A TIMELINE OF MAJOR EVENTS IN U.S. HISTORY PEOPLING OF THE AMERICAS - THE CONSTITUTION 40,000 BCE – 1500 CE: The peopling of the Americas 1492: - Christopher Columbus lands on the Caribbean island of Hispaniola - Three way cultural exchange begins (Europe, Africa, Americas) 1503: Importation of African chattel slaves to the Americas begins 1506: South and Central America as well as most of Western North America under Spanish rule 1530s: Martin Luther and the Protestant Reformation 1585-1586: British colony of Roanoke (in North Carolina) established and fails 1607: Jamestown Colony founded in Virginia (joint-stock company) to “get rich quick” 1619: - Tobacco cultivation begins in Jamestown - First African slaves arrive in Jamestown; 3 of 4 arrivals were indentured servants - House of Burgesses established in Virginia 1620: - Pilgrims land in Massachusetts and establish Plymouth Colony - Separatists: wanted an Anglican utopia; signed the Mayflower Compact (inspired by Locke) 1621: - Limits placed on tobacco exportation and sale allowed only within colonies and to England - In principle, the first Navigation Act (though technically not classified within that group of laws) - Tobacco prices drop 1629: Puritans (non-separatists) establish Massachusetts Bay Colony which thrives 1632: Maryland founded by Lord Baltimore as a haven for Catholics 1636: - Rhode Island founded by Roger Williams after he was exiled from Massachusetts Bay - Complete separation of Church and State 1637: Pequot War: Puritans fight with Pequot in God’s name; virtually wipe them out/take land 1639: Anne Hutchinson is kicked out of New England for teaching her own interpretation of the Bible which “undermined the leaders of the colony” 1660: Navigation Acts begin (first list of Enumerated Goods) 1663: The Staple Act (part of Navigation Acts): all goods going into or out of colonies must first go through England and pay a high tax; economically isolates the colonies 1674-1677: - Bacon’s Rebellion (The Virginia Rebellion) - Poor inland planters/farmers revolting to demand representation, land, and protection from Native Americans; Jamestown burned to the ground - Partially a result of mercantilism (which drove tobacco prices down) 1681: Pennsylvania founded by William Penn as a refuge for pacifist Quakers 1688: Glorious Revolution (Britain) ends monarchical absolutism and gives Protestants control of parliament Early 1700s: Transition from indentured servitude to slavery in the Chesapeake 1700-1750: ~ 1715-1750: - Salutary Neglect: Navigation Acts essentially ignored - 1733: Tax on non-British molasses (rarely enforced because of Salutary Neglect) ~ 1730-1750: - First Great Awakening - Religious revival reacting to Puritan rigidity - Christianity taught to slaves 1750: 13 colonies are relatively stable 1756-1763: Seven Years’ War (French and Indian War) 1763: Proclamation of 1763: all land west of Appalachians reserved for Native Americans 1764: - Sugar Act: Taxed molasses, sugar, and coffee imported to the colonies to help pay for the war - Currency Act: Colonies prohibited from issuing paper money; colonial script became worthless; left people broke 1765: - Stamp Act: Tax on all printed goods; colonists respond violently/force repeal: “taxation w/out representation is tyranny” - Quartering Act: Colonists must house and supply soldiers sent to keep them in line 1766: - Stamp Act repealed; leads to the Declaratory Act - Declaratory Act: Declared Parliament’s unquestionable right to tax the colonies as it pleased 1767: Townshend Acts: Import tax on common products; smugglers brought them in duty free with help from Sons of Liberty 1770: Boston Massacre 1773: Tea Act: Passed to save the BEIC from bankruptcy; seen as a threat to colonial economic liberties (tea prices do not rise dramatically); Boston Tea Party 1774: - Coercive (Intolerable) Acts: Closed the Port of Boston and began martial law; threatened colonial self government - Committees of Correspondence formed to help improve internal colonial communication; unified resistance to British - 1st Continental Congress 1775: - Lexington and Concord: “shot heard ‘round the world” begins Revolutionary War - 2nd Continental Congress begins 1776: - January 10th: Thomas Paine’s Common Sense published - July 4th: Declaration of Independence issued by the 2nd Continental Congress 1777: - Battle of Saratoga: Colonial victory leads to French support (Treaty of 1778) - Articles of Confederation adopted by 2nd Continental Congress 1781: Battle of Yorktown: Last battle (Colonial victory) 1783: Treaty of Paris ends war 1786: Shays’ Rebellion: Poor farmers fight with MA legislature; convinces many that the Articles of Confederation need replaced 1787: - Northwest Ordinance establishes a policy/plan for settling western land - Constitutional Convention begins - Great Compromise - 3/5ths Compromise - Federalism - Bill of Rights 1791: Constitution Ratified THE EARLY REPUBLIC 1789: George Washington elected president - Alexander Hamilton (Federalist) named Secretary of Treasury - Thomas Jefferson (Democratic-Republican/Republican) named Secretary of State 1790: Reports on Public Credit introduce Hamilton’s plan for the new nation PRESIDENTS George Washington 1789-1797 (No Party) 1791: - Whiskey Tax - Protective Tariffs 1793: - Washington’s Proclamation of Neutrality - Citizen Genêt - Cotton Gin invented by Eli Whitney; demands for slaves increases and slavery moves West 1794: Whiskey Rebellion (poor farmers protesting Whiskey Tax) 1795: Jay’s Treaty (attempt to improve relations with Britain; solves nothing) 1796: 1797: -Treaty of San Lorenzo (Pinckney’s Treaty) - George Washington warns against the evils of political parties and involvement abroad XYZ Affair - Federalists want immediate declaration of war - Republicans are in disarray - Congress repeals Treaty of 1778 and ends alliance with France 1798: - Alien and Sedition Acts - Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions (first test of the idea of nullification) 1800~1830: The Second Great Awakening: Republican ideology is fused with religiosity (C. Finney) 1800~1900: Romanticism 1830~1900: Transcendentalism 1800: - The “Revolution of 1800” (ultimately leads to the demise of the Federalist Party) - Gabriel Prosser leads the first significant slave revolt in the U.S. in Virginia 1801: - Midnight Appointments - Marshall Court Begins (1801-1835) John Adams 1797-1801 (Federalist) 1803: - Marbury v. Madison establishes judicial review - Louisiana Purchase ($15 million) 1804: Laws in all Northern states have outlawed slavery 1806: Non-Importation Act: No British goods could be imported if they were available elsewhere Thomas Jefferson 1801-1809 (Jeffersonian Republican) 1807: - Leopard and the Chesapeake Incident - Embargo Act - Forbids American vessels from sailing to foreign ports - CT governor resists law claiming it is unjust (nullification) 1808: Congress outlaws the external slave trade; price of slaves increases 1809: Embargo Act repealed 1810: Macon’s Bill No.2 authorized the president to reopen trade with France and Britain 1811: Charter of the First National Bank expires James Madison 1809-1817 (DemocraticRepublican) 1812-1814: War of 1812 - Mostly affects New Englanders - Hartford Convention (December) - New England states discuss secession but nothing comes of it - Federalist Party collapses; Democratic-Republicans are the only remaining party - Treaty of Ghent (December 24th) ends the war but solves nothing 1815: Battle of New Orleans (January 8th) makes Andrew Jackson a national hero 1816: - Second National Bank chartered - Protective Tariff (first in U.S. history) THE ERA OF GOOD FEELING (1815-1824) 1817: Rapid industrialization ushers in the “Era of Good Feeling” 1818: British cession establishes U.S.-Canada Border at 49th Parallel 1819: - McCulloch v. Maryland sets the precedent for use of Necessary and Proper (Elastic) Clause - Spanish Cession (Adams-Onis Treaty) trades FL to U.S. for part of modern TX 1820: Missouri Compromise: Highlights developing sectional conflict 1822: Denmark Vessey plans a slave revolt in SC; the escapees planned to go to Haiti; fails 1823: Monroe Doctrine 1824: - Democratic-Republicans fracture into four factions - “Corrupt Bargain” leads to John Quincy Adams’ election James Monroe 1817-1825 (DemocraticRepublican) 1825-1829: - The American System - Protective Tariff (1828 – Tariff of Abomination) - Second National Bank - Infrastructure Improvements 1828: - Andrew Jackson (Democrat) runs against JQA (National Republican): Smear campaign - Jackson, for the first time, appeals directly to the common man and wins handily John Quincy Adams 1825-1829 (DemocraticRepublican) JACKSONIAN DEMOCRACY 1829-1832: - National Republican Party (1828-1833) becomes the Whig Party (1833-1856) - Reform goals become temperance, abolition, public education - Run Henry Clay against Jackson in 1831 Andrew Jackson 1829-1837 (Democrat) 1830-1865: Slavery transitions from a “necessary evil” to a “positive good” 1831: Nat Turner’s slave revolt in Virginia; 55 whites killed; masters begin to crack down 1832-1836: - Jackson re-elected; furthers “Jacksonian Democracy” policies: “King Andrew” - Majority Rule, Limited Government, People v. Aristocracy, Veto Power - Rotation in Office - Tariff of “Abominations” (passed 1828) - Nullification Crisis (1832) - VP Calhoun supports South Carolina, not Jackson, and resigns - Compromise Tariff (1833) ends immediate threat but leave nullification Qs - Indian Policy - Worcester v. Georgia (1832) - Jackson ignores court decision: “Trail of Tears” - Jackson vetoes internal improvement bills; end of The American System - 2nd National Bank: charter renewal vetoed (bank ends in 1836) - Specie Circular (Currency Act) 1836: - Texas gains its independence from Mexico - The “Gag Rule”: No discussion of anti-slavery topics in Congress 1837: Panic of 1837 (inherited by Martin Van Buren aka “Van Ruin”) THE IMMEDIATE ANTEBELLUM PERIOD 1837: Van Buren rejects Texas’ request to join the U.S. 1839: Mormon Migration to Utah begins 1840: Liberty Party forms (1840-1848) Martin Van Buren 1837-1841 (Democrat) 1837-1841: Van Buren tries to deal with the economic situation 1841: Harrison dies of viral pneumonia 1845: Tyler pushes for annexation of Texas William Henry Harrison 3/4/1841- 4/4/1841 (Whig) John Tyler 4/4/1841-1845 (Whig) 1845: Texas annexation approved; territory added as a slave state 1846: James K. Polk 1845-1849 (Democrat) - Oregon Territory added to U.S. (“54 ° 40’ or Fight”); border set at 49th Parallel as in 1818 - Wilmot Proviso introduced (no slavery in new territory); inflamed sectionalism; rejected 1846-1848: Mexican-American War: Brings Zachary Taylor into the public eye 1848: - Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (Mexican cession) - Free Soil Party formed (1848-1854) - Seneca Falls Convention 1849: Know-Nothing (American) Party formed (1849-1860) 1850: July 9th: Taylor dies of acute gastroenteritis Zachary Taylor 1849-7/9/1850 (Whig) - Compromise of 1850 - Strict Fugitive Slave Law passed Millard Filmore 7/9/1850-1853 (Whig) 1850: 1853: Gadsden Purchase completes continental U.S. 1854: Franklin Pierce 1853-1857 (Democrat) - Charles Sumner attacked by Preston Brooks while Senate was debating Kansas-Nebraska - Kansas-Nebraska Act passed; begins policy of “popular sovereignty” on slavery - Bleeding Kansas - Republican Party forms 1857: - Dred Scott Decision - Blacks are not citizens - Congress cannot regulate slavery in the territories - Abolitionist Movement expands 1858 Lincoln-Douglas Debates 1859: John Brown’s Raid 1860: - Cotton represents half of all American exports - Abraham Lincoln elected - December 20th: South Carolina is the first state to secede; blockade of Ft. Sumter begins - During January and February MS, FL, AL, GA, LA, TX all secede James Buchanan 1857-1861 (Democrat) CIVIL WAR AND RECONSTRUCTION 1861: - March 11th: Confederate Constitution ratified - Between April and June VA, AR, NC, TN seceded; slave states MO, KY, MD, DE do not - April 10th – 14th: Ft. Sumter Crisis and the first shots of the Civil War - May: Ex parte Merryman – only Congress may suspend habeas corpus, not the president - July 21st: Battle of Bull Run, VA Abraham Lincoln 1861-4/15/1865 (Republican) 1862: - April 6th & 7th: Battle of Shiloh, TN - September 17th: Battle of Antietam, MD - September 22nd: Preliminary Emancipation Proclamation - Homestead Act 1863: - January 1st: Emancipation Proclamation goes into effect; focus of war shifts - May & July: Battle of Vicksburg, MS - July 1st – 3rd: Battle of Gettysburg, PA - November 19th: Lincoln gives the Gettysburg Address 1864: - November 15th – December 22nd: Sherman’s March to the Sea, GA 1865: - March: Reconstruction begins - Freedman’s Bureau established; 10% Plan - April 12th: Lee surrenders to Grant at Appomattox Courthouse - April 15th: Lincoln assassinated 1865: - Continuation of Lincoln’s Reconstruction - 13th Amendment ratified: no slavery 1866: - Ex parte Milligan – the president can suspend habeas corpus, but citizens can only be held without charges, not tried by military tribunals (courts) - Black Codes instituted in the South - Sharecropping begins - Freedman’s Bureau renewed (over Johnson veto) - Civil Rights Act passed (over Johnson veto) - Ku Klux Klan formed 1867: - Veto Proof Congress (elected in 1866) begins Congressional “Radical” Reconstruction - Reconstruction Act passed (over Johnson veto) - Tenure of Office Act passed; impeachment begins - Freedman’s Bureau ends (lack of funding) - Native Americans labeled “traitors” for supporting the Confederacy; treaties nullified 1867-1880s: The Grange Movement 1868: - 14th Amendment ratified: citizenship and equal protection for blacks - Impeachment fails - Ft. Laramie Treaty signed between U.S. Government and the Lakota-Sioux - Sheridan’s Campaign (wipe out Native Americans who were off reservation land) Andrew Johnson 1865-1869 (No Party Affiliation) 1869: - Transcontinental Railroad completed - Knights of Labor formed - Wyoming grants women suffrage Ulysses S. Grant 1869-1877 (Republican) 1870: - 15th Amendment ratified: voting rights for black males - Enforcement Act and the Force Acts 1871: - KKK Act - U.S. Gov. assumes full control of Reservation administration 1872: Susan B. Anthony arrested for illegally voting 1873: Populist Party established 1874: Women’s Christian Temperance Union founded 1875: - Mississippi Plan - Specie Resumption Act - Gold discovered in the Black Hills 1876: - Compromise of 1876 (Hayes/Tilden Election) - Reconstruction ends - Battle of Little Bighorn (Custer’s Last Stand) 1876-1889: National Farmers’ Alliance THE GILDED AGE 1878-1884: Greenback Labor Party 1880: Rutherford B. Hayes 1877-1881 (Republican) - Prior to, 85% of immigrants came from Northern and Western Europe - 1880-1920 most immigrants come from Eastern and Southern Europe This box should be empty...poor James Garfield. 1882: James Garfield 3/5/1881-9/19/1881 (Republican) - Chinese Exclusion Act - Triple Alliance (Austria-Hungary, Germany, Italy) Chester A. Arthur 9/19/1881-1885 (Republican) - American Federation of Labor formed by Samuel Gompers - Haymarket Riot Grover Cleveland 1885-1889 (Democrat) 1886: 1887: - Interstate Commerce Commission Created - Dawes Severalty Act 1889-1908: The Populist Party 1890: - Ellis Island opens in NY - Sherman Anti-Trust Act - Ghost Dance Begins - December 27th: Sitting Bull killed - December 29th: Wounded Knee Massacre 1892: Homestead Strike 1894: Pullman Strike 1896: Plessy v. Ferguson establishes “separate but equal” 1898: - U.S.S. Maine sinks - Yellow Journalism - Teller Amendment - Spanish-American War - Filipino rebellion against U.S. begins 1899: Treaty of Paris (Guam, Puerto Rico, Cuba, Philippines sold to U.S. for $20 million) 1900: Open Door Policy established in China Benjamin Harrison 1889-1893 (Republican) Grover Cleveland 1893-1897 (Democrat) William McKinley 1897-9/14/1901 (Republican) 1901: - Filipinos lose rebellion against U.S. rule - September 14th: McKinley assassinated by Leon Czolgosz 1901: “Big Stick” foreign policy begins 1902: Cuban “Independence” and the Platt Amendment 1903: Panama Canal construction begins (“A Man, A Plan, A Canal, Panama”) 1904: Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine 1904-1905: Russo-Japanese War (Peace negotiated by TR) 1905: IWW (Wobblies) founded (1905-1917) 1906: - The Jungle by Upton Sinclair published - Meat Inspection Act - Pure Food and Drug Act - Food and Drug Administration (FDA) created 1907-1909: “Great White Fleet” sails the world 1907: - Gentleman’s Agreement - Triple Entente (France, Russia, Britain) 1908: - Root-Takahira Agreement - Model-T introduced Theodore Roosevelt 9/14/1901-1909 (Republican) 1909: - NAACP founded by W.E.B. Du Bois - “Dollar Diplomacy” begins 1910: Angel Island opens in San Francisco 1911: Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire 1912: Progressive (Bull Moose) Party founded by TR 1913: - 17th Amendment: Direct election of Senators - New Freedom polices begin William H. Taft 1909-1913 (Republican) Woodrow Wilson 1913-1921 (Democrat) THE WWI ERA 1914: Franz Ferdinand is assassinated; WWI begins 1915: Lusitania sunk by German U-Boat; 128 Americans killed 1916: Wilson campaigns for reelection on promises of neutrality 1916-1924: U.S. occupation of the Dominican Republic 1917: - Unrestricted submarine warfare resumes - Zimmerman Telegram - Russian Revolution - Wilson asks Congress for a declaration of war against the Central Powers - Espionage and Sedition Acts - Selective Service Act - War Revenue Act - Food Administration - War Industries Board (IWW wiped out; AFL membership increase dramatically) 1918: Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (Soviet separate peace) 1919: - Treaty of Versailles signed (not ratified in U.S.) - 18th Amendment: Prohibition (negated in 1933) THE ROARING 20S 1920s: - Great Migration and Harlem Renaissance - The “New Klan” begins (greatest strength from 1922-1928) - Palmer Raids and the Red Scare 1920: 19th Amendment: Women’s Suffrage 1921: - “Return To Normalcy” - Sacco and Vanzetti 1923: - Federal Highway Act (Route 66) - Teapot Dome Scandal - Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) first proposed - Harding dies (probably of pneumonia or a heart attack) Warren G. Harding 1921-1923 (Republican) 1923-29: - Economy prospers; tax policies of Andrew Mellon; supply side economic - Increased speculation on the stock market and buying on margin Calvin Coolidge 1923-1929 (Republican) 1925: - Scopes Monkey Trial - Dawes Plan implemented to aid Germany 1928: Kellogg-Briand Peace Pact THE GREAT DEPRESSION 1929: - October 29th: Black Tuesday - Agricultural Marketing Act 1930: Hawley-Smoot Tariff 1932: - Reconstruction Finance Corporation - Emergency Relief Act - The Bonus Army - Roosevelt campaigns for president on the promise of the Three Rs (relief, recovery, reform) 1932-1939: The Dust Bowl and Okie Migration Herbert Hoover 1929-1933 (Republican) 1933: - The first Fireside Chat - Roosevelt pushes through 15 pieces of legislation during “The First 100 Days” 1933-1935: The First New Deal 1935: Neutrality Acts (“Cash and Carry”) 1935-1936: The Second New Deal 1937-1938: The Third New Deal Franklin D. Roosevelt 1933-4/12/1945 (Democrat) THE WORLD WAR II ERA 1939: (FDR Continued) Hitler invades Poland: WWII begins 1940: - FDR runs for reelection on the promise of keeping the U.S. out of the war - Fall of France - Selective Service Act (first peacetime draft) - Angel Island closes 1941: - “Four Freedoms” speech - “Lend-Lease” begins - The Atlantic Charter - December 7th: Pearl Harbor - December 8th: “Date Which Will Live In Infamy” speech; U.S. declares war 1942: - Manhattan Project begins - War Productions Board established - Japanese Internment begins with Executive Order 9066 (ends in 1945) 1944: Operation Overlord (D-Day) 1945: - Japanese Internment ends - Yalta Conference - Division of Germany and Berlin agreed on in principle - Soviet commitment to the U.N. provided guarantee of Security Council veto power - Korea divided at 38th Parallel - Roosevelt dies April 12th 1945: - Hitler commits suicide - U.N. Charter is drafted - May 8th: VE-Day - Trinity A-Bomb Test - Potsdam Conference - Soviet control of Poland - Formal division of Germany - August 6th: “Little Boy” dropped on Hiroshima - August 9th: “Fat Man” dropped on Nagasaki - August 15th: VJ-Day - September 2nd: Ho Chi Minh declares Vietnam independent of French rule Harry S. Truman 4/12/1945-1953 (Democrat) THE COLD WAR 1946: - The GI Bill - Iron Curtain Speech (Winston Churchill) - The “Long Telegram” and the “X-Article”: Containment Policy begins 1947: - Truman Doctrine - National Security Act (creates the CIA) 1947-1951: Marshall Plan 1948: - Alger Hiss Trial - Desegregation of the military (Executive Order 9981) 1948-1949: Berlin blockade and airlift 1949: - China falls to Communism - U.S.S.R. tests an A-Bomb - NATO formed - Levittowns begin 1950: - Ho Chi Minh allies himself with the U.S.S.R. and China - North Korea (Soviet backed) invades South Korea - U.S. forces sent to South Korea - U.N. condemns the North Korean invasion and votes to support South Korea - U.S. forces bomb bridges on the Yalu river; China is drawn in to the war - Gen. Douglas MacArthur fired - NSC-68 - Joe McCarthy elected on an anti-Communism platform; McCarthyism begins - Julius and Ethyl Rosenberg trial 1951: Peace negotiations begin regarding Korea 1952: - Treaty of San Francisco ends military occupation of Japan - U.S. tests the first Hydrogen Bomb (Truman Continued) 1953: - Geneva Accords - Korean cease fire declared; DMZ established at the 38th Parallel - Vietnam cease fire declared; elections scheduled for 1956 - Stalin dies; replaced by Khrushchev - Soviets test H-Bomb - Massive Retaliation/Mutually Assured Destruction - Operation Ajax (Iran) 1954: - Pledge of Allegiance changed to include the words “under God” - McCarthy accuses the Army of harboring Communists on TV; he is censured by the Senate - Ellis Island closes - CIA involvement in Guatemala - U.S. involvement in Laos and South Vietnam begins - Brown v. Board of Education ends school segregation - Battle of Dien Bien Phu; end of French involvement in Vietnam - Geneva Accords: Vietnam divided at 17th parallel; unification and free elections in 1956 1955: - Murder of Emmett Till - U.S. installs Ngo Dinh Diem as president of South Vietnam 1955-66: - Montgomery Bus Boycott - “In God We Trust” becomes official U.S. motto 1956: - White-collar jobs outnumber blue-collar jobs - Interstate Highway Act - Diem (under U.S. advisement) cancels elections in South Vietnam 1957: - U.S.S.R. tests the first ICBM - Sputnik - U.S. involvement in Indonesia - Little Rock Crisis (Central HS integration) - SCLC founded by MLK Jr. 1958: NASA created 1959: - Fidel Castro assumes control of Cuba - The Kitchen Debate 1960: - Nixon-Kennedy Television Debates - Greensboro Sit-ins - SNCC founded - National Liberation Front (Viet Cong) founded in South Vietnam 1960-1961: - U.S. involvement in the Dominican Republic - U.S. involvement in Zaire (Congo) 1961: Eisenhower warns against the power of the Military-Industrial Complex Dwight D. Eisenhower 1953-1961 (Republican) 1961: Freedom Rides 1961: John F. Kennedy 1961-11/22/1963 (Democrat) - Bay of Pigs Invasion (Cuba) - Operation Mongoose (Cuba); lasts until the Cuban Missile Crisis - Berlin Wall construction begins - New Frontier domestic policies begin - Peace Corps 1962: Cuban Missile Crisis 1963: - Partial Test Ban Treaty - March on Birmingham - March on Washington - Cesar Chavez founds the United Farm Workers (UFW) - Betty Friedan’s Feminine Mystique published - Diem overthrown and assassinated by U.S. backed South Vietnamese military - November 22nd: Kennedy Assassination 1963: - Great Society domestic policies begin - 24th Amendment (bans the poll tax) 1964: - Economic Opportunity Act - Freedom Summer - Civil Rights Act - Gulf of Tonkin Resolution 1965: - March on Selma - Malcolm X assassinated - Voting Rights Act - Watts Riots - Operation Rolling Thunder 1966: - Black Panthers founded - National Organization for Women (NOW) founded by Betty Friedan 1967: Detroit Race Riots 1968: - Kerner Report - Martin Luther King, Jr. assassinated - Black Power Salute at the Olympics - Tet Offensive Lyndon B. Johnson 11/22/1963-1969 (Democrat) 1969: - U.S. Moon Landing - Stonewall Riots - Native Americans seize Alcatraz - Secret bombing of Cambodia begins - My Lai Massacre - Draft Lottery begins - Anti-Vietnam War demonstrations in full force Richard M. Nixon 1969-8/9/1974 (Republican) 1970: - Kent State Massacre - Vietnamization 1971: - Native American occupation of Alcatraz ends - Pentagon Papers released - SALT I - Ping Pong Diplomacy 1972: - Watergate Break Ins (CREEP) - Nixon visits China to normalize diplomatic relations 1973: - Last vote on the ERA - Last U.S. troops leave Vietnam - War Powers Resolution proposed 1974: - Nixon resigns; pardoned by Ford - War Powers Act ratified; ends of Gulf of Tonkin Resolustion 1975: - Last Americans evacuate Saigon; all U.S. support withdrawn - Helsinki Accords ease Cold War tensions (détente) - Ford visits China - Ford attends the inaugural meeting of the G8 (G5 at the time) 1978: Camp David Accords 1979: SALT II 1979-1981: Iran hostage crisis 1980: U.S. boycotts Moscow Olympics Gerald Ford 8/9/1974-1977 (Republican) Jimmy Carter 1977-1981 (Democrat) 1981: - “Reaganomics” - Large tax cuts, moderate deregulation, robust job creation, inflation reduction - Caused increased budget deficit 1982: Ronald Reagan 1981-1989 (Republican) Vietnam Veterans Memorial built in Washington D.C. 1983: - Reagan uses the term “Evil Empire” to describe the U.S.S.R.; end of détente - Invasion of Grenada 1984: U.S.S.R. boycotts Los Angeles Olympics 1986: - Iran-Contra Affair - War on Drugs (“Just Say No”) 1987: “Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this wall!” 1988: - Reagan states the U.S.S.R. is no longer an “Evil Empire” - Reagan issues a formal apology for Japanese Internment 1989: - U.S. invasion of Panama to depose Manuel Noriega - Discussions begin about NAFTA 1990: Berlin Wall is torn down 1991: U.S.S.R. collapses THE LAST 30 YEARS George H. W. Bush 1989-1993 (Republican) 1990-1991: Gulf War 1993: - NAFTA signed - “Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell” becomes official military policy 1995: Oklahoma City Federal Building bombing 1998: Clinton impeached by House of Representatives Bill Clinton 1993-2001 (Democrat) 1999: - Kosovo Conflict (NATO operation) - Clinton acquitted of impeachment charges (perjury and obstruction of justice) 2001: - 9/11 Attacks - USA PATRIOT Act - War on Terror begins: Invasion of Afghanistan (October) 2002: No Child Left Behind (NCLB) 2003: - Invasion of Iraq - “ Mission Accomplished” Speech 2005: Hurricane Katrina George W. Bush 2001-Present (Republican)