re
LdL d sonc of rhc more adv .ed 'xkc,
ssucs
i. er.hlngcr dcsiln
\h. srde md rubcsidc utrnk. us oftrrut
!id. sl'elh. ovddesig ( md louling
topics cowred
here: allocation
of
shelkide and
tubeside
use of
f
ids,
muwlx
shells, overdesign,
and fouling.
high dr liicoJiry ot
lrlaler rbe ditr4nle br
cr rurbulenc..'t.lre
rhe 3tr1d. rhc
r\eeD
dr
fmsf{
sl'cllside md rob.sidc
hd
coeflicicna A laege€d rubr
lO,our pftfttr is supenor ro $ ii liie
're read! to
tackle the adwnce.d
vis.osi+ vnco6 Huids !r fuch ber
r.r handhd oi ibe sbeLLlde Tnh is he
(ru\e a..isid..ably higher hefi nsfer
.oerli.e,t ch b€ obrained d rhc shell
side rhxn on rh. rubeside. du ro rhe high
T[i
vqr sp!.iilized hcer or hed
rrhxne$daign lnn ri ma where.on
id&lhlc rxFnrn.c npdiddy usetul
For n$y sc i.cs. rhe allm ,otr or
sides n quire { iShrforumd. For eram
n
a
ph, ror .@liiB or.odd.n:ing hrdmc&
bons. .ooliiE wdu is invd$ly plk.d
insnb rhe
rlbci llis
is becaure.oori'rg
wdrr ir lolline, ind n n ernrb clsi
rh. iiside ol r$es rhm the oubide Ho*evc( sl'ould thc pu.ss steam be com.
sive rid Elunc l]rc use of m erFirivc
dloy nccl. on. mui conside. syi.chin!
rhc fluid dl@ltion. becaus ir dre com.
sivc ltcam is on Ine shenside. borh rhe
rubes and rte shell
*
l
need ro bc made
whsi dehi.ing &e allo.lion ol
sids,
rhu
osineernu{ coNidei
rnvr,$ry. d,.sc cotrsidcn ons ffe
oftei cofiadidory. making $e sre.rioi
ol sides a YLry .ompli.atd atitr
pdrem, rs n Prcmo€s moErulbtrtcrce.
cor.siren6s, lt rhe noie .onosiYc
ntrid soi rhc tub*ide, orly lne rub.sidt
lomponenls ('ubcs, chanDel and .h,iiNt
lorer, lroarinB rQd coyei md rub.side
rubshed rrt d&d ro be of supenor
msrrrurgr How.vei f &e mor com.
sire rluid G on $e shenside. dre shc|.
shel cov.r, l]oanns head covdr, md
sher:side frcc ot dre tubesher a eeLl as
rhe rb€s mun b€ of $e superior hcld.
lurgr Cbany, 6e .on ol the k(.r bod
er.hrstr will b. bishe' ta$u,ling i dcnrical .oninclion pranean such r
nDibf ol rubes, rubc dibd*. tube
nhi.kncss. rub€ r.ng!h. and shelt di$ne,
te, Thercforc, rh. dor! cotrosive fluid is
p'rrsrably placed on rhe rubeside.
Foultng rendenq. The not looling
prefenbly rou€d &mugb Lhc
rub.side. Be.lusc deE n moE dead
sprces oo rhe shEllside $m on dE rubc
side. rhe shcllside x moE sus€pribte ro
lourrng FunhemoE. aner routitrg builds
uproacenain lcrel ir bsom* n.c6sary
flu n
chmi.ai cldi(e 6y hldrojeni.s or rcd
ding) ol lne inside of tubrs is nu.h .asie.
lnrn clesi,rc rhc odside ot tubes
. rssrsd ,
35
de!g'
lr,,(
J\. .
f*i,q rd
n! I nft
uo{
ryox€tu !
Ll !' heLk
m i hP hsxLl
n'r
lor r LI
d.
priru!rLt rJt!
mrh
0N
bdmesr.
uttt.. .t'.,'.1"
-,
m".."rr_.,
r
n
.
/
.-i
tu '..,
r,,4:
h9r .r
\
firr_.
Lhc
'": h' i. , 'k. s"rn.,".
,, ii
!i
ior
rkdm
r,|dr4ds
e r!ir.
p^'.Id,{\
btr
.i ., ,1. Lhe h.
'.
;
"..,,''1.,.'"""1,.
.nG! lbt,r$
hJ.euL*,r
-"
,
r,.,i,
lL!.] l !Uerrd!!.,
]
o(m!
r]]r']ro],
lr l
'T3hh
'n,"'
ou't,'"g,,"'..o|,.u..i
'tr!'r]l.r!f,fl!.,i0.bJh
!tur n
!,.. r! tl]r hr ,! \!
'rr.
u
,:rf
,"r
"4
u,.
*
s" k",r
+.a
,u.
p
"
,_t_ -"
<, ,i! ao
"r_FD
rlf,rr ,ilirre.
n!
, hhe , b. .r \herr rih
ur lli a r(r\{ ,f,,.,J{er ,;
Crrcr tr.oridered rhe nrloln r
rtr. r hr .\+ J€ t!,1 rr, rturre
,
'
36.
ArcHrs -
.
\\,rrHVcOlstunn.,. tutr
I i(r,!tu, rlLl \heltLl
n]N.u,!nr
':'o,
u,$rr p. r.., p rcL L'ri ,he
f\ tr n9 in h: rou h! tr tuN{i !i i
" '', r,. ,1". l , t..''.' i-
nryes|*'IF.trpt]lfL]rnfn
.!EM cal rNcrN€rBrNG
moctrs
.
]
rr!i. n N, rNLi
rotr xid. .rnrqu. ry lcr) lltrgr
E' U]fiJi] ]lltr\ l].1i']1) un'o(]
crtr rr: trr.qinnLheLL in i :ingL.
r,rLl T[ or ]- inrdims b.tu ttr.
tLhi.dilir ririhirriei rrll]nnlr!.1
hunrL., Lrurdr!
lor rh. drile.eDr remnos
celfi.enl
"
o{. {,.e
rhe
Jl(q$].
Liai uidi rlo tr,. fr*s
iu rtrb. pAsL:.ann bc JdoPrd hr
lhe
rll.s$le lr nr F ctrLj i\
$d rl'. or.rill r,d trNre' .Fll,
.$r i\ .fly :5s killr,nl c Ntun
*
rk&lor rrt
,lrnetr trri
rD:'C nr d,i 'ulEnde
.nid! n
106
rlr
a,ells
n
b.
Lred,n:.i\. ii
Ftr.J
pfu$Ul d'op mLld er.lcd
rh.
rhe
.otr
Ir \ rur fni thr (nn0L bl hridhd
lloqrr.r
ft\j
rrl
lturfldr !. n,rLh .d-L!nrilr
br i$i r\p.Dsn.
rub*h.dc
be
he.ruse tr\ hrd
mrdt or
{J ns
nerl
crcs. die.oi oI'r,c c d. on shd
siJ. d.nsn Ls lrrr rl'. sheLl\Lde lrs
rhc liiSh{ d*istr Iie*u.e Hor.ri.
rb. clt ds ol th!
(i.s.r rub-) rDil rlic !rre,itrh ol
coninLlh.d re mnr liSDihmr rhrn
rhi.IIcd.fd*rn
prc$m.
Multiplo 5hells in p3r.ll.l
qh0 rl!. .cqltrd
hed
min{
Thn tr oDrr rppri.rblc
rh.lr h r
rrsed Llu'ii'f l.]v \.1..$ otc
l.i
Mullipls sholls in sori.s
flodmg
Enro\irrle tub. bnidl.s
drir l,rtrdling.rF[Li.!.
lu[e bDdh
Lo
rr.tr
Ln
lrrye
$flshtrkn!!
150 500 mr
]r-
r
qtr rc
..nn.i
for
hrl
re.orery trtl
hnir
ol hrdr rtf( mr.
Sn!. hrd rub*h.d hed e\
drigr! do mr hrre knorible rube
reiD.,ture .ro( t.ds trr h. .r
.oripl6h!d. null,plc sltl\ in $ns
3
iir.hiLls ii eiier
'si!L d'!n!i€, ni
.
:
j
rdd,drd ;dhe!F sr
.tnl
or,!.d
ri!i{
r-i.h;.; .i.i'
..g',rt"*,e*"4*ry3r!ttri'|l;r!rd,mi
"r"rtar,i.:'. ,.
- illladipn*m drc! t!,^d
, tdds;ii!d 16 i?ri ff.ieit
ir
M0
9-t
u
*l
sl
1, -,
rurts Th. high rhe cmpenrm
rElrr.dll 2e
eliifutrlt.qrlilii k!{brnf"r i: il,0jr
tunlLhr.irrj*r..q !{ .$tt. r"c !6
ed..l..{
:.ltr!!or.
Th. number ol shell\ in rrie\
on {hc eftor olrhe rm
p{durt fos rhr( n. rhe difitr
$irld!p.nd
.13, !:::i.:
(60'r). rrc sh.lLs a.e rdeqfa€
Hor$ei in Figur l4 trhicb hA .
rll0'C). lnur
:hells
.
ft
req,ned
ARsrs .
37
Not,1,,r !.Lil :tr., orr fltiinl.
,h.,,,,,,",i..,.,,!,,,,,,..",.,1,.,
rnr{r r:!n
h.d,
StrL
I
tdrri0n .r pr$utu
iNirr l:i rot .t
rrd
!.
ir
11.
I
trr b.rr
nr!
d.or.
rD
- rE " rh. hntinr,;,.$
ln !
\ii$ r
drii
..qt 4d
nrr n,tr I I I rrr.rr
t
uttu t r 6 ,,-,..
M(hipls rhott. jn .€ri..
^(!.rr]rl].].i+lt|!j.(]
S,nGrr H!aio]r,L,r
rr hdr
r,r:h
u\ rf \l.ilicLt, lib. ]
:1.
ll.ll
,
lh!rmd!!id(dllyhltd'tdL/hnI'
fu b\ ]s: n..$
;JtN
rrll\idr jirror nrr.. TtLr r\. il
rn n ri|. rFqn! (:: rlrr, lLrlx
\h:LLdirmr., .fd 0fr4 ddr rrlLn
c.M lM+.L\d.\el0ntr: ]Ll
trj lL \
re$
r.i. t
d0s b I \u_a lrryrherr
h.r r d!r, fJ
r,,
fLnhlr
rh
m d1n ro i.nrf rh! HVai:)
Lh.thr ir rrlj 13 ta
1.r{rr r
rrNlLlemtr mtrruyenjL jr rh.
shdkLd. Ff.rirr... lnJ dr. rortrl
hex!.r ti, rl rr nrL[r r!
re* rrLr mr 0rrr trdr; hr hrr
nrLrr,r.
l.!t,i!).liu rdr
ir5 mn,it
..r \.uld b. L.n lti: ort
38.
rtir
AFctsr$ - cBrMc{lNcrfts(G*6Rss
si4g:!l::!, &dF;i!h
*.rb
h
""i-
s L\itr vn.ostrl lhtr\.
$o \he1ls \er rN,trdridu.ll)
on I prDp.d-r onputr p'osfum
t.r{rl riik\ $rl, Ll,ffrre a vrio m
k,.dr'etnp{ r$ (lEnveen
rhi Lo\.r
rhe
'h:
b( oiid. nrlnue 1DLi,b{ Drrub*
hft l gd,. rnd shell lD ) Tl't
'n
l!5'C rid.ore.podd to 7l',i h.d
dd) ir rhr h.ter sh.ll trl 264i tr]
htd 0 hc $
Nul,dF *r
dr
No
drlLs
Horc!!( ir
L.rin
Frft
rhe rorllcooL'tr! \vre' flolv rrr r.'e
lht
rnd Lf! llli-Lde
rcded in $k\
N0Ll.Lgn\]'ecom|fi.dLnl]lblli
in r€rie3/Darall€l combin,tion
S ur,on\ \oDielnr$ rN Yrer
L'a$r r *.i$ rfr r larLlelrrrng.
irin!anem be.on'.\ trrronhbt
fti:\ iLunmd b\ rrr io ovi's
nl
lla.
rlinq rpplnr,or
ts!$use rhis lrs r lontvl,d ut\urL
:i(n(Lon rb! ..u!d Dor '!e hrilll(l l,j
r \ingle nLD otr u,r..rmmid r,tr
$rl,rigirr,.' rldejg. \ontrft.
rldbb3 r1!r7.d.r1trLLy
s re i,
r!.
{s
shell: orrh:
qr lhd
$! r!d{
Ex.mpl6 3: MohiPl€ 3h6ll.
r
Lr,r
tr
d*trrblc tu hNt di.
$mt:tr. n *s
h.re' shdl |uLLd d.
5h.ll l,y
!rLr h.d trsisJei
rLnr
0I rh( I'Lsh
.0eifi!iu (J!r ii
L!b.tll! rl .qMlLy bdre$ thc r{o
l.mpemtrt ol tu.0ol s
shdls.
! cr 'h
crtig rhe ho er rhdl {ou!d
be mNb highft rlfl r5-C lriihrhr
lerrD-! rhc ..lder shell quuld li.
.ombinrd
.dle'
be.&r rl tlr
rl,N tr
'eDip{rh'R)
l,L-!hll
uncquxl lrer
\hrll\. Smr.o.lLns rdcr {di'rg s
{n rn'eud.ed r hL-!h{ brll tcni
perduA. ,|tr\ \v.uld l.td b herrloL ni! n rr l,or.r rhe11 T0 trroid
rhi\ ptubLcD. rlt .oolLns \rx'd flo{
d*i,!red lor rh. nurY lPeriliqL
sinlc
the
vco
han
h
b€ .oo
ril
eftid orftc ndlsidc l&k,!e nEms
csE.rllr rh. sh.!lro b.fl]e lerker
p'"trt -a
,t.
".e,m*
";
$ercbj rhe mrtrtr tmPlmure difi{
1"J".,
* -"
.r,ar.la. p.*-. *"r
"-ta
uined sirhin ft ruowabl.listr \irh
r{o Jrlk in 5!,ns rhr rub.nde Pb
,,s ",\;s iwhnh tr rhemiii'num lor
a splir nn,e Nilrrtroush 8odn,! hean
.oNhdnr,) Funl,.!r,oF, rho cml
d;ed. ft
ns
o
d l.'nF.irurc {ofrd
rheD exred 4i'c. trlirhlouLd
n sxcesne Luln! (s.3liig)
Thei.Jor..
'l,e
oDlY
fesible
iesuLr
soltr
' dd$
39
dL!er. iP|r rrrnlrdr j:]. jl
rrd itr oL rd rsrr.rm im b.,f
ll]! 5ht]l\ |DulL] t]j.c
rr:r
rhir.
\thr tkrrler
rhri 11!r
lrr
4rr!b!.F'i€,r
m0D.,n;dd^66 ii.
. n lk oLda me .sl. ,; .
Rnii! \!!c ir.nLr nror i,r bdh
1r! rr.,r te\iq, b !n;'!,r
r
Ov6rd€rign on surrace
A\ Lhi Lnf i,4le. or. .\i:D
tr,,r \!r nltrli, n0 ! ed,il
rd lLraif, I r,r Ttu
Lr
! hur q
I ,
I,rr tre\.rLL; c
ri,dr Jrnr. I r|.: ., s;r :^-r0'r
xLhr orrtd{i!tr
'Ugil]nrhIj,.mly[.molc
prud.d
rh. Li{hn rhe r.qffv i.
,h: rioas dr; d ,h. r, ghr;dj"
mdh.d isolirro. Lhe ro\o rri!
mr-eif oi o\r.denen rh n.eds ro
cll{r\ ..!hi.r:|) htrr
i.,.^
Lr beol n ! d,m, h"
er',llnlll.!,.,'D.
. h"r . I i F,;i.Lr L,l;,,
!r. hur irrh nLlt:?o tr llrr
rr fu{ !/. It in i,L rh t !rrr
rl'flnllLlD.L]eln{Jlo}nLA
-lt'rnser l
ilrn Drr c.trDeltd r..ftrirN
nN \irh iah. r,i!h.\*l!\ qi i
on sbn
daiLludioi ol her.r.lraia de5isn
lol r|. rfl c[lrJjE: D l dhl;.
rtu \ n.r i..e ,rble,1hr d.!Os
ontt'Led r, r,!qr rfr rij!.,i-&
r.qur(d aM sreftdes Pn: a.: nl{i
!er. IsiDPr! s e bmdi! {i[b.d
eLruF rir nt ,h- nd ltl 0ie
.3n
b"."med r ir,,
:rh
pdrmr.r .r
shell 3id rtr! bear e\
.hrtrpf\. lodrd zd'of .t d.aa
n I tu$ei dJn.uk rask. ird rhe d.
40. narcHrs,
i
h.J hNrr'.
,rrJ nor
rhc
mr
rol,LnErtr uLI ri
dr hd \ r.$,;,|
r.,L 0d,rAi{i oi idonr;,(
"
lK
r r n^rn rL\ h i,! ,did r
i| ( bu rdrr ! gd! (r!d tr\
j:a L h i r0jr r{lnnnrr..
or{d-i!tr ()r.dNlr !r P{r.r
Dri.. a trr'.h lr\ dtu,r d*,
lj {
it
.bf
L .\.ILf
D :n
'lllll.lr.Je!
)r,,!h {prd ui Lr,.nr
unLt nb.r.rtrbr\be .;m0,Fl dLllmffl,$t|L.MTD{Ll]tl!
d{ i| rf! hrg{ nrdL n,
d.
orrRillgf {ould ior bc u r!r(!rn
ly r,i!h Tfn l,r!i. f.cnai,rtr nhi \
ir,b* irr rour tuI uj r; rolf
a he ncthla\ on H \crr
(.nrider
dine^ rild ex.hin,
!i ri lLl iEr r. €, rerFrc. { sri.dhal lhr
D Trbe 3 A dsi$ rr\
$n J!.nr hrD; I !r^
riEps(d
gle d,cll 'o,
.f
ltL
n: h Ltr ;r !n
:!d'is {rips hou ld lrdiDLor.rj al
l.ce. lTu ob*. :5 nn OD : l5
hmdi\ct! tr en.qhar ;;, i,r.
lhrr ! 6 nL tons ot €ftnn n..
prrrf dh.,L!.d hrrlbr ; ri!!D Dn
lrd our on a 32 nn Fbrit ! 1r
oip.'t'ni'l'{o^,'n
{
Ll
,he
Ov.rd6sign on p.rf ohsnc€
crliL! r, or.jd-prnl Lrj c!
.ri.msr, \rrLdrrre n0; rfm rheLrs
cuMbllNGrN@Nc moc#$
!
pi'.h rhse trde so
iube
pr$ejlmd
sir-{lltgmedrL 6.tles sBr cm
rloteLl x sFdins ol lm h dd
rris r ol l:i or dic dimer.
the NIID etr\ 33 2'c and tu Fftsuc
doF {cre 0 .15 kg/.nf rnr lhl Dedi
,i fdrii fl r\IP,\r nr.m r
0 6i rg.n hr llic mrdc rne oEdc I
srlr !x\ 215c, lh n, rhe rQr
mnsld a€tr |'.vi,l!d (l]l n,rr ]a
:l 5+ rrY. th{n !hd \as €quncrL
Th. .|!rii,r ol rhF erchhlcr
$r!sinn,l rJroe uare r.r$crrd
.jlinrlns p{Iomance. trid rbe lol
.\ n! ! fomd MPA od d km
F'iMe = i90.9'c.
ude
odhr rm
\r\1rcir/h. md \rTD = 3,150c
rhu\ rhc er.hrnger y.ukl dud
rr d.rns x ber duty rl4lt MM
:ra \lM krilnr ThcEbF. ft3
Ii: lr.at dnr'
xnlt rhe MTD
J::rtrtd \o'i.rcr\.d
rh rh. lrn hnster
-.i r.lurtd \a! eqlar 10 thd pm
\ J:,r
'i!:nr
,:!
th. or r[ h.d rrn\1ir.oer
Ema,ned ldutrll! rhr :rme
P.in.iprllr ulr.r drr chrDse ir
and rb eby rh! phFi.xl
'.ipenhr.
In LbL.N
rbe o' d4rgi oi $r
n-.!rll.i[r
lne.vdlsignoi
3..rrnm ce {as 69. this n h.
.ri* rle hor !ftri md the cold
nil'e'e.r. md rheE ks considenbh
!_op. tor no.e heati"S (ol rhe .old
!@in) d .ml'rc (or
rDre
b.rree. die
lhe
hor
ourlcr hor and.old
shm re'np rtuas n lo{ei so 1}4
a ,ncrcase n he duly is a.coDpx.
nid b)
firr ir rhe MTD cod.
k'tue ry rhe ove.dAj!tr on perfor
mrn.e tr mtr.h ro*errh,n rhe ovdde.
a sharp
lgn on suifr. Typicd\ a t0+
o\eRr{ier oi surlkc rdd 4 ro r
l
orrd{isn on pe.fonan.c
Orcrdesisn on pedannxnle
{9r.
dedl!
morc
i\
\igniicanr dn.,ni.s
rul rhxn orerdsign on su,rr..
mr
lr
cblnsu mr be .{|cd&l ro Frlonn
H.{ erchaieer s i.e\ aE osuslh
d(dr\ ir rlr rotrlrL
.o riLlon. HNey!( {lre j I hexr r\
.hrirlr r cltir iniLrllr- 0r rhq
ai3r"7cd and
die
.lcNrin!, trr ore ll hexr !.nsaei nJ
dli.e is triL.h hrgtr. rlirn du ii
thr n\L ed r.ndirii i nr r!'r I r hilh
r oyturnred c.meqne lr. ( \inL
nrLudel
rmirl r,L,ikrgr ot soy
flr tfd
'lhr rdrri erf(s or
f,Nrtr!
. iiitrfd
.rpirJt r\r du. (i
rrr: tdLr.d .Ysr| trd trfl. {
.
oul !i{sr- quEme
. d.inl.Mrle co* lnr tr \:i
lourd. $.mirxr r!h.i. rnd don
LL(nLrr
lr nriy hr f.r.d rrcn du il rtje
.urrd
the tu lluid!
'lnP.rdri.\.f
li(rhitnr orrtr! inft.v if
Lh.
h.r
Llul}.nomtrtltr\hllhll'corfud.
\ !n or \untc I0 itrh I crse. rri!
.v{dtrign of
t,.r[n
n.e
rnit
P F!!r
Foulingr ir3 con.equsnco.
on
dne$ror .r flulrDp I
'l.hikd un br f.uid
hcd e{.hrigq5
ttl
llou{rd: sin.e nr n! [li\s x 1ri\
;]jroid rlc jn lhL des:q' ol h.;
lrrh$strs tr hri. K.otr r ii pit
nrr- li! drlmed r rhe dr
ji\irion or tr lsiftble Dix(( or !
Fouling
hr(txnsf iunir( li r D
or hcd rmsJt,
hdtr..n
r*.
nRims
rid .
'edu.
m.r or rh. ph$sx.
trhich rsulrs irr incnsed prcs4
rio. in
rhe ilo\r
The d+r.r ol }ntrtrn! vrncs
mrledry wirh rh. narur ol De Rtrtds
be'rs hrrdlld. conse+.n r. ri
.hdgen haidLins deatr iluidr riDin
Ire. of huling lhefas .rchrtrecr
handrinc
diiy
iErir rf
conna(iLj,
rr tr ccMrllr, trol (ros.ned $xr
missc in presuf dnip n I fd more
sn ou! consquenr . r {ouli.! rh.n LD
crcN in thelmrqisunce rd deF
by rdudion in di.nil pelfom.nft
\vh.i a bed excharce is lirai our ot
*.i.e to.dr ig iLniDr:nrhLrb€
.aL se ot rhe rdu.eJ rhrDqhp( due rn
iuror lnt h!
L
( st ar
nE)
m
r\:
tu her . trrJtt surr:r.
PirJ.kl!.llrrJt rl]r r.u, lr
r(olp [rs:usi]cnrld I I0rtd
o h! her k{isr surn.e
cn,r.Jtrr /;rrr! rrt dep.siriL)n
.ht\dt alti.nINtr"t tht ft\
n ton ot detr\irs b! rr,cmr.rt re.c
ror io.s 1L! diflek lonnnudrJ
irl
Tlr ieposns .i borh llic inlde
r^d th. orridc orlhc tub i\trh Ltrr
rtdrcdon D rrtr or xn h. ransrr
lodii.LeDrdtr. ro rhe e\.3 r$xh.c
ro her hNftr !h.h fNnb j't r
l.r!{ he rastu fttr,
Carqories ot ronlins. Thrrc
/n.tr'ltr!
rhr dhdrr.nl 0rhLo
orgrinN h rhr r,!d urrftr
rosi!.rt
.r//,?rrt ,rr,h
lrrrr!
rt,c sojjdrri
cati.i ot r Dm! tiqlrd or Pannutrr
coi\trrLent.rr liqud roludon otr x
suh\oo
In
Led h
r
d l(nnei tudice
pdntrirhe
dlhmger: d.
pendin! upof rhe !tu ion oie or
motu ol rh. 3bor. mods or fo iri
may tE erFi L.n(ed
fadon rr'r. arrcl touljng. Thc
pnnlipr trimden rhd rfie.r foul
t rk x^ft rl ttt ioti( t"id
*ruh{ rh. 00id f drxi or
rrr,d is.
:.i^ ,.to.irr HiPh denr
ninirit.5 I rlps olloulire
Llrr,?r4
The
rnFnture
01
lluirL-roullr lnEda.e n(nlry ir
lluer* th. desto! olrriotrs mod*
of tourlig nre nr.s ol ch. ! re
rd'otr mc x srorg ft'.clor of rm
pemrur rtrrere sottrbititr, lrlrs Gds
*hok solub try dcferfs ui.h iD
ftrrtrg rmFnue) core od ot so
rhe
rulion aM depo{on rhe hed hi!tu
surfi.e shcD .he iihratue teno
ruie n saEr {hm $ttrh i r; r
aiofotrlin! n a hidjon ot .dt
!rc*thftre. *hich i'rrears nnor
I n.kri.t o[ onnhdu)
i!r/i.? 16,
ont
rh rc!-qhne. !!
blline iuclea or. rdiDenrarior. ;nd
.he *irkjn! Eddency of deDosn!
rhus. oush $.rms ;dd ro r;ur h,
mo'? ruaJity than p.lishcd sDfa.er
{her (here ft vmoB mode\ ot Iout_
i'u 6 \rll as rvenl tdom rl( ddnif. de desEe or dr vriour nodA
ot fo iDs, |rcddi.3 rhe e{3nr or
Jbtrlii! n exremelr diftculr CoiR_
r
qlairrule ippmLh rd Lttu" o
p4t erF.icnrt ror $e sctc.[oi of
foulitrs ft siJxnas tor ydiotrr rG.i..s
Ire Tuh!lr Er.h.nger
L ki r'd rJn*s for \Mou_ jem\
o!m€€l in deltkmtr: pM ,
d$hs /, rnN \!r4
baed r/iUn
i\qrb4r'
v hsevcr
r
rruJ
_hould h!
up€€Ln!
J,Ldht(
O..ign to mlnimir. tou ng
Aldrotrgh n n diitictrh ro dermtne
foulins Bisrmces accmrty, rhdr rc
slad
s
When STtlE. nusr b6 otod
Ar dfcused e,tic, tor eaier
truinr.aice, rhc di&& srcmr shoutd
be tuded rhmugh $e tubes 6e.s4c
ir
tr ssier ni ck', lne insidc rnh $e
ouride.t rube\ 1ii\ rcdues tuoo
d ns .o! riov$ei if the diit;
nr.m n vx.ou\ s weD
n
trnrally rhe .ase), phcti! ^ehki
n insd.
inc.Ns lne 6red con l.hus
.D r('i Lt.o,lttr
' $h rlc
"R,
rm-! m$ v de!dc
or
roddb?rdiDd
Ld r.'tls
mt d $hi, i;.\,.,.._"
bc rdipkd r imrm,E bdn, h.
bdh (r tr^ drrr flud m ,r: Llt!
rubes rd drnr. iluid our dc dr
tub.s
use
siyfli
ahavJ more
nm
noumdd i. derd spa.;s. rn \hdt;d.
rube hcar exchm!4. rheE aF dead
str.
Dn
€rh bJftir 'Itr
\hdt\id€ dJra!enl r!
"nd
dr*
spjle_
rr
,n.
Hovevei rhm ,ru odrer rvE. or
b*r erchajlf\ s.h d olr,r ;;n A
dmnle^ .dd s0i!t h i d.hoser\
,n shnh $tre ee no deiLl \Dd.A ind
$h!h rhtr for knd tu hli rd ls
unrniutuEtl ptr e
e\.
',I, preBth.j
lhr3!A hdt Lle,en
!r rnd
tenp*dure linirarions. Euidted bcd
heat Achrt{s rlso miniDiz. foutinS
lfg€r di'hder lubls,
hear erchango se^,ice.
I
Jmrn:id
rhe(rore : che:D.
noue\er. rb: r;
sdes olrery smau dia,nere,.ubs art
elrcmely diiit.trh b cle,j. coNe
quunrt,:h.in (?0 nnn) and I rn l]5
om) rub€s &c comnonly urd
sddh'dimerer rub$ t', i.. ert j,
h ) nay be u\dd torcle rni.cs.
Mainlrin high retdty. A hirh
lcrcry sutprses
a1l gDes ot fout.
ns Fof.@Lns qarr ad hvJrocr
boi q! d\ J fui mh \.1; \ .f
l0
nts h s.nedlr
rccoomenled.
al.housh I 5 nts is p'rfembte whon
d,c
nunbf of rubr pase\ mNt
Llgh Ioa.hiereihn,
ll
be
mc*$ry
a
be
hiahr Dresurc
tu
trTe haE a povhion ror $e
irmm.
foutirshy $i.knd*
U*
nib€ iNft. wt€ 6i
'ire-ffn
t-
s hc -chrs.r
a;.oud
top }ca od cons.lue.dy i.cE* djc
pcstrrc drcp. ri n quic shishlfoF
srd ro 6slar $e rouliq Esn@..
a fouliis taycr thjckras bv oi
'mo
snb.'u m xppmpride $crnd c;du.
lviry ot de dcp6ir. ftis lill usudty
hc i. rhe @se or 0.r nD ro 1.0 nmi
Mossoph(ric ed rhemal d*i$ soft
For a
smal
tu
qas drcmd rsn.
en,y u rrk d,r rou n! re!;..
iibJli!li!j-'n''hs\'A"lou
iis deD.\it buitds ur n *jI Edre th!
n
'
rjrir $icknr< ;r
qirhe
o\ei
Lh!
a r"u[ng
pioy 3 routjn!
rotrli',g in rms of
This
\rrell d
n
u*
r oM
quilnatrve
{eli
rive mla of rhumb rh4 shou bc rol^
loyed ro mini' k rhe e\ienr orrdlin!.
Fotrtins
AUow\umcitnr hNrFn aor Dn\
sun dmp. whenh-\) roltrn!; r,
t.,prEd, it voold b€ risc 6 hi!.
strfficLe marsjn {ray t0-]0E, be.
.rcfl' rhe ruow$k ard crtcurared
vllue! oI p.esoft dmp The idea i: rl
trmr €(h g('o of(r.ir n d!
J:n bruuthpu drn \rh lne m
M ur3du.
n \.o.i!,nrTFvqr\nd e,Fri
i, n 6.n
insid. rube! by rhe \c.du i.riotr of
sn2ll tuugh pdict.s otr lne tube Na11
.rdon ola
lube
ins(
b itr.Far
side ruba
(t-lsurc 3)
hd
i.
rft d-ttord
dNrer ceffciei;n
hmina flon Ai i(tdrd
beieir n $ar tuse inens rduce tort
i!rqelt ni Kof, \ hh uFrrlLl
..trdetrg
rhn dr!
pnr.r.d ruun4
epmdo. sd ;rcmde odiar ;;N
rron die tub. {,:ll ro Inc ccnrei The
m,ud,m@$ €
:hrnmc
icd rd+{ dmc'en hj rn!tu\ld
oN€don bd rlsoniri'ni7d\ rho de
posi.ion .l loulsb due r. ti. dh
turbrlcnce wift-fin i.rtu bave bee0
dcmonsftten b Fduce tubeside roul
n.qdfrnJu!:Jfoln!n}drJ!r
les inR6n..A Addr oi, ihdi
\
l\. on-linP d.ann'q Pr.\.aL{ |
h.trrlidrn $ I \orld li.l:ra d
i jr. arr,\.j, , ,lirh\ | Ll,. L\. 1r
0ilLF dfLliN li rlLidr bn\i\,{
Ir$d bfl!\ trt r!n]r:d d[r!h rlr
r.Lli\ pen0d(dlr lli \udn! r
troi fre\r \ rir irlLlur o1 Iorln!
i6r oi ln drrngr lrftuLrLr t!
tm. rr*
nlrn n.irr.iJ. Nr.
'n ri
L0 r! Li br iu
.5 Lh. (ol,ig
L\€
a
spr( tDbt bu
le
or$nrt
h.rl
iL
i\r,ult1l0
r{ling 'u,r!dtrLrk
\r\e i l1]iF []hr rrLi'1. f.r d
trrNlr rL!rr iml xoLdlr n! rsr.
r\(banscr
F knLr
\nrde
n.I n i\ r$Jllt bdr. b enpLJl
lF.|jiL
tr\ o.. ftn \ ]rL]l j\ fl}
\ n 1r \hdlrrli l,.n rrn{!'riLi
i!lf. i
r,'u m- Lrrrr rhnti$5
'luLLLI
b. rnuo).d l.tr rlr nr jJc rldr.
rh. iuhi. is t|ilr inrison!. I
rh. rrpl,(r,.,.1 . ir n!
rc
r0r
116r
tr r..r!3rLr roLLl[! @
rrl
rll:ri$ r$rhi n r mrh hish{.1
LlrdFr in rl* iik rtrxh orlhr ribf
r. M!*h{j{. R,,
L* hrlical bdnr (\(hrng€6.
a. rnr! l lllllra (b. h r rl
rr,rtrg ! hlr r,Lrt brllr |.4rn
IlLbm$ !n,,: r.Fri,ij (n.f,(
r0i i; \ s i!: rltr srLrL,l: ll.! i
r!.rr brdles
rrrr br.: li Trrlu ni !,\ frr
L.r( xrd 1li ts.lbr.r md.lr\ 'r!
R., cq4wr qs'
Mujq
r.cougb,MJ''{dJ'nR4.5,.tq
cnl4.1Gn 0er)
rtr B4r!t .rd,. ar ,44!r a
eddr
d,q
b!.I li.r
rs
LD The oprnitrn
6n'i .r
rbe sh(il
b lr id
Li
l5t.
{s.r rlr.
ll suF
"
p'5! rll cdlgdn! ol nlrli"s For
Nrlnnrin hish
rdrirl
lub$iLlr. r h'gli 'elo(i!:
li.,\
tro{rrf
5mrLhn
u} litr. en!(l'dr:
hrfi. sr.rdrt rid Pr\ntr!
ssi,,
Bfr6r kd"ni
t4'!t{
rLc"d ron
llljnisizt dod rpacs l]] u'rr
! qdLpr)tonionrl brJIlr \Fr! rg
r. hrlf! rur. d. rrt! rtLr lqr t.
$rh bJno re mi, nTed ,\s i h
bdrern l:'i Td
Et
r.n$ rblr
tkt 3 llorrine hud or rj tubt
dcsign. nr\ i5 r Bmrrd rrqtrtrr
nuid tr
F,tr4lGrr D$13,
d krt-L
i{b4r3 *
F3a69|1 o,]sr)
Funher Readinq
r;diihldrdslhd
e!i66;Md*!
s.i , ir, E d *i,T$, tn
NB&dn .uda;i,is ?d h
dh]'sqN$trEeiIlliucF"
erc.
l
Yd."
cr?;
r4 &4;r! eii, ff
l2?,iryrern). .:
fuI'idqEV.,d,d'€d|1
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6{
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kldtrshf
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