Collocation คือ คำหรือกลุม ่ คำ ทีต ่ ้องใชร่้ วมกันเสมอ หรือในพจนำนุกรมให ้ ควำมหมำยไว ้ว่ำ “คำปรำกฏร่วม” เป็ นกำรจัดวำงคำหรือกลุม ่ คำทีต ่ ้อง ้ ใชควบคู ก ่ น ั ในประโยคทีเ่ จ ้ำของภำษำนิยมใช ้ ซงึ่ ไม่เกีย ่ วกับไวยำกรณ์ ั ท์และแต่งประโยค เพรำะ แต่เป็ นเรือ ่ งสำคัญมำกๆ ในกำรเรียนรู ้คำศพ ้ เรำจะใชภำษำได ้เหมือนเจ ้ำของภำษำจริงๆ ถ ้ำตำแหน่งของคำเปลีย ่ นไป หรือถ ้ำคำใดคำหนึง่ ในกลุม ่ คำถูก แทนทีด ่ ้วยคำอืน ่ ถึงแม ้จะมีควำมหมำยเหมือนกัน (synonym) หรือ ใกล ้เคียงทีNatural ส ่ ด ุ ก็จะท ำให ้วลีหรือประโยคนัน ้ Unnatural ดูผด ิ ไปในสำยตำของ English... English... เจ ้ำของภำษำ the fast train fast food strong wind strong coffee the quick train quick food heavy wind old coffee I go to school. I go home. I go school. I go to home. Why should you learn collocations? • First of all, your language will be more natural and more easily understood. • Secondly, you will have alternative and richer ways of expressing yourself. • Finally, it is easier for our brains to remember and use language in chunks or blocks rather than as single words. ตัวอย่าง collocations ใน ภาษาไทย เราใช ้ – – – – – ย่านธุรกิจ ไม่ใช่ เขตเศรษฐกิจ ไม่ใช่ เศรษฐกิจ ตัดถนนเส ้นใหม่ ไม่ใช่ ใหม่ ๋ ดาปี๋ แดงแจ๊ด ไม่ใช่ เขียวอือ ๋ แดงปี๋ แจ๊ด ดาอือ บ่ายสองโมง ไม่ใช่ เขตธุรกิจ ย่าน ต่อถนนเส ้น เขียว สองโมงบ่าย ไม่รู ้ collocations ทำให ้ ผิดความหมาย เธอเป็นคนใจเย็น She is cold-hearted. She is cool-tempered. (แปลว่า เธอเป็นคนใจร้าย) เขาผ่านไป He passed away. He passed by. ี ชวี ต (แปลว่า เขาเสย ิ ) เขาทานยา He takes drug. He takes medicine. (แปลว่า เขาติดยาเสพติด) เธอเป็นคนง่ายๆ She is an easy woman. (แปลว่า เธอเป็นคนใจง่าย) She is easy-going. ไม่รู ้ collocations ทาให ้ เรียงลาดับคาผิด บนท ้องฟ้ ำมีดวงดำวมำกมำย On the sky there are (wrong) many stars. (right) There are many stars in the sky. ี ดงคันหนึง่ หน ้ำบ ้ำนฉั นมีรถสแ จอดอยู่ (wrong) In front of my house there is a red car park. (right) A red car is parking in front of my house. ี ำวบนกำแพง เขำทำสข (wrong) He painted white the verb: have • • • • • have a bath have a drink have a good time have a haircut have a holiday • • • • have a problem have a relationship have a rest have lunch the verb: do • • • • • do business do your best do nothing do the cooking do the housework • • • • do the washing up do your hair do your homework do someone a favour the verb: make • make a difference • make a noise • make a mess • make an effort • make furniture • make money • make a good impression • make progress • make a mistake • make room the verb: go Activities ending in -ing Certain places Certain adjectives Certain prepositional phrases go camping go fishing go overseas go abroad go bad go mad go on trip go on foot go sailing go snowboarding go downtown go outdoors go bald go crazy go on strike go to school go skiing go running go outside go inside go dark go quiet go to war go out for a walk go skating go dancing go upstairs go downstairs go deaf go blind go out of business go out of date go shopping go abroad go hungry go on vacation go abroad go hungry go broke go on vacation go by bus go home go shopping go sightseeing go sightseeing go home go broke go by bus Vocabulary Collocation Collocation Types Short Text Why? Definition Exercise Differential Definition What is a collocation? Collocation is a pair of or group of words that are often used together (word partner). These combinations sound natural to native speakers, but students of English have to make a special effort to learn them because they are often difficult to guess. Some combinations just sound wrong to native speaker of English. For example the adjective fast collocates with food, but not with a meal. Definition Sometimes, a pair of words may not be obviously wrong, and people will understand what is meant, but it may not be the natural, normal collocation. If someone says I did a few mistakes they will be understood, but fluent English would probably say I made a few mistakes. If you want to use a word naturally, you need to learn the other words often go with in it. It can be different from language to language. For example, in English we say: I missed the bus. (NOT I lost the bus) She committed suicide. (NOT she undertook or Definition Here are examples of collocation: Natural English The fast train Unnatural English The quick train Fast food Quick food A quick shower A fast shower A quick meal A heavy smoker A serious A fast meal Not a strong smoker Or a big smoker Not a strong or Why should we learn it? Your language will be more natural and more easily understood. Smoking is strictly forbidden is more natural than smoking is strongly forbidden. It is easier for our brains to remember and use language in chunks or blocks rather than as single words. You will have alternative and richer ways of expressing yourself. Instead of saying it was very cold and very dark; we can say it was bitterly cold and pitch dark. Improve your style in writing. We may not need or want to use these in informal conversations, but in writing they can give our text more variety and make it read better. Types of collocation Grammatical Lexical and Collocations Lexical Collocation is a type of construction where a verb, noun, adjective or adverb forms a predictable connection with another word, as in: Adverb + Adjective downright satisfied) Adjective + Noun excruciating joy) Noun + Verb shout) Verb + Noun undertake suicide) : completely satisfied (NOT : excruciating pain (NOT : lions roar (NOT lions : commit suicide (NOT Types of collocation Grammatical Collocation is a type of construction where for example a verb or adjective must be followed by a particular preposition, or a noun must be followed by a particular form of the verb, as in: Verb + Preposition : depend on (NOT depend of) Adjective + Preposition : afraid of (NOT afraid at) Noun + Particular form of verb: strength to lift it (not strength lifting it) Types of collocation Adverb + Adjective e.g. : fully aware, happily married, etc. • I am fully aware that it is impossible to finish the task in a week. That sweet couple are happily married. Adjective + e.g. : major problem, brief chat, etc. Noun • Unemployment is a major problem for the government at the moment. The lecturers had a brief chat about the students‘ field work at the administration office. Noun + Noun e.g. :a sense of pride, a pang of nostalgia, etc. • If people have a sense of pride in their town, they are more likely to behave well there. Older people feel a pang of nostalgia as they think back on their schooldays. Types of collocation Verb + Noun e.g. : launch the product, pose a problem, etc. • The increase in oil prices certainly poses a problem for us. We are going to launch a new automatic motor in June 2012. Verb + Adverb e.g. : smiled happily, whispered softly, etc. • Nadia smiled happily as she watched the children playing in the garden. My mother whispered softly in my ear that she would always love me. Types of collocation Noun + Verb e.g. : lions roar, economy booms, etc. • The lion roars in the zoo. The economy boomed in 1990s. Verb + Expression With e.g. : burst into tears, swelling with pride, etc. Preposition • When he saw his exam results, Rooney burst into tears. Swelling with pride, Stanley watched his daughter pick up her violin and play. Differential How collocations differ from Compound words and Idiom? Collocations should not be confused with idioms although both are similar in that there is a degree of meaning present in the collocation or idiom that is not entirely compositional. With idioms, the meaning is completely noncompositional whereas collocations are mostly compositional. It is also not always easy to separate collocation and compounds and where they are useful for learners or an important part of the Differential How collocations differ from Compound words and Idiom? Compou nd Compounds are units of meaning formed with two or more words. Sometimes the words are written separately, sometimes they have a hyphen and sometimes they are written as one word. Usually the meaning of the compound can be guessed by knowing the meaning of the individual words. Some examples of Differential Idiom Idioms are group of words in a fixed order that have a meaning that cannot be guessed by knowing meaning of the individual words. For example, pass the buck is an idiom meaning to pass responsibility for a problem to another person to avoid dealing with it oneself. Exercise Put the following expressions into the correct category in the table below. Ensure safety - heavy rain - teapot - break a leg - pitch dark – passport - by the way – hat trick Collocation Idiom Compound Ensure safety break a leg teapot heavy rain by the way passport pitch dark hat trick Sort Text You can train yourselves to notice them whenever you read or listen to anything in English. Loot at the collocations that are worth learning from this short text in English.