Define the following terms 1. Genetic engineering 2. Vector 3. Biotechnology 4. Transgenic organisms 5. Gene pool 6. Herbicides 7. Pesticides 8. Bt toxins 9. Golden rice 10. In breeding 11. Importance of inoculation 12. Tissue culture 13. Agar medium 14. Explants 15. How to use fermenter 16. Selective breeding Selective breeding Genetic engineering 1a. What is a gene? (1 mark) ____________________________________________________ ______ 1b. Where do you find genes? (1 mark) ____________________________________________________ ______ 1c. What is a gamete? (1 mark) ____________________________________________________ 2. Raspberries are able to produce many plants from one parent plant. a) Producing new plants from one parent is called? (Choose one) i) asexual reproduction ii) Sexual reproduction iii) Genetic engineering. (1 mark) b) The advantage will be that the raspberries will? (Choose one) i) Be bigger ii) All taste better iii) All taste the same (1 mark) 3. Explain the process of sexual reproduction. ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ________________________ (3 marks) 4. Tissue culture techniques mean that 50,000 new raspberry plants can be cloned from one plant. How is tissue culture different than taking cuttings? ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ __________________ (2 marks) 5. Cloning embryos from the best bred cows means that they can be genetically responsible for 30 or more calves every year, instead of two or three. What are the steps involved in cloning cows from an embryo? ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ __________________________________________ (5 marks) 6. Human growth is usually controlled by growth hormone produced by the pituitary gland in the brain, if you don’t produce enough hormones you don’t grow properly and remain very small. This condition affects 1 in 5000 children. Until recently the only way to get growth hormone was from the pituitary glands of dead bodies. Genetically engineered bacteria can now make pure growth hormone. a) Explain the steps involved in taking the gene for human growth hormone and putting it into a bacterial cell. (5 marks) ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ __________________________________________ b) What are the advantages of making human growth hormone this way rather than from dead bodies? ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________ (1 mark) 7. In 2003 two horses called Idaho Star and Idaho Gem were born in America. They were genetically identical clones, born to two different mothers of another famous racehorse, Idaho River. Both seemed very healthy. They were separated and sent to different stables and grew up in different stables and received different training. Idaho Gem has been a lot more successful than his cloned brother Idaho Star, winning several races against horses bred in the usual way. a) Explain the steps involved in taking cells from Idaho River and creating a clone. ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________ (5 marks) b) What reasons might there be for Idaho Gem being more successful than his Idaho Star, even though they are genetically identical? ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________ (1 marks) c) Cloning horses this way is an example of asexual reproduction, explain why this is. ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________ (1 mark) Total = 28 marks A* = (25-28) A = (22-24) B = (20-21) C (17-19) D = (14-16) E = (11-13) F= (8-10) U = (0-7)