Particle Model
•
Matter is everything that surrounds us! (yourself, your laptop, your food,
the air you breathe etc..)
•
Matter can be in the form of solids, liquids or gases.
•
The properties of solids, liquids and gases can be explained by the particle
model.
•
The strength of bonds (attractive forces) between particles is different in
all three states.
Solids
•
•
The particles in a solid are:
▪
close together
▪
arranged in a regular way
Strong forces, called bonds, attract the particles towards each other.
This means that the particles in a solid:
•
▪
can vibrate in a fixed position
▪
cannot move from place to place
Examples of solids are steel, plastic, wood (solids at room temperature)
and ice (solid water at 00 C).
• Solids such as concrete are
useful for buildings and their
foundations because they
cannot be compressed.
Liquids
Mercury, petrol and water are liquids at room
temperature. The particles in a liquid:
•
are close together
•
are arranged in a random way
•
can move around each other
The attractive forces (bonds) in a liquid are
strong enough to keep the particles close
together, but weak enough to let them move
around each other.
Liquids are useful in car brake systems because they flow and cannot
be compressed.
Gases
Air, helium and chlorine are gases at room
temperature. Water vapour is water as a gas.
The particles in a gas:
•
Are far apart
•
Are arranged in a random way
•
Can move quickly in all directions
The attractive forces between the particles in a gas are very weak, so
the particles are free to move in any direction.
The table shows some of the properties of solids, liquids and gases
State
Property

SOLID
They have a fixed shape
and cannot flow
Reason

The particles cannot move from
place to place

They cannot be
compressed (squashed)

The particles are close together
and have no space to move into

They flow and take the
shape of the bottom of
their container

The particles can move around
each other

They cannot be
compressed (squashed)

The particles are close together
and have no space to move into

They flow and
completely fill their
container

The particles can move quickly
in all directions

The particles are far apart and
have space to move into
LIQUID
GAS

They can be compressed
Gas pressure
• The particles in a gas move quickly in all directions, but they do
not get far before they bump into each other or the walls of
their container.
• When gas particles hit the walls of their container they cause
pressure.
• If the temperature is increased, the particles in a gas move
faster, so they hit the walls of the container more often.
• This causes the pressure to rise. This is also why the pressure of
a gas also increases when the volume of its container is
decreased.
Change of state
• Substances can change state, usually when they are heated or
cooled.
• For example, liquid water turns into steam when it is heated
enough, and it turns into ice when it is cooled enough.
Gaining energy
The table summarises what happens to the particles in a substance
when it gains energy, and it melts or boils (ie changes state):
Melting
Evaporating or boiling
Solid to liquid
Liquid to gas
Stay close together
Become much further apart
Regular to random
Stay random
Motion of
Vibrates (in solids) / Start to
Become able to move quickly
particles
move around each other
in all directions
Description
Closeness of
particles
Arrangement of
particles
• Evaporation happens below the boiling point of a liquid. When the
liquid reaches its boiling point, evaporation happens very quickly
and the liquid boils.
Losing energy
The table summarises what happens to the particles in a substance
when it loses energy, and it freezes or condenses (ie changes state):
Condensing
Freezing
Description
Gas to liquid
Liquid to solid
Closeness of
Become much closer together
Stay close together
Stay random
Random to regular
Motion of
Stop moving quickly in all
Stop moving around each
particles
directions, and can only move
other, and only vibrate on
around each other
the spot
particles
Arrangement of
particles