Module 1 (20%)
Pharmacist Licensure Exam Review
Title: Pharmaceutical Chemistry (20%)
First Day of the Board Exam – 8:00 am to 10:00 am
– 100 items
Components:
 General Chemistry
 Inorganic Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry
 Organic Chemistry
 Organic Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry
 Qualitative Chemistry
 Analytical Chemistry
* ACTUALLY, LAHAT NG CHEM NA ALAM MO, EH ANDITO SA MODULE 1
EXPECT that MODULE 1 is the hardest and the most CRUCIAL module
BUT… we’ll work together to make it ANSWERABLE 
 Physical
science
 Study
of the COMPOSITION, STRUCTURE,
PROPERTIES and BEHAVIOR OF MATTER
 “THE
 “the
CENTRAL SCIENCE”
ABC of Pharmacy Practice”
 Anything
that has mass and volume
 Made up of particles
 Exist in 4 fundamental states (S,L,G,P)
Note:


Mass- refers to the amount of matter present
in the material.
Weight= mass x pull of gravity
SOLID LIQUID
GAS
Shape
definite
indefinite
indefinite
Volume
definite
definite
indefinite
IFA strength
strongest
strong
Weakest
Molecular motion
vibration
gliding
CONSTANT
RANDOM
MOTION
 Basic
unit of Matter
 Gk. “atomos” – indivisible
Proton – (+) charge
 Neutron- No charge
 Electron- (-) charge

Found in the NUCLEUS…. Kaya
they are collectively called
NUCLEONS…. xD
GUYS TAKE NOTE that it is
1,836 times lighter than a
proton; thus, the weight
is negligible, okie? 
 Pure
chemical substance
 Contains
only 1 type of atom
 Currently,
there are 118 elements
 Atomic
number = # of protons = # of
electrons
 Mass number = # of protons + # of neutrons
Atomic Number: ________
Mass Number: _____
Protons: _____
Electrons: ____
Neutrons: ____
Charge: ____
 Isotope
– Same no. of protons (so same
element), but diff. no. of neutrons
 Isotone Isobar-
same number of Neutrons
same mass number
 Dividing
line between solution and
homogenous mixture
True Solution
Homogenous mixture
Colloid
4 Properties of COLLOIDS: always remember
(T-BAC)
Tyndall effect
Brownian movement
Adsorption (ooooops…. hindi po Absorption)
Charged electrically

O, Si, Al
1 produced artificially – Tc
Rarest Element – At
Liquid at room Temp – Hg / Br
3
most Abundant Elements –
 st


Hi future RPhs, Please
REVIEW THE CHEMICAL
SYMBOLS in THE PTE 
METALS
NON-METALS
Good conductors of heat
and electricity
Poor conductors
Form BASIC oxides
Form ACIDIC oxides
Lustrous, Ductile, Malleable Dull & Brittle if Solid
High Density
Low Density
High Melting point
Low Melting point
Tends to lose e-
Tends to accept e-
NOTE: Metallic Property – Capability of an element to lose an e-
@FutureRphs PLEASE TAKE NOTE #brotip
#brotip
1. Alamin kung sino ang METALS, NONMETALS at METALLOIDS 
2. Knowing them would give you points
in Module 1 and Module 6
3. How to remember the Metalloids?
Mnemonic: Sige po,
sabi ni ATe Baby.
Silicon, Germanium, Polonium,
Sb (Antimony), Arsenic, Telurium, Boron
-Don’t forget it-
 Electronegativity – ability of an element to
attract electrons to itself
 Electron
Affinity – energy gained by an atom
when an electron is added to it
 Ionization
Energy / Ionization Potential –
amount of energy required to remove an
electron from a neutral atom
Intensive/Intrinsic vs. Extensive/Extrinsic
Physical Properties – observed or measured
without changing the identity of matter
Ex. MP,BP,Solubility,Ƿ, malleability, ductility
Chemical Properties – describe the change or the
reaction a substance undergoes
Ex. Flammability, reactivity, inertness
1. Law of Definite Proportions (Proust’s Law)
Elements
Same ratio
Same Compound
2. Law of Multiple Proportions
Elements
Diff. Compound
Diff. ratio
NOTE: the ratio must be a WHOLE NUMBER
1. Direct Union / Synthesis / Composition
Simple Subs
MgO + H2O
Complex Subs
Mg(OH)2
2. Decomposition / Analysis
Complex Subs
H2CO3
Simple Subs
H2O + CO2
3. Single Replacement Reaction
A + BC  B + AC
4. Double Displacement Rxn / METATHESIS
AB + CD  AD + BC
Ex. Neutralization Reaction
5. Reduction-Oxidation Rxn (REDOX)
Review: GEROA and LEORA
- Separation of particles based on e- charge
Let’s make ELECTROCHEM
simple 
e-
e-
ee-
e-
e-
e-
e-
e-
eee-
e-
ANODE
CATHODE
-Oxidation
-POSITIVE electrode
-Reduction
-NEGATIVE electrode







Democritus – “Atomos”
Dalton – “Billiard Ball Model”
Thomson – “Raisin Bread Model” / electron
Rutherford – “Gold Foil Expt” / proton in the nucleus
James Chadwick – Neutron
Bohr – “Planetary Model”
Schrodinger – “Quantum Mechanic Model” / 3D model
1. Principal Quantum Number (n)
- describes the MAIN ELECTRON SHELL
and the SIZE of the e- cloud
Value: 1,2,3,4….
2. Angular / Azimuthal Quantum Number (l)
- describes the SUBSHELL and the
SHAPE of the e- cloud
Value: 0 up to n-1
3. Magnetic Quantum Number (Ml)
-describes the ORBITAL or ORIENTATION in space
Values: -l , 0 , l
4. Spin (Ms or s)
Values: +1/2 or -1/2
n=3
n=4
l = 0, 1, 2
l=
Ml = -2, -1, 0, 1, 2
Ml =
1. Pauli’s Exclusion Principle
- No 2 e- can have the same set of quantum numbers
2. Aufbau’s Principle
- “Building up” Principle
- Electrons are placed first on the subshell with lowest
energy level
3. Hund’s Rule
- Electrons are spread singly before pairing up
 Make
 Give
your own Mnemonics
the Electron Configuration of the
following:
Beryllium (At. No. 4)
Calcium (At. No. 20)

Lavoisier – 1st to set up the table (33 elem)

Dobereiner – Triads

Newland – Law of Octaves
- 8 elements are grouped before another set
of 8 elements

Meyer & Mendeleev – 1st Periodic Law; properties are
periodic functions of atomic wt.

Moseley – first modern Periodic Table
NOTE: 118 elements, 18 groups/families, 7 periods or series

Atomic Radius




Electronegativity




Ability to attract electrons
Left to right increases
Going up increases
Ionization energy or potential




½ the distance between 2 nuclei
Right to left increases
Top to bottom increases
Ability to remove an electron from a positively charged atom
Left to right increases
Going up increases
Electron affinity



Property to accept an electron
Right to left increases
Top to bottom increases
- Forces that hold atoms together
- All elements try to achieve the configuration of the NOBLE GASES
* OCTET RULE – atoms become stable when the valence e- will
complement fully the valence shell
TYPES OF CHEMICAL BONDING:
1. Complete e- transfer (a.k.a. IONIC BOND)
- bond formed by a metal and a non-metal
- ELECTROSTATIC BOND
2. Sharing of e- (a.k.a. COVALENT BOND)
- 2 nonpolar (similar atoms)  equal e- sharing
- 2 polar (dissimilar atoms)  unequal e- sharing
1.
Dipole-Dipole (Keesom Forces)
2.
Dipole-Induced Dipole (Debye Forces)
3.
London Forces (Dispersion) (Van der Waals)
4.
H-bond (Hydrogen attached to a highly
electronegative atom)
Conditions:
1
atm / 760 mmHg (torr)
 0 deg. Celsius / 273 K
NOTE: At STP,
1 mole
of a substance occupies
You can forget your Birthday, BUT
NEVER EVER EVER EVER FORGET
Conditions at S.T.P. 
22.4 L

BOYLE’S LAW —Volume is inversely proportional to pressure

CHARLES’ LAW— Volume is directly proportional to temperature (Kelvin)

AVOGADRO’S LAW —Volume is directly proportional to moles

DALTON’S LAW OF PARTIAL PRESSURE
- States that the pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is the sum of the
pressures that each gas in the mixture exert individually
partial

IDEAL GAS LAW

GRAHAM’S LAW
—The rate of the effusion of two gases (and
diffusion) are inversely proportional to the square roots of
their densities providing the temperature and pressure are
the same for the two gases.

DIFFUSION=gradual mixing of molecules of one gas with the molecules of
another gas by virtue of their kinetic properties

EFFUSION=passage of a gas under pressure through a small opening


Solute + Solvent
Factors affecting solubility:
1. Nature of Solute and Solvent
2. Temperature: Temp = Solubility (MOST OF THE TIME)
EXCEPTIONS:
 Exothermic: Inc in Temp = Dec Solubility
 Solution of gas in liquid: Inc in Temp = Dec Solubility
REMEMBER that GAS and Ca(OH)2 are the most common
substances that dissolve in COLD TEMPERATURE
3. Pressure:
Pressure =
Solubility of gas in Liquid – (HENRY’S LAW)

Thermodynamic System- part of the universe
isolated from the rest by a boundary

“Surrounding” = Everything outside
TYPE OF SYSTEM
ALLOWS EXCHANGE OF
Open (Nonconservative)
Matter & Energy
Closed (Conservative)
Energy ONLY
Isolated (Adiabatic)
No matter, No energy

1st Law of Thermodynamics - Heat and work are forms of energy
transfer. Energy is invariably conserved, however the internal energy of a
closed system may change as heat is transferred into or out of the system
or work is done on or by the system.

2nd Law of Thermodynamics - An isolated system, if not already in its
state of thermodynamic equilibrium, spontaneously evolves towards it.
Thermodynamic equilibrium has the greatest entropy among the states
accessible to the system.

3rd Law of Thermodynamics - The entropy of a system approaches a
constant value as the temperature approaches zero. The entropy of a
system at absolute zero is typically zero, and in all cases is determined
only by the number of different ground states it has. Specifically, the
entropy of a pure crystalline substance at absolute zero temperature is
zero
1st LAW
“Conservation of
Energy”
“Energy of the
Universe is
CONSTANT”
2nd LAW
KEYWORD 1:
ENTROPY
KEYWORD 2:
GIBBS FREE ENERGY
GFE- expendable amt of Energy
ΔG(-) = SPONTANEOUS
ΔG(+) = NON-SPONTANEOUS
ΔG(0) = Equilibrium
3rd LAW
KEYWORDS:
ENTROPY OF A
PURE
CRYSTALLINE IS
EQUAL TO ZERO
-
It is a STATE at which the amount of Reactant and
Products present are CONSTANT
LE CHATELIER’S PRINCIPLE
- if a system is subjected to stress, the
system will adjust to relieve the stress
Stress:
 Concentration
 Pressure and Volume
 Temperature
 Catalyst – causes NO SHIFT in Equilibrium (PLS. REMEMBER )
 Electrolytes
 Acids
dissociates into ions
and Bases
Checkpoint: Can you FILL IN THE BLANKS? 
Theory
Arrhenius
Bronsted-Lowry
Theory
Lewis Theory
Acid
Base
 Neutral
Salt = SA + SB
 Acidic Salt = SA + WB
 Basic Salt = WA + SB
Question: How would you know which is
a Strong Acid and a Strong Base?
Naaalala nyo pa
ba? Or Huhulaan
nyo nalang sa exam
at isuko ang 3-4
points?
 Para
matandaan, i-recite pagkagising sa
umaga at bago matulog sa gabi :P
1.) Strong Bases : hydroxides of Group IA/IIA
2.) Strong Acid: H-CBNIPS
HCl
HBr
HNO3
HI
HClO4
H2SO4
Nitric Acid
Perchloric Acid
Sulfuric Acid
 Ka
– acid dissociation constant
 Kb – base dissociation constant
 Ksp – solubility product constant
 pH=-log [H+]
 pH=7 neutral
 pH<7 acidic
 pH>7 basic
 Radioactivity: decomposition process of
unstable nuclei to more stable ones
 Radiation: energy and particles released
during the decomposition process
4
α-radiation : α-particle : 2 He
 Mass number decrease by 4 & atomic number by 2
β- radiation : e- (Neutron  proton)
 Mass number stays THE SAME but
Atomic number INCREASES by 1
Ex.
234
90
Th
γ – radiation :
0
e
-1
+
234
Pa
91
γ-rays are HIGH ENERGY PHOTONS
 no change in mass number and atomic number
 Non-SI
: Curie (Ci) : 1Ci = 3.7 x 1010 decays/sec
 SI: Bequerel (Bq) : 1Bq = 1 decay/sec
 Unit
of RADIATION DAMAGE:
 R.E.M.
 Unit of AMOUNT OF EXPOSURE to radiation:
 rad or gray
#brotip: memorize what is written above. It can SAVE YOU on the board exam. Swear 
Inorganic Medicinal and
Pharmaceutical Chemistry

Group IA: Alkali Metals

Most reactive metals


Valence=1

A. HYDROGEN


Aka: “inflammable air”
Pcol action:
Depressant
Diuretic
Non pcol action:

Heat exchanger in aircon
lightest element
Isotopes:

A. protium – most abundant

B. deuterium – heavy hydrogen

C. tritium- radioactive
B. LITHIUM

Aka: “Earth”

Lightest metal
IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS

Lithium Bromide


Depressant
Lithium Carbonate (Lithase ®)

DOC for MANIA
C. SODIUM
Sodium Carbonate

Aka: “Natrium”


Extracellular fluid
Use:

Pcol action: fluid retention
2. Carbonating agent

IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS




Sodium Acetate
1. Antacid
Sodium chloride

Use:
Aka: rock salt, table salt, soler salt
1. electrolyte replenisher

Diuretic
2. tonicity adjusting agent

Urinary and systemic alkalizer
3. condiments

Antacid
4. preservative
Sodium bicarbonate

Aka: “Baking soda”

Systemic antacid
1. alkalizer

Carbonating agent
2. buffer

S/E:
 systemic alkalosis

rebound hyperacidity
3. diuretic
Na Dihydrogen Phosphate

Aka: fleet enema

Uses: cathartic
Sodium metabisulfite

Water soluble anti-oxidant

Sodium citrate
4. expectorant
5. shorten the coagulation time
Sodium Fluoride
Use:Anticariogenic (2%
solution)
Sodium Hydroxide
Aka: 1. Caustic soda
2. Sosa
3. Lye
Use: Saponifying agent
Sodium Phosphite
Use: Reducing agent
Sodium Hypochlorite
Aka: Dakin’s solution,
chlorox
Use: 1. Oxidizing agent
2. Disinfectant
3. Bleaching agent
Sodium Iodide
Use: 1. expectorant
2. antifungal
3. iodine solubilizer
Sodium Lactate
Use: 1. antacid
2. diuretic
Sodium nitrate
Use:
1. Vasodilator
2. meat preservation
3. treatment in cyanide poisoning
Aka: chile salt peter
Sodium sulfate
Aka: Glauber’s salt
Use: cathartic
Sodium tartrate
Use: primary standard of KFR for water content determination
Sodium thiocyanate
Use: hypotensive agent
Sodium thiosulfate
Aka: hypochlor, photographer’s hypo
Use:
1. Treatment of cyanide poisoning with sodium nitrate
2. VS in iodometry and permanganometry
D. POTASSIUM
Aka: Kalium
Most abundant and predominant Intracellular cation
Deficiency: hypokalemia
Pcol action:
1. diuretic
Potassium bitartrate
Aka: cream of tartar, creamor
Use: laxative
Potassium bromide
Use: depressant
2. important in muscle contraction
Potassium Carbonate
IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS:
Aka: potash, salt of peter, perlash
Potassium acetate
1. antacid
1. antacid
2. carbonating agent
2. diuretic
3. carbonate source
3. urinary and systemic alkalizer
Potassium chlorate
Potassium bicarbonate
Use: oxidizing agent
1. systemic antacid
Component in: toothpaste, gargle and
2. carbonating agent
mouthwash
3. source of bicarbonate ion
Potassium chloride
Use: electrolyte replenisher
TAKE note: SLOW push*
Potassium citrate
Potassium permanganate
1. diuretic
Aka: mineral chameleon
2. expectorant
1. oxidizing agent
3. diaphoretic
2. VS in permanganometry
Potassium hydroxide
Potassium dihydrogen phosphate
Aka: caustic potash, lye potash
Use: cathartic
Use: saponifying agent (SOFT soap)
Potassium Sodium tartrate
Potassium Iodide
1.expectorant
2. antifungal
3. iodine solubilizer
Aka:
1. rochelle salt
2. sal signette
Use: 1. cathartic
2. sequestering agent
Potassium nitrate
Potassium thiocyanate
Aka: salt peter, salitre, salt prunelle
Use: hypotensive agent
Use: 1. diuretic/ meat preservative
K2Sx.K2S2O3
aka: sulfurated potash, liver of sulfur
E. NH4
Hypothetical alkali metal
Pcol action:
3. NH4Cl
Aka: muriate of hartshorn
Use:
2. diuretic
1. diuretic
3. urinary acidifier
2. buffer
3. expectorant (like Iodide)
4. anti-cariogenic (like Fluoride)
IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS:
1. NH4Br
use: depressant/sedative
2. (NH4)2CO3
Aka: sal volatile, hartshorn
Use:
1. expectorant (ammonium)
2. antacid (carboante)
3. respiratory stimulant
1.expectorant
4. HgNH2Cl
Aka: white precipitate
Use: topical anti-infective
5. NH4I
Use:
1. source of iodide
2. expectorant
3. antifungal
6. NH4CH3COO
Aka: spirit of mendererus
Use: styptic
Can occur in free metal state
Complexes/ chelates
IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS
A. Cu
1.CuSO4.5H2O
Aka: Cuprum
Aka: blue vitriol, blue stone
Only reddish metal
Use: component of benedict’s,barfoed’s
and fehling’s ingredient
Component of hemocyanin and
cytochrome oxidase
2 important alloys:
Antidote for PHOSPHORUS poisoning
Ingredient of Bordeaux mixture
1. Brass: Cu + Zn
2. Bronze: Cu + Sn
2. [Cu3(AsO3)2.Cu(C2H3O2)2]
Pcol actions:
Aka: Paris green
1. protein precipitant
Use: insecticide
2. enhances physiological utilization
of iron
3. toxicity: Wilson’s Disease
Antidote: Penicillamine
3. (Cu)3(C6H5O7)3
Use: astringent in 8% concentration
B. Ag
B. Insoluble compounds
Aka: argentum, shining, bright
1.AgI
Pcol action: Oligodynamic property
-poisonous
(germicidal action)
-disinfectant
Toxicity: argyria
Antidote: NSS
IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS:
A. Soluble compounds
1.AgNO3
Aka: Lapiz infernulariz, lunar caustic,
indelible ink, caustic pencil
Use:
1. treatment of warts
2. eye antiseptic for newborn babies of mother with
gonorrhea
2. Ag (NH3)2NO3
Aka: Howe’s solution
Use:
1. dental protective
2. desinsitizing agent
2. Ag proteinate
a. Mild Ag Proteinate
Aka: ARGYROL
Use: antiseptic for the eye
b. Strong Ag Proteinate
Aka: Protargol
Stronger germicide for ear
and throat
c. Colloidal Ag Proteinate
Aka: Collargol
Use general germicide
C. Au
Aka: Aurum. Shining dawn, King of all metals
Most malleable and ductile
Best conductor of electricity
Dissolved by:
1. aqua regia (3part HCl + 1 part HNO3)
2. Selenic acid
IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS
1.Aurothioglucose (IM)
-Treatment of Gout and R.A
2. Gold Na Thiomalate (IM)
-Treatment of Gout and R.A
3. Auranofin (PO)
-Treatment of Gout and R.A
A. Be
Never employed in medicine because
it is the most toxic metal
Fluorescent lamp
Natural Sources:
1. As silicates: (talc, asbestos)
2. As CO3: (magnesite, dolomite)
3. As SO4: (keiserite)
Pcol action:
1. Laxative
2. Depressant
3. Natural Ca-channel blocker
B. Mg
Lightest of all structurally important
metal
Chlorophyll component
Compound of Grignard’s reagent
Antidote: Ca Gluconate
IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS:
MgCO3
Aka: Magnesia
MgSO4
Aka: Epsom salt
Use:
1. cathartic (PO)
1. Antacid
2. anticonvulsant (IM)
2. Laxative
3. Antidote for Ba toxicity
Mg(OH)2
Hydrated Mg Silicate
Aka: milk of magnesia, magnesia magma
Aka: talc, soapstone, french chalk
Use: Antacid and Laxative
Softest mineral
Uses:
MgO
Aka: calcined magnesia
1. laxative
1. Filtering agent
2. Clarifying agent
3. Dusting powder
2. antacid
Mg3(C6H5O7)2
3. component of Universal antidote
Magnesium Citrate
Aka: lemonada purgante, purgative lemon
2MgO . 3SiO2 .nH2O
Use: antacid
Advantage: prolonged antacid action
C. Ca
IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS
2nd most abundant cation in
extracellular fluid
Vit D is needed for its maximum
absorption
Pcol action:
1. blood coagulation factor
2. important muscle contraction
3. important release of neurotransmitter
4. primary element of bones and teeth
Deficiency state:
1. osteoporosis
2. osteomalacia (adults)
3. rickets (immature mammals)
4.hypocalcemia
CaBr2
Sedative/depressant
CaCO3
Aka: precipitated chalk, prepared chalk
1. antacid
2. ingredient of toothpaste, dentrifices
CaCl2
Aka: muriate of lime
Use: Ca replenisher
Ca Gluconate
Use: Ca supplement and replenisher
Ca(OH)2
Aka: slaked lime, milk of lime, calcium hydrate
1. antacid
2. saponifying agent
Ca(C3H5O3)2
CaClO or CaOCl
Use: Ca supplement
Aka: chlorinated lime,
chloride of lime
CaHPO4 . 2H2O
Use: source of Ca and PO4
Use:
1. disinfectant
2. bleaching agent
CaO
CaSO4 . 1/2H2O or 2H2O
Aka: lime, quicklime, calx
Aka: plaster of paris, gypsum, terra
alba
1.component of
Bordeaux mixture
2. insecticide
Ca3(PO4)2
Aka: bone ash
Use: antacid
1. rodenticide
2. prep of surgical casts and dental
impressions
D. Sr
Use: manufacture of flares
IMPORTANT COMPOUND:
1. SrCl2
Use: temperature de sensitizing
agent (SENSODYNE)
IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS
1.BaSO4
Use: radiopaque subs used for GIT
imaging
2. Ba(OH)2
Use: CO2 absorbent
E. Ba
Aka: Heavy
Toxicity: Baritosis
Antidote: Epsom Salt
F. Ra
Marie Curie
Radioactive element use for:
Cancer radiotherapy
Diagnostic purpose
Zinc
Present in insulin
Pcol action: 1. Astringent
2. Antiseptic
3. Antiperspirant
4. Protectant
Other uses: 1. container of batteries
2. protective coating of
galvanized iron
Deficiency: Parakeratosis
Antidote: NaHCO3
IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS:
ZnCl2
ZnS
Aka: Burnett’s disinfectant fluid
1. disinfectant/antiseptic
2. dentin desensitizer
3. Corrosive
Aka: white lotion, white sulfide
Use: parasiticide, topical protectant,
antiseptic
ZnO
ZnSO4 . 7H2O
Aka: Zinc white, Lassar’s paste
Use: antiseptic, astringent, topical
protectant
ZnO2
Use: antiseptic
Aka: white vitriol
1. emetic
2. astringent
3. prep of white lotion
Hydrated Zinc Silicate
Aka: Natural calamine
Use: topical protectant
Zinc-eugenol cement – dental
protective
Cadmium
Pcol action: astringent
Other use: manufacture of stink bomb
Poisoning: itai-itai (ouch-ouch)
Antidote: BAL (British Anti-Lewesite) or (Dimercaprol)
IMPORTANT COMPOUND:
CdCl2
1. emetic
2. treatment of Tinea infection
CdS
Aka: yellow sulfide
Use: anti-seborrheic
CdSO4
Use: ophthalmic antiseptic
Mercury
Aka: Quicksilver, messenger of Gods
1. diuretic
2. antiseptic
3. treatment of syphilis
4. cathartic
5. parasiticidal/fungicidal
Industrial use:
thermometer,
amalgams (dental cement)
Disease: Minamata
Antidote: EDTA
IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS:
Hg2Cl2
Aka: calomel
1. cathartic
2. local aniseptic
HgCl2
Aka: corrosive sublimate
Use: disinfectant
HgI
Use: treatment of syphilis
HgI2
Use: stimulant of indolent ulcers
K2HgI4
1. antiseptic
2. component of Mayer’s reagent
HgNH2Cl
Aka: white precipitate
Use: topical antiseptic
HgO
Aka: yellow precipitate
Use: ophthalmic anti infective
A. Boron
Industrial use: in vulcanizing
rubber
IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS
H3BO3
Aka: sal sativum
Toxicity: lobster appearance
1. buffer (ophthamic soln 2%)
2. antiseptic
3. Tonicity adjusting agent
Na2B4O7 . 10H2O
Aka: Borax, Na tetraborate,
Dobelle’s solution
Use:
1. antiseptic
2. eye wash
3. wet dressing for wounds
B. Al
-Most abundant metal
-3rd most abundant element
Pcol uses:
1. astringent
2. aluminum foils used for
burn patients
IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS:
AlCl3 . 6H2O
1. astringent
2. antiseptic
3. antiperspirant/deodorant
Alum
[AlNH4(SO4)2 . 12H2O] – NH4 salt
[AlK(SO4)2 . 12H2O]- K salt
Used as astringent
Al(OH)3
Aka: amphojel, cremalin gel
1. antacid
2. protectant
Disadvantage: constipation
AlPO4
Aka: phosphagel
Used as antacid, astringent, demulcent
Al2(CO3)3
Use: treatment of phosphatic calculci
Al2O3
Aka: Alumina
Use: treatment of silicosis
Aluminum Silicate
a. Kaolin
aka: china clay, native hydrated
aluminum silicate
use: adsorbent in diarrhea
b. Bentonite
aka: Soap clay, mineral soap, native
colloidal hydrated magnesium
silicate
use: suspending agent
c. Pumice
– volcanic origin and used as dental
abrasive
C. Gallium
- substitute for mercury in
manufacture of arc lamps
A. C
Manifestation:
A. crystalline – graphite, diamond
B. Amorphous – coal, anthracite
IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS
1. CO2
Use: treatment of acne, warts, corns, calluses, Eczema
2. CO3-2
Use: 1. antacid and for effervescent tablets
3. CO -210x greater affinity to hemoglobin than oxygen leading to
asphyxia then death
Treatment:
1. 100% O2
2. Artificial air ( He 80%, O2 20%)
3. Hyperbaric O2
B. Si - 2
nd
most abundant element
IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS
1. SiO2
Toxicity: Silicosis
2. Glass: Na2CO3 + pure silica
3. Kaolin - adsorbent
4. Purified Siliceous Earth –absorbent
5. Bentonite – suspending agent
6. Talc – clarifying agent , dusting agent
7. Attapulgite
Aka: polymagma, diatabs, quintess
Use: adsorbent
8. Simethicone: polymeric dimethyl siloxane
Use: antiflatulent
C. Sn
Aka: stannum
Use: preparation of tin cans
Sources of poisoning:
1. lead pipes
2. paints
3. batteries
IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS
SnF2 – anticariogenic
SnO2
Use: germicide
IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS
Pb(CH3COO)2
Aka: sugar of lead
Use: astringent
D. Pb
Pb2(CH3COO)
Aka: goulard’s extract
Use:
1. astringent
2. antiseptic
Aka: plumbum
1. astringent
2. protein precipitant
Poisoning:Plumbism
Antidote: EDTA
PbO
Common name: LITHARGE
A. Ti
Aka: Titan, Sons of the earth
Use: powerful reducing agent
IMPORTANT COMPOUND:
1. TiO2
Opacifying agent ex: OCUSERT
UV Ray protectant – TiO2 reflects UV
B. Zr
Use: same with Al but banned due to granuloma formation
Former Official Compounds:
1. Oxide
2. CO3
Both used as antiperspirant and for athlete's foot
A. Nitrogen
Aka: Mephitic air, azote,
without life
Most abundant gas in air:
71% N2, 29% O2
IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS:
N2 – very stable
Since stable, used as INERT Atmosphere
for readily
oxidizable substance
LIQ N2 – used as Refrigerant
Container: BLACK
N2O
Aka: Laughing gas
Use: inhalational anesthetic
S/E: diffusion hypoxia
Container: blue
NO2
1. vasodilator
2. for cyanide poisoning
NO3Use: preservative
Aromatic Ammonia spirit
Aka: Spirit of Hartshorn, spirit of
sal volatile
Use: respiratory stimulant
B. P
Aka: Light carrier, St. Elmo’s fire
2 forms:
1. White: poisonous
2. Red: non-poisonus
IMPORTANT COMPOUND:
PO4
Use: Antacid and Cathartic
C. As
Aka: Lewisite metal
Insecticide:
Copper Aceto Arsenate (Paris green)
Antidote: BAL
IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS:
As2O3
Insecticide/ anti-leukemic
AsI3
Use: primary standard in the
preparation of ceric sulfate
D. Sb
E. Bi
Pcol use:
1. expectorant
2. emetic
3. anti-helminthic
Aka: Beautiful Meadow
Pcol action:
1. astringent
2. antiseptic
3. internal protective for ulcer
IMPORTANT COMPOUND:
SbKOC4H4O6
Aka: Tartar emetic, brown
mixture
1. emetic
2. Tx of schistosomiasis
Cause:
1. dark stool
2. blue-black gums
Antidote: BAL/Dimercaprol
 Not
affected by any body fluid, therefore
inert in our body
 Sheet form use in repair of bones, nerve and
tissue
A. O
-
stimulant cathartic
Aka: empyreal air,
dephlogisticated air, “yne”
-
depilatory agent
-
Anti dandruff
-Most abundant element
-Use: treatment of
hypoxia/asphyxia
-Container: green
B. S
C. Se
Aka: Selena, moon
Essential trace element
Promotes absorption of Vit. E
Use: antioxidant
Aka: brimstone, shubari,
enemy of copper
-
Used in preparation of
scabicidal and keratolytic
ointment or lotion
IMPORTANT COMPOUND:
1. SeS2 (Selsun blue)
use: anti-dandruff
A. Chromium
B. Molybdenum
Essential trace element
Glucose tolerance factor
Deficiency: hyperglycemia
Essential trace element
Co-factor enzyme
IMPORTANT COMPOUND:
K2Cr2O7
Use: oxidizing agent
IMPORTANT COMPOUND:
Molybdenum Oxide
+ FeSO4 – use: hematinic
Brand name: MOL-IRON
C. Uranium
-Discovered by Becquerel
-Radioactive element used for
manufacture of atomic bombs
-No pharmaceutical use
A. F
Strongest oxidizing agent
Poisoning: fluorosis
Principal manifestation:
1. mottled enamel
2. abnormal bone growth
IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS
1. NaF
Use: anti cariogenic
at 2% soln
2. SnF2
Use: anti cariogenic
at 8% soln
B. Cl
Aka: Dephlogisticated muriatic
acid
Most abundant extracellular
anion
Used as water disinfectant
IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS:
1. Hypochlorite (Na, K)
Use: bleaching agent
2. HCl
Use: treatment of
achlorhydria
C. Br
D. I
- Dark reddish brown fuming
liquid with suffocating odor
-expectorant
-anti fungal
-action: sedative/ depressant
-Deficiency: goiter
-Poisoning: bromism
-Principal manifestation:
1. skin eruption
2. psychosis
3. weakness
4. headache
-Elemental Iodine preparation:
Antidote: NaCl and NH4Cl
-Only metallic
-Only synthetic halogen
-Only radioactive halogen
1. Strong Iodine soln aka:
Lugol’s soln
2. Iodine Tincture – disinfectant
3. Povidone-Iodine - BETADINE
E. At
A. Mn
B. Tc
Co-factor in:
-1st element produced artificially
-Used in preparation of
radiopharmaceuticals
1. protein synthesis
2. phosphorylation
3.fatty acid and cholesterol
synthesis
Poisoning: Parkinson -like
IMPORTANT COMPOUND:
1. KMnO4
Aka: mineral chameleon
Use:
1. oxidizing agent
2. antiseptic
A. He
-2nd lightest gas
-Toxicity (inhalation):
donald duck-like sound
-Container: brown
B. Ne
For advertising
C. Ar
Most abundant noble gas
Substitute for N2 in providing
inert atmosphere.
D. Kr
Least abundant of all noble gas
Have inhalational anesthetic
activity
E. Xe
Investigational with
inhalational anesthetic activity
F. Rn
Aka: niton
Synthetic noble gas
Used for treatment of CA
(Cervical CA)
Present In proteins:
Hemoglobin
Transferrin
Ferritin
Cytochrome oxidase
Enhance absorption of
 Vit. C
 Copper
Use: hematinic
Toxicity:
1. GIT distress
2. cardiac collapse
Antidote: Deferroxamine
IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS:
FesO4
Aka: green vitriol
Use: hematinic
S/E: constipation
Ferrous gluconate
Brand name: FERGON
adv: less irritating
Ferrous fumarate
Brand name: TOLERON
FeCO3
Aka: chalybeate pills, ferrunginous pills
Use: hematinic
FeCl3
Use:
1. astringent
2. styptic
3. detection of tannins
Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3
Ferric ferrocyanide or prussian blue
Fe3[Fe(CN)6]2
Ferrous ferricyanide or turnbull’s blue
Please
MEMORIZE by
HEART 
I know you
can!
Cobalt
Osmium
Essential in development of
erythrocyte and hemoglobin
Component of vit B12
Defeciency: megaloblastic anemia
Heaviest/ densest metal
IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS
CoCl2
Aka: lover’s ink, sympathetic ink
Use: desiccator indicator
Nickel
Aka: old nick’s copper
Fossil fuel
IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS
1. Osmic acid
2. Osmium tetroxide
- Both used in staining microorganism
for microscopic study especially in
electron microscopy
Platinum & Palladium
Catalyst in finely divided steel
I’m sure that everyone who listened
attentively would pass the board
exam 
YES. REALLY. I AM SURE.