SHARDA UNIVERSITY UZBEKISTAN FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY END TERM PROJECT (2019-2020) Bakhriddin G’ulomnabiev 01921102N033 Engineering and Technology Course name - Physics Course code - Phy-112 Course Teacher - Prof.Baba Potukuchi Student name Unique ID Program - Faculty of Semester - Second Date of Submission: 29.06.2020 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I wish to express my deep gratitude and sincere thanks to the Prof. Baba for his encouragement and provided facilities for this school project. I sincerely appreciate his generosity by taking me into his fold for which I shall remain indebted to him. I extent my appreciation to Dr. Baba our physics teacher who guided me to the successful competition of this project. I take this opportunity to express my deep sense of gratitude to her invaluable guidance, ongoing encouragement, enormous motivation, which has sustained my efforts at all of the stages of project development. Report on: UltraViolet in our common life. Entry of UltraViolet Ultraviolet (UV) is a form of electromagnetic radioactivity with wavelength from 10 nm (with a corresponding frequency of approximately 30 PHz) to 400 nm (750 THz), shorter than that of visible light but longer than X-rays. UV radiation is present in sunlight, and constitutes about 10% of the total electromagnetic radiation output from the Sun. It is also produced by electric arcs and specialized lights, such as mercury-vapor lamps, tanning lamps, and black lights. Although long-wavelength ultraviolet is not considered an ionizing radiation because its photons lack the energy to ionize atoms, it can cause chemical reactions and causes many substances to glow or fluoresce. Consequently, the chemical and biological effects of UV are greater than simple heating effects, and many practical applications of UV radiation derive from its interactions with organic materials. Discovery of UltraViolet Ultraviolet" means "beyond violet" (from Latin ultra, "beyond"), violet being the color of the highest frequencies of visible light. Ultraviolet has a higher frequency (and thus a shorter wavelength) than violet light. UV radiation was discovered in 1801 when the German physicist Johann Wilhelm Ritter observed that invisible rays just beyond the violet end of the visible spectrum darkened silver chloride-soaked paper more quickly than violet light itself. He named them "(de-)oxidizing rays" (German: de-oxidierende Strahlen) to emphasize chemical reactivity and to distinguish them from "heat rays", discovered the previous year at the other end of the visible spectrum. The simpler term "chemical rays" was adopted soon afterwards, and remained popular throughout the 19th century, although some said that this radiation was entirely different from light (notably John William Draper, who named them "tithonic rays"). The terms "chemical rays" and "heat rays"were eventually dropped in favor of ultraviolet and infrared radiation, respectively. In 1878 the sterilizing result of short-wavelength light by killing bacteria was discovered. By 1903 it was known the most effective wavelengths were approximately 250 nm. In 1960, the effect of ultraviolet radiation on DNA was accepted. The revelation of the ultraviolet radiation with wavelengths below 200 nm, named "vacuum ultraviolet" because it is strongly absorbed by the oxygen in air, was made in 1893 by the German physicist Victor Schumann. The Visibility of UltraViolet Ultraviolet beams are unseeable to most humans. The optical device of the human eye blocks most radiation in the distance range of 300–400 nm; shorter wavelengths are blocked by the cornea. Humans also lack color receptor adaptations for ultraviolet rays. Nevertheless, the photoreceptors of the retina are sensitive to near-UV, and people lacking a lens (a condition known as aphakia) perceive near-UV as whitish-blue or whitish-violet.[] Under some conditions, children and young adults can see ultraviolet down to wavelengths of about 310 nm. Near-UV radiation is visible to insects, some mammalians, and birds. Small birds have a fourth color receptor for ultraviolet rays; this gives birds "true" UV vision. Mira's bow shock and hydrogen gas tail in ultraviolet, rendered in blue-visible light Evolutionary Significance The evolution of early procreative proteins and enzymes is attributed in modern models of evolutionary theory to ultraviolet radiation. UVB causes thymine base pairs next to each other in genetic sequences to bond together into thymine dimers, a interruption in the strand that reproductive enzymes cannot copy. This leads to frameshifting during genetic replication and protein synthesis, usually killing the cell. Before formation of the UVblocking ozone layer, when early prokaryotes approached the surface of the ocean, they almost invariably died out. The few that survived had developed enzymes that monitored the genetic material and removed thymine dimers by nucleotide excision repair enzymes. Many enzymes and proteins involved in modern mitosis and meiosis are similar to repair enzymes, and are believed to be evolved modifications of the enzymes originally used to overcome DNA damages caused by UV.[] Vesicant effects In humans, unrestrained exposure to UV radiation can result in acute and chronic harmful effects on the eye's dioptric system and retina. The risk is elevated at high altitudes and people living in high latitude areas where snow covers the ground right into early summer and sun positions even at zenith are low, are especially at risk. Skin,the circadian method, and the immune system can also be affected. Ultraviolet photons harm the DNA molecules of living organisms in various ways. In one common harmful event, adjacent thymine bases bond with each other, instead of across the "ladder". This "thymine dimer" makes a bulge, and the distorted DNA molecule does not function in good order. Sunburn effect (as measured by the UV Index) is the product of the sunlight spectrum (radiation intensity) and the erythemal action spectrum (skin sensitivity) across the range of UV wavelengths. Sunburn production per milliwatt is increased by almost a factor of 100 between the near UVB wavelengths of 315–295 nm. The differential effects of various wavelengths of light on the human cornea and skin are sometimes called the "erythemal action spectrum".[51] The action spectrum shows that UVA does not cause immediate reaction, but rather UV begins to cause photokeratitis and skin redness (with lighter skinned individuals being more sensitive) at wavelengths starting near the beginning of the UVB band at 315 nm, and rapidly increasing to 300 nm. The skin and eyes are most sensitive to damage by UV at 265–275 nm, which is in the lower UVC band. At still shorter wavelengths of UV, damage continues to happen, but the overt effects are not as great with so little penetrating the atmosphere. The WHO-standard ultraviolet index is a widely publicized measurement of total strength of UV wavelengths that cause sunburn on human skin, by weighting UV exposure for action spectrum effects at a given time and location. This standard shows that most sunburn happens due to UV at wavelengths near the boundary of the UVA and UVB bands. In conclusion protect your skin from getting harmed by the ultraviolet rays from the sun and tanning beds. In every article I read it gave me logical reasons and examples on how you canget skin cancer so easily from the sun and from indoor tanning. People need to be responsible forthemselves and for their children if they have them, when it comes to sun exposure and indoor tanning. A lot of people do not know or think about tanning is bad for them. This is why it is good to go to a Pediatrician for your children and Dermatologists for yourselves as well because they can help you understand this information for you. CONTANT PAGE S.NO TITLE PAGE NO. 1. INTRODUCTION 3 1.1OBJECTIVE /SCOPE OF STUDY /PROJECT/SURVEY 3 1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT /RATIONALE FOR STUDY/PROJECT 1.3 THEORITICAL FRAMWORK 4 2. METHODOLOGY/FLOWCHART/PROCEDURE 4 3. RESULT/OUTCOMES 7,8 4. CONCLUSION 9 5. FUTURE SCOPE 6. REFERENCES 7. Plagiarism report(less then 20% is acceptable) Headings to be formatted as ‘times new roman’ font style, 14 points font size, bold. Normal text to be formatted as ‘times new roman’ font style, 12 points font size Over all documents must be formatted with justified alignment.
