Add to collection(s) Add to saved
  1. No category
Uploaded by GAPOSA Electrical

basic workshop practice note ms word compressed

advertisement 
NAME: .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
..
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
MEASURI
NGANDTESTI
NG
TESTI
NG
Thi
si
sapr
ocessofdet
er
mi
ni
ngei
t
heroneoral
l
oft
hef
ol
l
owi
ngphy
si
cal
,
mechani
cal
and/chemi
cal
char
act
er
i
st
i
csandpr
oper
t
i
esofamat
er
i
al
ormat
t
er
.
Forexampl
ei
nmet
al
s,
pr
oper
t
i
essuchas
1.St
r
engt
h
2.El
ast
i
ci
t
y
3.St
i
f
f
ness
4.Pl
ast
i
ci
t
y
5.Duct
i
l
i
t
y
6.Mal
l
eabi
l
i
t
y
7.Br
i
t
t
l
eness
8.Toughness
9.Har
dness
10.Fat
i
gue,
et
c.
Ar
edet
er
mi
nedt
hr
ought
est
scar
r
i
edoutonapar
t
i
cul
armet
al
.
MEASURI
NG
Thi
si
st
hepr
ocessi
ndet
er
mi
ni
ngt
hequant
i
t
y
,
v
ol
ume,
l
engt
h,
wei
ght
,
r
esi
st
ance,
et
c.ofasubst
ance.
I
tcoul
dbedonei
ncal
i
br
at
eduni
tmachi
nesorequi
pment
s.Thi
sequi
pmentort
ool
coul
dbe;
v
er
ni
ercal
i
per
,
mi
cr
omet
erscr
ewgauge,
l
i
nearst
eel
r
ul
e,
v
ol
t
met
er
,
ammet
er
,
wei
ghbal
anceet
c.whi
chcanber
eadby
di
r
ectobser
v
at
i
onandt
henr
el
at
edt
ot
hest
andar
d.
MI
CROMETERSCREW GUAGE
Thi
si
sapr
eci
semeasur
i
ngi
nst
r
umentandi
sofv
ar
i
oust
y
pessuchas;
1.Out
si
demi
cr
omet
er
2.I
nsi
demi
cr
omet
er
3.Scr
ewt
hr
eadmi
cr
omet
er
4.Dept
hgaugemi
cr
omet
er
Forourst
udyweshal
l
consi
dert
heOut
si
deMi
cr
omet
er
Fi
g.MI
CROMETER
SCREW GAUGE
1
NAME: .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
..
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
I
ti
smai
nl
yusedt
omeasur
et
heout
si
dedi
amet
erofaj
oborl
engt
hofasmal
l
par
t
,
i
tcanmeasur
et
he
di
mensi
onst
oanaccur
acyof0.
01mm.
Themai
npar
t
sar
e;
1.Fr
ame-i
tmaybeushapedorcshaped,
i
nor
dert
oper
mi
tmeasur
ementofacy
l
i
nderofdi
amet
erequal
s
t
ot
her
angeofmi
cr
omet
er
.I
ti
smadeofst
eel
,
casti
r
onorl
i
ghtal
l
oy
.Theuseofl
i
ghtal
l
oyi
smadef
orsi
zes
ov
er300mm i
nor
dert
of
aci
l
i
t
at
et
hehandl
i
ngofl
ar
gemi
cr
omet
er
s.
2.TheAnv
i
l
andSpi
ndl
e-t
heanv
i
l
oft
hemi
cr
omet
eri
sf
i
xedandi
ti
sont
hel
ef
thandsi
deoft
hef
r
ame.I
t
shoul
dpr
ot
r
udeatl
east3mm f
r
om t
hemai
nf
r
amei
nor
dert
oper
mi
tt
heat
t
achmentofameasur
i
ngwi
r
e
suppor
t
.
Ther
ei
sscr
ewedspi
ndl
eont
her
i
ghthandsi
deoft
hef
r
ameandhav
et
hr
eadsof0.
5mm pi
t
ch.Theanv
i
l
andspi
ndl
ear
egener
al
l
ymadeofhi
ghgr
adet
ool
st
eel
.I
nsomecases,
t
hemeasur
i
ngf
acesoft
heanv
i
l
and
spi
ndl
ear
et
i
ppedwi
t
ht
ungst
encar
bi
deorsomeot
hersui
t
abl
emat
er
i
al
.Thedi
amet
eroft
heanv
i
l
and
spi
ndl
eshoul
dbeequal
.
3)Spi
ndl
eCl
amporLockNut-Al
ocknuti
spr
ov
i
dedont
hemi
cr
omet
ert
ol
ockt
hespi
ndl
ewhent
he
mi
cr
omet
eri
sati
t
smaxi
mum r
eadi
ng.
4)Bar
r
el
andThi
mbl
e-t
hebar
r
el
andt
hi
mbl
esl
eev
e)hasorr
ef
er
encel
i
neandf
i
xedgr
aduat
i
ons.The
t
hi
mbl
ei
sa.
.
.
.
.cov
erf
ast
enedwi
t
ht
hespi
ndl
eandmov
eswi
t
ht
hespi
ndl
e.Thebev
el
edgeoft
het
hi
mbl
ei
s
deci
dedi
nt
o50equal
par
t
sandev
er
yf
i
f
t
hpar
ti
snumber
ed.
5)Rat
chetorFr
i
ct
i
onSt
op-I
ti
spr
ov
i
dedwi
t
har
at
chetorf
r
i
ct
i
onst
opi
nor
dert
oenabl
esat
i
sf
act
or
y
oper
at
i
on.Whent
hespi
ndl
er
eachesneart
hewor
kwhosedi
mensi
oni
st
obemeasur
ed,
t
hent
her
at
cheti
s
usedt
opr
ev
entexcessi
v
epr
essur
eont
hespi
ndl
e.
Thebar
r
el
,
t
hi
mbl
e,
r
at
chetandt
hel
ocki
ngbut
,
f
oral
l
si
zesofmi
cr
omet
er
sar
emadef
r
om wearr
esi
st
ant
st
eel
.
Thel
eastdi
st
ancewhi
chcanbemeasur
edaccur
at
el
ywi
t
hmi
cr
omet
eri
scal
l
edl
eastcountofmi
cr
omet
er
.
I
ti
st
her
at
i
oofpi
t
choft
hespi
ndl
escr
eet
ot
henumberofdi
v
i
si
onsont
het
hi
mbl
e.
Leastcount=pi
t
choft
hescr
ew/
noofdi
v
i
si
onont
het
hi
mbl
e=0.
5/
50=0.
01mm
READI
NGAMI
CROMETER
1.Bef
or
et
aki
ngami
cr
omet
err
eadi
ng,
t
her
angeoft
hemi
cr
omet
erandt
hezer
oer
r
ormustbechecked.The
zer
oer
r
ori
scheckedbycont
act
i
ngt
hef
acesoft
heanv
i
l
andspi
ndl
ef
ormi
cr
omet
er
sf
r
om 0.
25mm and
pl
aci
ngamast
erpi
eceof25mm f
r
om 25-50mm.Whent
hezer
oont
het
hi
mbl
edoesnotcoi
nci
dewi
t
ht
he
zer
oont
her
ef
er
encel
i
neoft
hebar
r
el
,
t
hent
her
ei
sazer
oer
r
ori
nt
hemi
cr
omet
er
.I
tmaybenot
edt
hat
;
a,
-Whent
hezer
oont
het
hi
mbl
ei
sabov
et
her
ef
er
encel
i
ne,
t
he.Thezer
oer
r
ori
snegat
i
v
e.Ther
ef
or
ei
t
shoul
dbeaddedt
ot
her
eadi
ng.
b,
-Whent
hezer
oont
het
hi
mbl
ei
sbel
owt
her
ef
er
encel
i
ne,
t
hent
hezer
oer
r
ori
sposi
t
i
v
e.Ther
ef
or
ei
t
shoul
dbesubt
r
act
edf
r
om t
her
eadi
ng.
Thezer
oer
r
orcanbeadj
ust
edwi
t
ht
hehel
pofaspeci
al
spannerpr
ov
i
dedwi
t
ht
hemi
cr
omet
er
.
2.Thegr
aduat
i
onsont
hebar
r
el
abov
et
her
ef
er
encel
i
near
ei
n1mm i
nt
er
v
al
andar
enumber
ed0,
5,
10,
15,
20and25.
Thegr
aduat
i
onsbel
owt
her
ef
er
encel
i
near
eal
soi
n1mm i
nt
er
v
al
sbuteachgr
aduat
i
onshal
l
be
pl
acedatt
hemi
ddl
eoft
wosuccessi
v
euppergr
aduat
i
onssoast
or
ead0.
5mm
3.Nowhol
dt
hewor
kbet
weent
hef
acesoft
heanv
i
l
andt
hespi
ndl
eandnot
et
henumberofdi
v
i
si
onsont
he
bar
r
el
(
ormai
nscal
e)abov
eandbel
owt
her
ef
er
encel
i
ne,
andt
henumberofdi
v
i
si
onsont
het
hi
mbl
e(
or
ci
r
cul
arscal
e)coi
nci
di
ngwi
t
ht
her
ef
er
encel
i
ne.
2
NAME: .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
..
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Bar
r
el
Thi
mbl
e
Ref
er
enceLi
ne
4.Ther
eadi
ngasshowni
nt
hef
i
gur
eabov
ei
sobt
ai
nedasf
ol
l
ows;
Numberofdi
v
i
si
onsabov
et
her
ef
er
encel
i
ne=6
=6×1mm =6mm
Numberofdi
v
i
si
onsbel
owt
her
ef
er
encel
i
ne=1
=1×0.
5mm =0.
5
Numberofdi
v
i
si
onsont
het
hi
mbl
ecoi
nci
di
ngwi
t
ht
her
ef
er
encel
i
ne=2
=21×0.
0mm =0.
21mm
Tot
al
r
eadi
ng=(
6+0.
5+0.
21)
mm =6.
71mm
VERNI
ERCALI
PER
I
ti
sapr
eci
si
oni
nst
r
umentwhi
chi
susedf
ormeasur
i
ngext
er
nal
aswel
l
asi
nt
er
nal
di
amet
er
sofshaf
t
s,
t
hi
cknessofpar
t
s,
et
c.t
oanaccur
acyof0.
02mm.I
tcanal
sobeusedt
omeasur
et
hedept
hofsl
ot
sand
hol
es.Thepr
i
nci
pl
eofv
er
ni
eri
st
hatwhent
woscal
esordi
v
i
si
onssl
i
ght
l
ydi
f
f
er
enti
nsi
zear
eused,
t
he
di
f
f
er
encebet
weent
hem canbeut
i
l
i
zedt
odet
er
mi
net
heaccur
acyofmeasur
ement
.
Thev
er
ni
ercal
i
perconsi
st
sofabeam onwhi
cht
hegr
aduat
i
on(
knownast
hemai
nscal
e)i
sengr
av
ed.
Oneendoft
hebeam hasf
i
xedorst
at
i
onar
yj
aw.Thesl
i
di
ngormov
abl
ej
awhasav
er
ni
erscal
eengr
av
edon
i
t
.Thi
sj
awmov
esal
ongt
hegui
di
ngsur
f
acespr
ov
i
dedbyt
hebeam.Whent
hegui
di
ngsur
f
acesoft
hef
i
xed
andsl
i
di
ngj
awsar
ebr
oughti
ncont
actwi
t
heachot
her
,
t
hescal
eshowsazer
or
eadi
ng.Thef
i
nal
adj
ust
ment
oft
hemov
abl
ej
awwhi
chdependsupont
hesenseofcor
r
ectf
eel
,
i
smadebyt
headj
ust
i
ngscr
ew,
pr
ov
i
ded
ont
heauxi
l
i
ar
yhead.
Af
t
ert
hef
i
nal
adj
ust
menti
smade,
t
hemov
abl
ej
awi
sl
ockedbyt
hecl
ampi
ngscr
ewont
hev
er
ni
erheadand
t
her
eadi
ngi
snot
eddown
3
NAME: .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
..
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
READI
NGAVERNI
ERCALI
PER
Thesmal
l
estdi
v
i
si
onont
hemai
nscal
ei
sei
t
her0.
5mm or1mm andt
hev
er
ni
erscal
emayhav
e25or50
di
v
i
si
ons.Ther
at
i
ooft
hesmal
l
estdi
v
i
si
onont
hemai
nscal
ei
sknownasl
eastcountoft
hev
er
ni
ercal
i
per
.
READI
NGA25DI
VI
SI
ONVERNI
ERSCALE
Themai
nscal
ei
sdi
v
i
dedi
nt
o1.
00mm and0.
50mm di
v
i
si
ons,
eacht
enwhol
emi
l
l
i
met
er
si
si
ndi
cat
edby
l
ar
gef
i
gur
es.
Thev
er
ni
erscal
ei
sdi
v
i
dedi
nt
o25equal
di
v
i
si
onsmar
ked0,
5,
10,
15,
20,
25.These25v
er
ni
erscal
e
di
v
i
si
onsoccupyt
hesamel
engt
has24.
5mm ont
hemai
nscal
ei
sequal
t
o1/
25×24.
5mm =49/
50mm =
0.
98mm andt
hedi
f
f
er
encebet
weent
womai
nscal
edi
v
i
si
onsandonev
er
ni
erscal
edi
v
i
si
on=1.
0-0.
98=
0.
02mm .
Tor
eadt
hi
si
nst
r
ument
,
not
et
her
eadi
ngont
hemai
nscal
et
ot
hel
ef
toft
hezer
omar
kont
hev
er
ni
erscal
et
o
t
henear
est0.
50mm,
t
henaddt
henumberof1/
50mm (
0.
02mm)i
ndi
cat
edbyt
hel
i
neont
heVer
ni
erwhi
ch
exact
l
ycoi
nci
deswi
t
hal
i
neont
hemai
nscal
e.
Asshownbel
ow;
f
i
g.VERNI
ER(
a)
f
i
g.VERNI
ER(
b)
Taki
ngt
her
eai
ngi
nt
hef
i
gur
eabov
eabov
e;
a)Lar
genumber
sonmai
nscal
e=10mm
…Number
sofmi
l
l
i
met
er
sshown=4×10mm =40.
00mm
b)Smal
l
number
sonmai
nscal
e=1×3.
5mm =3.
50mm
c)El
ev
endi
v
i
si
onsonv
er
ni
erscal
e=11×0.
02mm =0.
22mm
Tot
al
Readi
ng=(
40.
00+3.
50+0.
22)
mm =4.
72mm
READI
NGA50DI
VI
I
ONVERNI
ERSCALE
Themai
nscal
ei
sdi
v
i
dedi
nt
o1.
0mm di
v
i
si
ons,
eacht
enmi
l
l
i
met
er
s(
10mm)bei
ngi
ndi
cat
edbyl
ar
gef
i
gur
es.
Thev
er
ni
erscal
ei
sdi
v
i
dedi
nt
o50equal
di
v
i
si
onsoccupy
i
ngt
hesamel
engt
has49di
v
i
si
ons,
ont
hemai
n
scal
e.
Ther
ef
or
eeachv
er
ni
erscal
edi
v
i
si
on=49/
50=0.
98mm
andt
hedi
f
f
er
encebet
weenonemai
nscal
edi
v
i
si
onandav
er
ni
erscal
edi
v
i
si
on
=(
1.
00-0.
98)
mm =0.
02mm
Tor
eadt
hi
si
nst
r
ument
,
not
et
henumberofwhol
emi
l
l
i
met
er
sont
hemai
nscal
et
ot
hel
ef
toft
hezer
oont
he
v
er
ni
erscal
e,
t
henaddt
henumberof1/
50mm (
0.
02mm)i
ndi
cat
edbyt
hel
i
neont
hev
er
ni
erwhi
chexact
l
y
coi
nci
deswi
t
hal
i
neont
hemai
nscal
e.
4
NAME: .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
..
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Ther
eadi
ngt
akespl
acej
ustasi
ti
si
nt
he25di
v
i
si
onv
er
ni
erscal
easdi
scussedabov
ei
nt
hel
ect
ur
e……
KNOW DRI
LLI
NGOPERATI
ONS
THENOMENCLATUREOFATWI
STDRI
LL
Axi
s
Tang
Shank
Mor
seTaper
Shank
Hel
i
xAngl
e
Ov
er
al
l
Lengt
h
Heel
Body
Fl
ut
e
Lengt
h
BodyCl
ear
ance
Land
Face
Out
erCor
ner
Poi
nt
Li
p
Di
amet
er
5
Li
p
Lengt
h
NAME: .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
..
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
THEFORMULAEFORCALCULATI
ONOFVARI
OUSSI
ZESOFDRI
LLS
Ther
at
eatwhi
chcut
t
i
ngedgepassesov
ert
hewor
k,
expr
essedi
nmet
r
espermi
nut
es.Thest
r
i
ctS.
Iuni
t
woul
dbet
hemet
r
epersecond,
butt
hemi
nut
ei
sal
way
sadopt
edast
heuni
tt
i
mei
ncut
t
i
ngspeed
cal
cul
at
i
onsf
orr
easonsofpr
act
i
cal
conv
eni
ence.
Expr
essedcut
t
i
ngspeed(
V)=πdn/
1000met
r
espermi
nut
e.
Wher
en=Rev
ol
ut
i
onpermi
nut
e=v×1000/
π×d
d=Di
amet
erofdr
i
l
l
i
nmm.
V=Cut
t
i
ngspeed.
Exampl
e:
f
i
ndt
her
ev
ol
ut
i
onpermi
nut
esui
t
abl
ef
or12mm di
amet
erdr
i
l
l
t
oci
tat15m/
mi
n
Sol
ut
i
on:
n=V×1000/
π×d
Wher
eV=15m/
mi
n
π=22/
7
d=12
n=15×1000×7/22×12=398r
ev
/
mi
n
DRI
LLI
NG
Dr
i
l
l
i
ngi
soneoft
hemosti
mpor
t
antandoneoft
hemostwi
del
yusedoper
at
i
onsandawi
der
angeof
machi
nei
smanuf
act
ur
edf
ori
t
sper
f
or
mance.Themachi
newi
l
l
i
naddi
t
i
ont
odr
i
l
l
i
ngcar
r
youtav
ar
i
et
yof
auxi
l
i
ar
yoper
at
i
ons,
I
.
er
eami
ng,
t
appi
ng,
count
er
,
bor
i
ng,
et
c.Suchmachi
nescanbebr
oadl
ydi
v
i
dedi
nt
o:
1)Pi
l
l
arorVer
t
i
cal
Dr
i
l
l
i
ngMachi
ne(
si
ngl
eandmul
t
i
spi
ndl
e)
2)Radi
al
Dr
i
l
l
i
ngMachi
ne
3)Sensi
t
i
v
eDr
i
l
l
i
ngMachi
ne
Thesel
ect
i
onofamachi
nef
orapar
t
i
cul
arappl
i
cat
i
ondependsl
ar
gel
yuponhol
eandwor
ksi
ze
PI
LLARORVERTI
CALDRI
LLI
NGMACHI
NE
6
NAME: .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
..
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Thepi
l
l
ardr
i
l
l
i
ngmachi
nei
soneofawi
der
angeofdr
i
l
l
i
ngmachi
nest
hati
sbui
l
tf
oral
otofpur
poses.
I
tconsi
st
sofav
er
t
i
cal
pi
l
l
arorcol
umnt
owhi
chi
sat
t
achedt
hedr
i
l
l
spi
ndl
eandwor
kt
abl
e.Thespi
ndl
ei
s
bor
edt
oasui
t
abl
esi
zeMor
set
aperf
ort
hel
ocat
i
onoft
apershankdr
i
l
l
sordr
i
l
l
chuck,
andi
sdr
i
v
enbyan
el
ect
r
i
cmot
ort
hr
oughagear
boxgi
v
i
ngar
angeofspeedt
osui
tdr
i
l
l
swi
t
hi
nt
hecapaci
t
yoft
hemachi
ne.
Ahandl
ev
erpr
ov
i
desmanual
cont
r
ol
oft
hespi
ndl
eandpowerf
eedi
susual
l
yav
ai
l
abl
ef
orsuchoper
at
i
ons
i
nr
eami
ng;
hol
edept
hbei
ngcont
r
ol
l
edbyanadj
ust
abl
est
op.Themachi
net
abl
ehast
eesl
ot
scuti
ni
t
s
uppersur
f
acef
orcl
ampi
ngofwor
k,
v
i
cesandot
her
wor
khol
di
ngdev
i
ces.Thet
abl
ei
sel
ev
at
edbymeansofa
handcr
ank.
Thehol
eposi
t
i
onsar
ecommonl
yi
ndi
cat
edbymar
ki
ngoutt
hewor
kbei
ngmov
edandr
ecl
ampedi
nposi
t
i
on
f
oreachhol
e.Thi
smet
hodi
ssui
t
abl
ef
orsmal
l
numberofcomponent
sorwher
enogr
eataccur
acyi
s
r
equi
r
ed,
butonpr
oduct
i
onwor
kadr
i
l
l
i
ngj
i
gi
susual
l
yempl
oy
ed.
Suchaj
i
gl
ocat
esandcl
ampt
hewor
kand
al
soi
ncor
por
at
eshar
denedst
eel
dr
i
l
l
busheswhi
chgui
det
hedr
i
l
l
.Exceptwhendr
i
l
l
i
ngv
er
ysmal
l
hol
esi
ti
s
al
way
sadv
i
sabl
et
ocl
ampt
hej
obf
i
r
ml
yt
ot
het
abl
e.
Themul
t
i
spi
ndl
emachi
neconsi
st
sofaser
i
esofpi
l
l
ardr
i
l
l
smount
edov
eracommont
abl
e,
t
husel
i
mi
nat
i
ng
t
heconst
antt
ool
changi
ngassoci
at
edwi
t
ht
hesi
ngl
espi
ndl
emachi
ne.Thedr
i
l
l
sandot
hert
ool
sr
equi
r
edar
e
mount
edi
nt
hev
ar
i
ousspi
ndl
esandt
hewor
ki
smov
edf
r
om onespi
ndl
et
ot
henextunt
i
l
t
heoper
at
i
onsar
e
compl
et
ed.Asepar
at
edr
i
v
ei
sav
ai
l
abl
ef
oreachspi
ndl
e,
andt
hecut
t
i
ngspeedsofeachar
ei
ni
t
i
al
l
ysett
o
sui
tt
het
ool
l
ocat
edi
nt
hem.
RADI
ALDRI
LLI
NGMACHI
NE
Ther
adi
al
dr
i
l
l
i
ngmachi
nei
smostsui
t
abl
ef
ort
hel
ar
gercl
assofwor
k.
Thedr
i
l
l
spi
ndl
ei
smount
edi
nasaddl
eadj
ust
abl
eal
ongt
her
adi
al
ar
m whi
chcanber
ot
at
edaboutand
el
ev
at
edont
hev
er
t
i
cal
col
umn,
t
husal
l
owi
ngt
hespi
ndl
et
ocov
eranypoi
ntont
hemachi
nebedand
el
i
mi
nat
i
nganymov
ementoft
hewor
k.Gear
boxesencl
osedi
nt
hesaddl
econt
r
ol
t
hespi
ndl
espeedand
aut
omat
i
cf
eedr
at
e.Thespi
ndl
ecanal
sobef
edbymeansofahandl
ev
er
,
ort
hr
oughahandwheel
whi
ch
pr
ov
i
desav
er
yf
i
nef
eel
.
Pr
ov
i
si
oni
smadef
ormachi
net
appi
ngandal
sof
orbor
i
nghol
esbey
ondt
hedr
i
l
l
i
ngcapaci
t
yoft
hemachi
ne.
Teesl
ot
sar
emachi
nedi
nt
hebedf
orcl
ampi
ngwor
k,
andf
orei
t
heraboxt
abl
eoraswi
v
el
t
abl
e.
Theswi
v
el
t
abl
ei
smostusef
ul
at
t
achmentwhi
chenabl
esangul
arhol
est
obedr
i
l
l
edwi
t
houtt
heneedf
or
compl
i
cat
edset
ups.
TAPERSHANKTWI
STDRI
LL(
NOMENCLATURE)
a.SHANK
Taper
shankdr
i
l
l
sar
emanuf
act
ur
edi
nst
andar
dsi
zesr
angi
ngf
r
om 3mm t
o100mm di
amet
er
,
butspeci
al
si
zesar
eobt
ai
nabl
ebot
hsmal
l
erandl
ar
gert
hant
hest
andar
dr
ange.Thesi
zeoft
het
apershanki
ncr
eases
wi
t
hdr
i
l
l
si
ze,
r
angi
ngf
r
om Number1t
oNumber6Mor
set
aper
,
t
hedr
i
l
l
i
ngmachi
nespi
ndl
ebei
ngbor
edwi
t
h
at
apert
osui
ti
t
'
smaxi
mum dr
i
l
l
i
ngcapaci
t
y
.
Thedr
i
v
ef
ort
hesedr
i
l
l
scomesf
r
om t
hei
nt
i
mat
econt
actand'
bi
ndi
ng'
act
i
onoft
hemal
eandf
emal
et
aper
s
andi
sonl
yposi
t
i
v
ewhenbot
ht
aper
sar
ecl
eanandf
r
eef
r
om bur
i
s.
Ashar
pj
er
koft
hedr
i
l
l
oral
i
ghtt
apwi
t
hsof
t
f
acedhammeri
ssuf
f
i
ci
entt
oengaget
hedr
i
l
l
f
i
r
ml
y
.
Theshanki
ncl
udest
het
angwhi
chf
aci
l
i
t
at
est
her
emov
al
oft
hedr
i
l
l
f
r
om t
hemachi
nespi
ndl
e.
b.BODY
Thebodyext
endsf
r
om t
heshankt
ot
hedr
i
l
l
poi
ntandi
ncl
udest
hef
ol
l
owi
ngel
ement
s:
1.POI
NTANGLE-Theangl
ei
ncl
udedbyt
hecut
t
i
ngedgesi
susual
l
y118°
,
butmaybev
ar
i
edt
osui
tdi
f
f
er
ent
mat
er
i
al
s.Thepoi
ntangl
emustbeequal
l
ydi
sposedaboutt
hecent
r
el
i
neoft
hedr
i
l
l
,
ot
her
wi
set
hedr
i
l
l
wi
l
l
cutov
er
si
ze.
7
NAME: .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
..
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
2.FLUTE-Fl
ut
esr
unt
hef
ul
l
l
engt
hoft
hebodyandhav
esev
er
al
f
unct
i
ons:
(
i
)For
m cut
t
i
ngedges.
(
i
i
)Pr
ov
i
denecessar
yr
akeangl
e.
(
i
i
i
)Gi
v
eaccessf
ort
hecut
t
i
ngl
ubr
i
cant
.
(
i
v
)Faci
l
i
t
at
eswar
fr
emov
al
3.LI
PORCUTTI
NGCLEARANCE-Thel
i
porcut
t
i
ngcl
ear
ancei
st
her
el
i
efangl
ebehi
ndt
hecut
t
i
ngedge
whi
chenabl
est
hedr
i
l
l
t
ocut
.I
nmostcasesanangl
eof10°-12°i
sadopt
ed.
4.LANDS-Thi
sr
unsal
ongt
hel
eadi
ngedgeoft
hef
l
ut
eandactasagui
dei
nt
hehol
eal
r
eadydr
i
l
l
ed.
5.BODY
CLEARANCE-Thi
si
st
hecut
awaypor
t
i
onbehi
ndt
hel
andsandi
si
ncor
por
at
edt
or
educef
r
i
ct
i
on.
6.LENGTHCLEARANCE-Adr
i
l
l
t
aper
sbackt
owar
dst
heshankt
or
educet
het
endencyofbi
ndi
ngi
ndeep
hol
es.Thi
st
aperi
sappr
oxi
mat
el
y0.
02mm per25mm l
engt
h.
DRI
LLGRI
NDI
NG
I
fadr
i
l
l
i
st
opr
oduceagoodhol
e,
i
ti
sessent
i
al
t
hatt
hepoi
ntbei
ngoodcondi
t
i
onandcor
r
ect
l
ygr
ound.
Whengr
i
ndi
ngadr
i
l
l
t
hef
ol
l
owi
ngpoi
nt
smustbeobser
v
ed;
(
i
)Dr
i
l
l
poi
ntmustnotbedamagedbyov
er
heat
i
ng.
(
i
i
)Poi
ntangl
emustbecor
r
ectf
ort
hemat
er
i
al
br
i
ngcut
,
andequal
l
ydi
sposedaboutcent
r
el
i
ne.
(
i
i
i
)Lengt
hoft
het
wocut
t
i
ngedgesmustbeequal
.
(
i
v
)Cl
ear
anceangl
emustbemai
nt
ai
ned
*Wheni
ti
spossi
bl
et
omakeadr
i
l
l
cutbyf
r
eehandgr
i
ndi
ng,
adr
i
l
l
gr
i
ndi
ngmachi
neorf
i
xt
ur
emustbeused
i
fgoodr
esul
t
sar
et
obeobt
ai
ned.
DRI
LLI
NGOPERATI
ON
Asear
l
i
erdi
scussedi
nourl
ect
ur
eser
i
est
hatt
heoper
at
i
onofmaki
ngr
oundhol
esi
nmet
al
pi
ecesi
sknown
asdr
i
l
l
i
ng,
andi
ti
sdonewi
t
ht
hehel
pofadr
i
l
l
i
ngmachi
ne.Someoft
het
y
pesoft
hesedr
i
l
l
i
ngmachi
nes
hav
ebeendi
scussedear
l
i
er
.
Bel
owi
showt
hedr
i
l
l
i
ngoper
at
i
oni
scar
r
i
edout
;
1.Fi
r
stofal
l
,
t
hewor
ki
smar
kedwi
t
hacent
r
epunchatt
hecent
r
eoft
hehol
et
obedr
i
l
l
ed.
2.I
ti
st
henf
i
r
ml
yhel
di
nav
i
ceorot
hersui
t
abl
ecl
ampi
ngdev
i
ceandpl
acedont
headj
ust
abl
eoft
hedr
i
l
l
i
ng
machi
ne.
3.Thedr
i
l
l
i
sf
i
t
t
edi
nt
ot
hechuck.
4.Thespi
ndl
ewi
t
ht
hechucki
sl
ower
edbyt
hehandl
ev
erandi
ti
sensur
edt
hatt
hepoi
ntoft
hedr
i
l
l
i
si
n
exactal
i
gnmentwi
t
ht
hepr
ev
i
ousl
ymar
kedcent
r
eoft
hehol
e.
5.Themot
ori
snowst
ar
t
edandt
her
ot
at
i
ngdr
i
l
l
i
snowpr
essedi
nt
ot
hewor
kt
opr
oducet
hedesi
r
edhol
e.
6.Thepr
essur
eshoul
dbef
r
equent
l
yr
el
i
ev
eddur
i
ngt
hedr
i
l
l
i
ngoper
at
i
on,
ot
her
wi
set
hecut
t
i
ngedgesoft
he
dr
i
l
l
wi
l
l
best
r
ai
nedandt
hedr
i
l
l
i
sdamaged.
7.I
nor
dert
oav
oi
dt
hespoi
l
i
ngofcut
t
i
ngedgesoft
hedr
i
l
l
,
acool
antsuchaoi
l
orsoapwat
ershoul
dbeused
const
ant
l
ydur
i
ngt
hedr
i
l
l
i
ngoper
at
i
on.Thecool
anti
snotr
equi
r
edwhi
l
edr
i
l
l
i
ngi
nbr
assorcasti
r
on.
TURRETDRI
LLI
NGMACHI
NE
Ont
hi
st
y
peofmachi
net
hedr
i
l
l
sandot
hert
ool
sar
emount
edonar
ev
ol
v
i
ngt
ur
r
etwhi
chcanbequi
ckl
yand
accur
at
el
yi
ndexedi
nt
oposi
t
i
onundert
hespi
ndl
e.Thi
sar
r
angementr
educest
het
i
menecessar
yt
omov
e
t
hewor
kf
r
om onespi
ndl
et
oanot
herandal
sosav
esf
l
oorspace.
SENSI
TI
VEDRI
LLI
NGMACHI
NE
Sensi
t
i
v
edr
i
l
l
i
ngmachi
neswhi
char
eofl
i
ghtandsi
mpl
econst
r
uct
i
onar
eusedf
ort
hedr
i
l
l
i
ngofsmal
l
hol
es
wher
ei
ti
sessent
i
al
t
hatt
hemachi
neoper
at
orshal
l
'
f
eel
'
t
hepassageoft
hedr
i
l
l
t
hr
ought
hewor
kt
opr
ev
ent
excessi
v
edr
i
l
l
br
eakages.Themachi
nei
sf
i
t
t
edwi
t
hasur
v
ei
l
i
ngt
abl
ef
orangul
arhol
es,
andi
naddi
t
i
ont
he
t
abl
ecanbeswungcl
eart
oal
l
owl
ar
gerwor
kt
obecl
ampedt
ot
hebed.Thespi
ndl
ei
sdr
i
v
enbyasmal
l
8
NAME: .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
..
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
el
ect
r
i
cmot
orandSeebel
t
s,
andi
sf
i
t
t
edwi
t
hhandf
eedonl
y
.Thesmal
l
ermachi
nesoft
hi
sdesi
gnar
e
capabl
eofv
er
yhi
ghspi
ndl
espeeds(
upt
o1000r
ev
/
mi
n)f
ort
hedr
i
l
l
i
ngofv
er
ysmal
l
hol
esasr
equi
r
edi
n
i
nst
r
umentwor
k.
COREDRI
LLS
Thecor
edr
i
l
l
shadmor
et
hanTwpf
l
ut
es,
hencemor
et
hant
wocut
t
i
ngedges;
t
heywi
l
l
notor
i
gi
nat
ehol
eas
t
heydonotcomet
oapoi
nt
,
butast
heyhav
eal
ar
gerwebsect
i
on.Theyar
est
r
ongerandt
her
ef
or
emor
e
sui
t
abl
ef
orenl
ar
gi
ngcor
edhol
esi
ncast
i
ngst
hant
hest
andar
dt
wof
l
ut
edt
y
pedr
i
l
l
.
CENTREDRI
LLS
Acent
r
edr
i
l
l
i
susedont
hedr
i
l
l
i
ngmachi
net
oasi
sti
nl
i
ni
ngupt
hemachi
nespi
ndl
ewi
t
ht
hemar
ki
ngout
l
i
nesandt
oensur
eagoodst
ar
tf
ort
het
wi
stdr
i
l
l
.I
tconsi
st
sofapar
al
l
el
por
t
i
onofsmal
l
di
amet
erf
ol
l
owed
i
mmedi
at
el
ybyat
aper
edpor
t
i
on.Theangl
eoft
het
aperi
s60°i
ncl
uded,
andi
spr
i
mar
i
l
yf
orusei
nf
or
mi
ng
cent
r
ehol
ewhi
chwi
l
l
beusedf
orsubsequentgr
i
ndi
ngoper
at
i
ons.I
t
susei
nt
hi
scapaci
t
yi
sr
el
at
edmor
e
f
r
equent
l
yt
ot
hecent
r
el
at
herr
at
hert
hant
hedr
i
l
l
i
ngmachi
ne.Whenusi
ngacent
r
edr
i
l
l
pr
i
ort
odr
i
l
l
i
ngahol
e
t
hei
mpr
essi
onshoul
dbemadej
ustdeepenought
oaccommodat
et
hecent
r
eoft
hedr
i
l
l
poi
ntt
opr
ev
enti
t
f
r
om wangl
i
ng.
REAMI
NG
Thi
si
st
hepr
ocessofi
mpar
t
i
ngnecessar
ysmoot
hness,
par
al
l
el
i
sm,
r
oundnessandaccur
acyi
nsi
ze,
t
ot
he
pr
ev
i
ousl
ydr
i
l
l
edhol
ebyusi
ngar
eamer
.Ther
eami
ngdoesnotcor
r
ectanyer
r
or
swhi
chmaybei
nt
hehol
e
wi
t
hr
egar
dst
oi
t
sposi
t
i
onordi
r
ect
i
onbecauset
her
eamermer
el
yf
ol
l
owst
hepr
ev
i
ousl
ydr
i
l
l
edhol
e.
Thehandr
eami
ngi
smost
l
ydonewhenexact
nessi
sr
equi
r
ed.I
ni
t
soper
at
i
on,
t
hewor
ki
shel
di
nav
i
ceand
t
her
eameri
spl
acedi
nt
ot
hehol
ewhi
chi
soper
at
edbyat
apwr
enchf
i
t
t
edont
hesquar
eendoft
her
eamer
.
Bef
or
est
ar
t
i
ngt
her
eami
ng,
i
tmustbeensur
edt
hatt
her
eameri
ssquar
ewi
t
ht
heaxi
soft
hehol
ebei
ng
r
eamed.I
nor
dert
oobt
ai
nbestr
esul
t
s,
r
eamershoul
dbegi
v
enasl
owandst
eadymot
i
onandl
ubr
i
cat
i
on
maybeused.Ther
eameri
st
ur
nedonl
yi
ncl
ockwi
sedi
r
ect
i
onev
enwheni
ti
sr
emov
edf
r
om t
hehol
e.
REAMERS
Ar
eameri
susedt
opr
oduceahol
ehav
i
ngsuf
f
i
ci
ent
l
ygoodqual
i
t
i
esoff
i
ni
shandaccur
acyf
ormany
pur
poses.Whenaccur
at
ehol
esar
er
equi
r
ed,
ar
eamermustbeusedf
orf
i
ni
shi
ngt
osi
ze.Ther
eamerdoes
notor
i
gi
nat
et
hehol
ei
nt
hesamewayast
hedr
i
l
l
,
buti
tmer
el
yi
mpar
t
st
henecessar
ysmoot
hness,
t
ot
he
pr
ev
i
ousl
ydr
i
l
l
edhol
e,
par
al
l
el
i
sm,
r
oundnessandaccur
acyi
nsi
ze.Ther
eami
nghowev
er
,
wi
l
l
notcor
r
ectany
er
r
or
swhi
chmaybei
nt
hehol
ewi
t
hr
egar
dst
oi
t
sposi
t
i
on,
ordi
r
ect
i
onbecauser
eamer
smer
el
yf
ol
l
owst
he
pr
ev
i
ousl
ydr
i
l
l
edhol
e.Thev
ar
i
oust
y
pesofr
eamer
scommonl
yusedf
orf
i
ni
shi
ngt
hedr
i
l
l
edhol
ear
eas
f
ol
l
ows;
1.HANDREAMERS-Thesear
eoper
at
edbyhandwi
t
ht
het
apwr
enchf
i
t
t
edont
hesquar
eendoft
her
eamer
,
wi
t
ht
hewor
khel
di
nt
hev
i
ce.
Theycutont
hef
l
ut
eswhi
chmaybest
r
ai
ghtorhel
i
cal
andar
et
aper
edatt
heendf
oraboutonef
our
t
hofi
t
s
l
engt
h.
Handr
eamer
sar
eusual
l
ymadeofcastst
eel
.
2.MACHI
NEORSPI
RALFLUTEDREAMERS-The<sol
i
d>f
l
ut
edr
eameri
ssi
mi
l
art
ot
hehandr
eamerbuti
t
hasat
aper
edshank.Theymayhav
est
r
ai
ghtf
l
ut
esbutmor
eof
t
ent
heyar
ecutwi
t
hl
ef
thandhel
i
x.Theangl
e
madebyt
hef
l
ut
ewi
t
ht
hel
engt
hoft
her
eamerv
ar
i
esf
r
om 4degr
eest
o8degr
ees(
4°
–8°
)
.
Machi
ner
eamer
sar
eusual
l
ymadeofhi
ghspeedst
eel
.
3.EXPANDI
NGREAMERS-Whenasol
i
dr
eamerbecomeswor
n,
i
tmustei
t
herbegr
ounddownt
ot
henext
smal
l
ersi
zeort
het
eet
hsl
i
ght
l
yenl
ar
gedbysof
t
eni
ngt
het
eet
h,
expandi
ngt
hem sl
i
ght
l
ybyhammer
i
ngt
hei
r
9
NAME: .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
..
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
f
r
ont
swi
t
hapunch,
r
ehar
deni
ngandgr
i
ndi
ngupagai
nt
ot
hesi
ze.I
nor
dert
oav
oi
dt
hi
s,
expandi
ngr
eamer
s
ar
eusedandar
eofv
ar
i
oust
y
pes.
Whent
her
eamerhasl
osti
t
ssi
ze,
t
hedi
amet
eroft
hef
encesi
si
ncr
easedsl
i
ght
l
ybyspr
i
ngi
ngt
hem open
wi
t
hat
aper
edpi
noper
at
edbyanadj
ust
abl
escr
ew,
af
t
erwhi
cht
heyar
er
egr
oundt
ot
hecor
r
ectsi
ze.
TAPS
At
api
susedf
orcut
t
i
ngi
nt
er
nal
t
hr
eadsi
nt
ohol
e.Thet
api
spr
ov
i
deswi
t
hcut
t
i
ngedgesandhar
dened,
so
t
hatwheni
ti
sscr
ewedi
nt
oahol
ei
tcut
sani
nt
er
nal
t
hr
eadt
of
i
tanext
er
nal
t
hr
eadoft
hesamesi
ze.
Thet
apsar
emadeofhi
ghcar
bonorhi
ghspeedst
eel
byt
ur
ni
ngascr
ewandt
hencut
t
i
ngf
l
ut
esal
ongoni
ti
n
or
dert
opr
ov
i
decut
t
i
ngedgeswhi
chi
susedt
oscr
ewi
ti
nt
ot
hehol
e.Af
t
erhar
deni
ngandt
amper
i
ng,
t
he
f
l
ut
eatt
hef
r
ontoft
het
hr
eadsi
sgr
oundupt
opr
ov
i
det
henecessar
yshar
pnessont
het
hr
eadsf
orcut
t
i
ng.
Theshankoft
het
api
sl
ef
tpl
ai
nandt
heendi
ssquar
edt
oaccommodat
et
het
apwr
ench.
Thet
apsar
eusual
l
ymadei
nset
aoft
hr
eet
ocutanypar
t
i
cul
arsi
ze.
Thesear
ecal
l
ed;
(
i
)Tapert
ap
(
i
i
)I
nt
er
medi
at
e(
orsecond)t
ap
(
i
i
i
)Bot
t
omi
ng(
orpl
ug)t
ap
(
i
)Thet
apert
aphasi
t
sl
eadi
ngendt
aper
edof
ff
oral
engt
hof8t
o10t
hr
eadsandt
hi
si
st
hef
i
r
stt
apt
ouse.
Thet
aper
edendper
mi
t
st
het
apt
oent
ert
hehol
eandcutt
hef
ul
l
t
hr
eadgr
adual
l
y
.
(
i
i
)Thesecondt
aphasonl
yt
woort
hr
eet
hr
eadschamf
er
edandf
ol
l
owst
het
aper
st
ap.I
fahol
ei
sopenat
bot
hends,
t
hi
st
api
ssui
t
abl
ef
orf
i
ni
shi
ngt
het
hr
eadi
ni
t
.
(
i
i
i
)Thebot
t
omi
ngorpl
ugt
aphasi
t
st
hr
eadr
unst
ot
heext
r
emeendandt
hi
st
apshoul
dbeusedadt
hef
i
nal
t
ap,
whenaf
ul
l
t
hr
eadmustbecutt
ot
hebot
t
om ofabl
i
ndhol
e.
TAPPI
NG
Tappi
ngi
sapr
ocessofcut
t
i
ngi
nt
er
nal
t
hr
eadsi
nt
oadr
i
l
l
edhomebyusi
ngat
ap.
TAPPI
NGPROCEDURE:
1.Fi
r
stofal
l
,
ahol
ei
sdr
i
l
l
edt
oadi
amet
ersmal
l
ert
hatt
heout
si
dedi
amet
eroft
het
hr
eadi
nt
het
ap,
i
.
e.
equal
t
ot
hecor
edi
amet
er
.Thedi
amet
eroft
hehol
et
obedr
i
l
l
edi
scal
l
edt
appi
ngsi
ze.
(
Hencet
osel
ectacor
r
ectt
appi
ngdr
i
l
l
si
zecanbeexpr
essedasf
ol
l
ows)
;
Mat
hemat
i
cal
l
y
,
Tappi
ngsi
ze=Out
si
deDi
amet
er-2×Dept
hofThr
ead
Wher
e,
Dept
hofThr
ead=0.
64×pi
t
choft
hr
ead.
*
*
*
*
*
<I
ncompl
et
enot
e>
*
*
*
*
10
NAME: .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
..
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
<……>oft
hespacesbet
weent
het
hr
eads.I
ti
sal
socal
l
edanef
f
ect
i
v
edi
amet
eratwhi
cht
her
i
dgeont
hebol
t
ar
ei
ncompl
et
et
ouchwi
t
ht
her
i
dgesoft
hecor
r
espondi
ngnut
.
4.PI
TCH-I
ti
st
hedi
st
ancef
r
om apoi
ntononet
hr
eadt
ot
hecor
r
espondi
ngpoi
ntont
henextmeasur
ed
par
al
l
el
t
ot
heaxi
s.
5.LEAD-I
st
hedi
st
ancei
tadv
ancesaxi
al
l
yi
noner
ev
ol
ut
i
on
Onasi
ngl
est
ar
tt
hr
eadt
hel
eafandt
hepi
t
char
ei
dent
i
cal
Onadoubl
est
ar
tt
hr
eadt
hel
eadi
st
wi
cet
hepi
t
ch.
Onat
hr
eest
ar
tt
hr
eadt
hel
eadust
hr
eet
i
meshepi
t
ch.
6.CREST-I
ti
st
het
opsur
f
aceoft
het
hr
ead.
7.ROOT-I
ti
st
hebot
t
om sur
f
acecr
eat
edbyt
woadj
acentf
l
anksoft
het
hr
ead.
8.DEPTHOFTHREAD-I
ti
sheper
pendi
cul
ardi
st
ancebet
weent
hecr
estandt
her
oot
.
9.FLANK-I
ti
st
hesur
f
acej
oi
ni
ngt
hecr
estandr
oot
.
10.ANGLEOFTHREAD-I
ti
st
heangl
ei
ncl
udedbyt
hef
l
anksoft
het
hr
ead.
WELDI
NG
Def
i
ni
t
i
on-Thi
si
sapr
ocessofcr
eat
i
ngacoal
escencebondbet
weent
wosepar
at
emet
al
swi
t
hf
usi
on,
wi
t
h
orwi
t
houtt
heappl
i
cat
i
onoff
i
l
l
err
ods.
Thepr
ocessofj
oi
ni
ngsi
mi
l
armet
al
sbymel
t
i
ngt
heedgest
oget
herwi
t
houtt
headdi
t
i
onoff
i
l
l
ermet
al
si
s
cal
l
edaut
ogenouswel
di
ng.
Thepr
ocessofj
oi
ni
ngmet
al
swi
t
ht
hehel
poff
i
l
l
err
odoft
hesamemet
al
i
scal
l
edhomogeneouswel
di
ng.
Thepr
ocessofj
oi
ni
ngdi
ssi
mi
l
armet
al
swi
t
ht
hehel
poff
i
l
l
err
odsi
scal
l
edhet
er
ogeneouswel
di
ng.
TYPESOFWELDI
NG
Thewel
di
ngi
sbr
oadl
ydi
v
i
dedi
nt
ot
hef
ol
l
owi
ngt
wogr
oups:
1.FORGEORPRESSUREWELDI
NG(
PLASTI
CWELDI
NG)
:
I
nt
hi
sgr
oupofwel
di
ngt
hewor
kpi
ecesar
eheat
edt
opl
ast
i
cst
at
eandt
hent
hewor
kpi
ecesar
ej
oi
ned
t
oget
herbyappl
y
i
ngpr
essur
eont
hem.I
nt
hi
scasenof
i
l
l
ermet
al
i
sused.Thef
or
georpr
essur
ewel
di
ngi
s
f
ur
t
hercl
assi
f
i
edasbel
ow;
11
NAME: .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
..
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
2.FUSI
ONORNONPRESSUREWELDI
NG:
I
nf
ussi
onwel
di
ng,
heedgeofwor
kpi
ecet
obej
oi
nedandt
hef
i
l
l
ermat
er
i
al
ar
eheat
edt
oat
emper
at
ur
e
abov
et
hemel
t
i
ngpoi
ntoft
hemet
al
andt
henal
l
owedt
osol
i
di
f
y-Thef
usi
onornonpr
essur
ewel
di
ngi
s
f
ur
t
hercl
assi
f
i
edasf
ol
l
ows;
CLASSI
FI
CATI
ONOFWELDI
NGI
NFUSI
ONPROCESS
GASWELDI
NGTECHNI
QUES
Whent
hepi
pei
suni
t
edandt
hesui
t
abl
ef
l
amef
orwel
di
ngar
epr
oper
l
ypr
epar
edandposi
t
i
oned.Thewel
di
s
st
ar
t
edbypr
eheat
i
ngandmel
t
i
ngasmal
l
puddl
eofmol
t
enmet
al
.I
ncaseawel
di
ngr
odi
susedt
opr
ov
i
de
f
i
l
l
ermet
al
,
i
tshoul
dbehel
di
nt
hef
l
amessot
hati
t
sendmel
t
sataboutt
hesamet
i
measbasemet
al
.I
n
or
dert
oobt
ai
npr
operpenet
r
at
i
onandt
opr
oduceagoodwel
d,
t
het
i
poft
het
or
chshoul
dbemov
edwi
t
ha
si
det
osi
demot
i
on,
sl
owl
yanduni
f
or
ml
y
.
Themaj
oroper
at
i
onsi
ngaswel
di
ng(
oxy
acet
y
l
ene)ar
easf
ol
l
ows;
1.LEFTWARDORFOREHANDWELDI
NG:
I
nt
hi
smet
hodt
hewel
di
ngt
or
chI
shel
di
nt
heoper
at
or
'
sr
i
ghthand,
t
het
i
ppoi
nt
i
ngt
owar
dst
hel
ef
tandt
he
12
NAME: .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
..
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
wel
di
smadef
r
om r
i
ghtt
ol
ef
t
.Thet
or
chmakesanangl
eofbet
ween60°
70°wi
t
ht
hepl
at
eandt
hewel
di
ng
r
odmakesanangl
eof30°
40°
.
Thef
l
amei
sgi
v
enaci
r
cul
ar
,
r
ot
at
i
onal
orsi
det
osi
demot
i
ont
oobt
ai
nuni
f
or
mf
usi
ononeachsi
deoft
he
pl
at
e.
Thi
smet
hodi
smor
eef
f
i
ci
entf
orbut
twel
di
ngonpl
at
esupt
o2mm t
hi
ckness.
Whenpl
at
esofov
er3mm t
hi
cknessar
ebut
twel
dedt
hent
hepl
at
eedgesar
ebev
el
l
edt
opr
oducea'
V'
of80°
t
o90°andt
hel
ar
gerv
ol
umeoft
hi
st
henr
equi
r
essuf
f
i
ci
entquant
i
t
yoff
i
l
l
ermat
er
i
al
.I
ft
he'
V'
i
sr
educedt
he
wel
di
ngt
or
chf
l
amepushest
hemol
t
enmet
al
f
r
om t
hepool
t
owar
dst
heunmel
t
edsi
desoft
he'
V'
.
Thi
smet
hodi
snoteconomi
cal
f
ort
hi
cknessabov
e6mm.
2.RI
GHTWARDORBACKHANDWELDI
NG:
Her
et
hewel
di
ngt
or
chi
shel
di
nt
her
i
ghthandandt
hef
i
l
l
err
odi
nt
hel
ef
thandt
hewel
di
ngbegi
nsatt
hel
ef
t
handendoft
hej
oi
ntandpr
oceedst
owar
dst
her
i
ght
,
t
hef
i
l
l
err
odi
sgi
v
enci
r
cul
armot
i
onwhi
l
et
hewel
di
ng
t
or
chmov
esi
nst
r
ai
ghtl
i
ne.I
nt
hi
scase,
t
het
or
cmov
esi
nst
r
ai
ghtl
i
ne.I
nt
hi
scase,
t
het
or
chmakesan
angl
eof40°-50°wi
t
ht
hepl
at
eandt
hewel
di
ngr
odanangl
eofbet
ween30°-40°t
ot
hepl
at
e.
Thi
smet
hodi
sbet
t
erandeconomi
cal
f
orpl
at
esov
er6mm t
hi
ckness.
Agoodf
usi
oncanbeobt
ai
nedwi
t
houtpr
epar
i
ng'
V'
upt
o8mm t
hi
ckpl
at
e.Butf
orpl
at
esabov
e8mm t
hi
ck,
edgesar
el
ev
el
l
edt
opr
oduce'
V'
of60°
.
Thi
spr
ocessusesal
ar
gerf
l
amef
oragi
v
enpl
at
et
hi
ckness.Thi
sl
ar
gerf
l
amegi
v
esgr
eat
erwel
di
ngspeed
andl
essf
i
l
l
err
odconsumpt
i
on.
Si
ncet
hewel
di
ngt
or
chmov
esi
nast
r
ai
ghtl
i
ne,
t
hemol
t
enmet
al
i
sagi
t
at
edv
er
yl
i
t
t
l
enfexcessoxi
dat
i
oni
s
pr
ev
ent
ed.
Pl
at
esupt
o15mm t
hi
ckmaybehel
di
nonepassandaof16mm t
hi
xi
mor
er
unsmustbedeposi
t
edbutt
he
noi
skeptmi
ni
mum.
13
NAME: .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
..
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
……
EQUI
PMENTFOROXYACETYLENEGASWELDI
NG
Under
l
i
st
edar
et
heequi
pment
sr
equi
r
edt
ocar
r
youti
ngener
al
anoxy
acet
y
l
enewel
di
ng;
1.WELDI
NGTORCH(
BLOW PI
PE)—I
sat
ool
f
ormi
xi
ngt
heoxy
genandacet
y
l
enei
nt
hedesi
r
edv
ol
umesand
bur
ni
ngt
hemi
xt
ur
eatt
heendofat
i
p,
whi
chpr
oducesahi
ght
emper
at
ur
ef
l
ame.Thewdi
ngt
or
cheshav
ea
handl
eatoneendwi
t
ht
woi
nl
etconnect
i
onsf
orgases.Eachi
nl
ethasav
al
v
et
hatcont
r
ol
st
hrv
ol
umeof
oxy
genorofacet
y
l
enepassi
ngt
hr
ought
hem.
Thedesi
r
edpr
opor
t
i
onsofoxy
genandacet
y
l
enear
et
hor
oughl
ymi
xed,
i
nt
heni
xerbef
or
ei
ssui
ngf
r
om or
ch
t
ot
het
i
pornozzl
e.
Thef
l
amei
spr
oducedbyi
gni
t
i
ngt
hemi
xt
ur
eatt
het
or
cht
i
p.
Commer
ci
al
l
y
,
wel
di
ngt
or
chesar
ecat
egor
i
zedi
nt
ot
wot
y
pes;
(
i
)I
nt
er
j
ect
ororLowPr
essur
et
y
pe;
and
(
i
i
)Posi
t
i
v
eorEqual
pr
essur
e(
al
soknownashi
ghpr
essur
e)t
y
pe.
Thedi
f
f
er
encebet
weent
het
woi
si
nt
hegasmi
xi
ngchamberorgasmi
xer
.
AGasmi
xi
ngchambermustbeabl
et
o;
(
a)Mi
xgasest
hor
oughl
yf
orpr
opercombust
i
on.
(
b)Ar
r
estf
l
ashbackst
hatmi
ghtoccurt
hr
oughi
mpr
operoper
at
i
on.
(
c)Tost
opanyf
l
ame,
t
r
av
el
l
i
ngbackt
hr
ought
het
i
patt
hemi
xer
,
and
(
d)I
nsomedesi
gns,
t
oper
mi
tar
angeoft
i
l
si
zest
obeoper
at
edbyt
heonesi
zeormi
xer
.
2.WELDI
NGTORCHTI
P(
NOZZLE)—I
st
hatpor
t
i
onoft
or
cht
hr
oughwhi
cht
hegasespassj
ustpr
i
ort
ot
hei
r
i
gni
t
i
onandbur
ni
ng.Ti
psar
emadeofhi
ght
her
mal
conduct
i
v
i
t
ymat
er
i
al
,
suchascopperorcopperal
l
oy
.
Thet
i
psi
zei
smeasur
esbyt
hedi
amet
eroft
hecent
r
al
hol
et
hr
oughwhi
cht
hegaseousmi
xt
ur
epasses.The
t
i
psi
zedependsont
het
hi
cknessoft
hemat
er
i
al
t
obewel
ded.Thei
nt
er
changeabl
et
i
psf
orv
ar
i
ous
t
hi
cknessar
eusual
l
ypr
ov
i
deswi
t
heachwel
di
ngt
or
ch.
3.PRESSUREREGULATORS—Det
ai
l
soft
hesemaydi
f
f
eramongt
hedi
f
f
er
entmanuf
act
ur
er
s,
butt
he
f
undament
al
oper
at
i
ngpr
i
nci
pl
esar
et
hesamef
oral
l
r
egul
at
or
s.
Gener
al
l
yapr
essur
er
egul
at
orhasauni
onni
ppl
et
oat
t
achi
tt
ot
hecy
l
i
nderandanout
l
etconnect
i
onf
ort
he
hosel
eadi
ngt
ot
het
or
ch.Nor
mal
l
y
,
ar
egul
at
orconsi
st
soft
woguages;
oneshowi
ngpr
essur
ei
nt
hecy
l
i
nder
whi
l
et
heot
hershowspr
essur
ebei
ngsuppl
i
edt
ot
het
or
ch.
Thewor
ki
ngpr
essur
esar
eadj
ust
edbyt
heoper
at
oraccor
di
ngt
ot
her
equi
r
ement
soft
hej
ob.
Pr
essur
er
egul
at
or
shav
et
hef
ol
l
owi
ngf
unct
i
ont
oper
f
or
m;
a.I
tr
educest
hesour
cepr
essur
e(
f
r
om gener
at
or
,
cy
l
i
nder
,
mani
f
ol
dorpi
pel
i
ne)t
oawor
kabl
epr
essur
e.
b.I
tmai
nt
ai
nst
heconst
antdel
i
v
er
ypr
essur
eandgasv
ol
umet
r
i
cr
at
er
egar
dl
essofpr
essur
ev
ar
i
at
i
onsatt
he
sour
ce.
c.I
tper
mi
t
sadj
ust
mentt
odel
i
v
ergasatacer
t
ai
ndesi
r
edpr
essur
ewi
t
hi
ni
t
sr
at
edpr
essur
er
ange.
NB-Whenf
i
xi
ngt
her
egul
at
or
s—oxy
gency
l
i
nderi
st
hr
eadedr
i
ght
handwhi
l
eAcet
y
l
enei
st
hr
eadedl
ef
t
handt
hr
eads.
4.HOSEANDHOSEFI
TTI
NGS—Thehosef
orwel
di
ngt
or
chesshoul
dbest
r
ong,
dur
abl
e,
nonpor
ous,
l
i
ght
andf
l
exi
bl
e.Twol
engt
hsofhose(
onef
oroxy
genandt
heot
her
,
acet
y
l
ene)ar
er
equi
r
edt
oconnectt
he
r
egul
at
orandt
het
or
ch.Thest
andar
dcol
ourofoxy
genhosei
sbl
ackandf
oracet
y
l
enehosei
sr
ed.The
speci
al
hosef
i
t
t
i
ngsorconnect
i
onsar
epr
ov
i
dedf
orat
t
achment
st
ot
het
or
chandpr
essur
er
egul
at
or
s.
5.GASCYLI
NDERS—Theoxy
genandacet
y
l
enear
eusual
l
yobt
ai
nedf
r
om st
r
ongst
eel
cy
l
i
nder
s,
whi
chat
e
f
i
l
l
edbycommer
ci
al
suppl
i
esoft
hi
sgases.
Thest
andar
dcol
ourf
ort
heoxy
gency
l
i
nderi
sBLACKwhi
l
et
hatofacet
y
l
enesi
scol
our
edMAROON.
Ot
herequi
pment
sar
easment
i
onedear
l
i
erunderst
andar
dequi
pmentf
orhi
ghpr
essur
ewel
di
ngsuchas;
wel
di
nggoggl
es,
apr
on,
f
i
l
l
err
od,
f
l
uxeset
c.
14
NAME: .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
..
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
DI
AGRAMATI
CREPRESENTATI
ONOFWELDI
NGTORCHES.
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
st
or
agehol
der
,
t
henasr
equi
r
ei
sf
edt
hr
ought
hemai
nsuppl
yl
i
ne,
i
nt
oahy
dr
aul
i
cbackpr
essur
ev
al
v
e,
and
t
heni
nt
ot
hebl
owpi
pe.
Thef
unct
i
onoft
hebackpr
essur
ev
al
v
ei
st
opr
ev
entoxy
genf
r
om passi
ngbacki
nt
ot
heacet
y
l
enesuppl
yl
i
ne
andcr
eat
i
nganexpl
osi
v
emi
xt
ur
e.
Theoxy
geni
ssuppl
i
edf
r
om aseaml
ess,
dr
awnst
eel
cy
l
i
nder
.I
tpassest
hr
oughar
educi
ngv
al
v
eandt
hen
oni
nt
oal
owpr
essur
ebl
owpi
pe.Thel
at
t
eri
ssodesi
gnedt
hatt
hehi
ghpr
essur
eoxy
geni
nj
ect
sordr
awst
he
l
owpr
essur
eacet
y
l
enei
nt
ot
hemi
xi
ngchamberandt
henont
het
i
poft
henozzl
ewher
et
hemi
xt
ur
ei
sbur
nt
.
Thel
owpr
essur
esy
st
em hasadv
ant
ageswhenal
ar
genumberofoper
at
or
sar
econt
i
nuousl
yempl
oy
edon
r
epet
i
t
i
onwor
kandal
ar
gepl
anti
st
her
ef
or
eessent
i
al
.
2.HI
GHPRESSURESYSTEM
15
NAME: .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
..
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
I
nt
hehi
ghpr
essur
esy
st
em bot
ht
heoxy
genandt
heacet
y
l
enear
esuppl
i
edf
r
om seaml
essst
eel
cy
l
i
nder
s.
Thef
ol
l
owi
ngadv
ant
ageswer
e<chosen>ov
ert
hel
owpr
essur
esy
st
em.
(
i
)Gr
eat
ersaf
et
y
.
(
i
i
)Easeofadj
ust
ment
.
(
i
i
i
)Hi
gherwor
ki
ngef
f
i
ci
ency
,
account
edf
orbyt
hei
nt
i
mat
emi
xt
ur
eofgasesi
nt
hebl
owpi
pe,
andt
he
sl
i
ght
l
yhi
gherf
l
amet
emper
at
ur
eduet
ot
hehi
ghpur
i
t
yoft
hegas.
(
i
v
)Pl
antent
i
r
el
ypor
t
abl
e,
canbeeasi
l
yt
aket
oanydesi
r
edsi
t
e.
(
v
)Si
mpl
i
ci
t
yofoper
at
i
on.
(
v
i
)Accur
at
er
egul
at
i
onofbot
hoxy
genandacet
y
l
enecy
l
i
nder
s.
STANDARDEQUI
PMENT(
HI
GHPRESSURESYSTEM)
Anhi
ghpr
essur
egaswel
di
ngequi
pmentcompr
i
sesoft
hef
ol
l
owi
ngi
t
ems;
(
i
)Suppl
yofoxy
geni
nast
eel
cy
l
i
nderpai
nt
edBLACKi
nt
owhi
chi
sf
i
t
t
edanoxy
genpr
essur
er
egul
at
or
.
(
i
i
)Suppl
yofcompr
essedacet
y
l
enei
nast
eel
cy
l
i
nderpai
nt
edMAROONi
nt
owhi
chi
sf
i
t
t
edanacet
y
l
enepr
essur
er
egul
at
or
.
NB:
I
ti
si
mpor
t
antt
onot
eher
et
hatacet
y
l
enegasi
sunst
abl
ewhencompr
essedt
ohi
ghpr
essur
esandi
s
t
her
ef
or
econt
ai
nedi
nt
hecy
l
i
nderdi
ssol
v
edi
nacet
onee.Thecy
l
i
nderi
spackedwi
t
hpor
ousspongymat
er
i
al
suchadkapoc,
asbest
os,
pr
epar
eschar
coal
,
orot
hersui
t
abl
emat
er
i
al
sat
ur
at
edwi
t
hacet
one.Thi
sacet
one
absor
bsl
ar
gequant
i
t
i
esofacet
y
l
eneunderpr
essur
e.
(
i
i
i
)A hi
ghpr
essur
ebl
owpi
pe,
equi
ppedwi
t
har
angeofi
nt
er
changeabl
enozzl
essui
t
abl
ef
orwel
di
ngt
he
v
ar
i
oust
y
pesandt
hi
cknessofmet
al
.
(
i
v
)Twol
engt
hsofspeci
al
nonpor
ousr
ubberhose,
onebl
uel
eadi
ngf
r
om t
heoxy
genr
egul
at
ory
obl
owpi
pe
i
nl
et
,
t
heot
herr
edl
eadi
ngf
r
om acet
y
l
ener
egul
at
ort
ot
hebl
owpi
pei
nl
et
.St
andar
dconnect
i
onsar
ef
i
t
t
edt
o
t
hehoseatbot
hr
egul
at
orandbl
owpi
peends.
(
v
)Key
st
osui
tt
hecy
l
i
nder
v
al
v
espi
ndl
es.
(
v
i
)Asuppl
yofwel
di
ngr
odsandf
l
uxes;
t
hesear
esel
ect
edaccor
di
ngt
ot
het
y
peofmet
al
bei
ngwel
ded.
(
v
i
i
)apai
rofwel
di
nggoggl
esf
i
t
t
edwi
t
hl
ensesasr
ecommended,
al
sopr
ot
ect
i
v
ecl
ot
hi
ng,
i
ncl
udi
ngal
eat
her
apr
onandandpai
rofgl
ov
es.
(
v
i
i
i
)Awel
di
ngt
abl
eequi
ppedwi
t
hsui
t
abl
yf
i
r
ebr
i
cks,
andawi
r
ebr
ushf
orcl
eani
ngt
hemet
al
pr
i
ort
o
wel
di
ng.
(
i
x)Aspar
kl
i
ght
erf
ori
gni
t
i
ngt
hebl
owpi
pe.
(
x)At
r
ol
l
eyf
ort
r
anspor
t
i
ngcy
l
i
nder
sandequi
pment
.
*
*
*
*
TYPESOFWELDI
NGJOI
NTS
Ther
ear
ef
i
v
ebasi
ct
y
pesofj
oi
nt
scommonl
yusedi
nf
i
ssi
onwel
di
ng.
1.LAPJOI
NT:
Lapj
oi
nti
sobt
ai
nedbyov
er
l
appi
ngt
hepl
at
esandt
henwel
di
ngt
heedgesoft
hepl
at
es.
Thesej
oi
nt
sar
eempl
oy
edonpl
at
eshav
i
ngt
hi
cknessl
esst
han3mm
16
NAME: .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
..
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
2.BUTTJOI
NT:
Thi
si
sobt
ai
nedby<cut
t
i
ngsi
desor
>edgesoft
het
wopl
at
eswhi
char
ei
nt
hesamepl
ane
wi
t
heachot
her
.
3.CORNERJOI
NT:
Thecor
nerj
oi
nti
sobt
ai
nedbyj
oi
ni
ngt
heedgesoft
wopl
at
eswhosesur
f
acear
eat
anangl
eofappr
oxi
mat
el
y90°t
oeachot
her
.I
ti
susedf
orbot
hl
i
ghtandheav
yguagesheetmet
al
.
4.EDGEJOI
NT:
Thi
si
sobt
ai
nedbyj
oi
ni
ngt
wopar
al
l
el
pl
at
es.I
ti
seconomi
cal
f
orpl
at
eshav
i
ng
t
hi
cknessl
esst
han
6mm.
5.TJOI
NT:
Thi
si
sobt
ai
nedbyj
oi
ni
ngt
wopl
at
eswhosesur
f
acesar
eappr
oxi
mat
el
yatr
i
ghtangl
et
o
eachot
her
.
*
*
*
*
*
HANDTOOLSTHATAREUSEDFORWELDI
NG
Var
i
oushandt
ool
sar
eusedi
nwel
di
ngoper
at
i
onssuchast
hef
i
l
l
owe.
1Wr
ench
2.Hammer(
Bal
l
PenandChi
ppi
ng)
3.Wi
r
e
4.Chi
sel
5.Cal
i
per
6.St
eel
Rul
e
7.Scr
aper
s
8.<Chamous>cl
ot
h,
et
c
9.Anv
i
l
.
17
NAME: .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
..
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
PROCEDUREFORLI
GHTI
NGWELDI
NGTORCH,
CLOSI
NGDOWNANDSAFETYPRECAUTI
ONS.
A.I
GNI
TI
NGBLOWPI
PEANDADJUSTI
NGFLAME:
Whenl
i
ght
i
ngt
hef
l
ame,
t
hef
ol
l
owi
ngpr
ocedur
esar
ef
ol
l
owed;
1.Fi
r
stopent
hebl
owpi
peacet
y
l
enecont
r
ol
v
al
v
ehal
ft
ot
hr
eepar
t
sofat
ur
n.
2.Hol
dt
hespar
kl
i
ght
erabout25mm awayf
r
om t
heendoft
henozzl
e.
3.Spar
kt
hel
i
ght
erandi
gni
t
et
heacet
y
l
ene.
4.Adj
ustt
hecont
r
ol
v
al
v
eunt
i
l
acl
eanf
l
amef
r
eef
r
om smokei
sobt
ai
ned.
5.Gr
adual
l
yopent
heoxy
gencont
r
ol
v
al
v
eunt
i
l
t
hedesi
r
edt
y
peoff
l
amei
sobt
ai
ned.
Thef
l
amemaybe;
neut
r
al
,
oxi
di
zi
ng,
orcar
bur
i
zi
ng.Thef
l
amemaybehar
shorqui
et
.
Thehar
shf
l
amei
scausedbyf
or
ci
ngt
oomuchpr
essur
eofbot
hgasesi
nt
ot
hebl
owpi
penozzl
e.Thi
s
bei
ngt
hei
deal
t
y
peoff
l
amet
oensur
eacont
i
nuousf
l
owofmol
t
enmet
al
wi
t
houtunduespat
t
er
.
Bel
owi
st
hedi
agr
ammat
i
cr
epr
esent
at
i
onoft
hef
l
amet
hatcanbeachi
ev
eddur
i
ngt
hei
gni
t
i
onand
adj
ust
mentofat
or
ch;
(
a)
Neut
r
al
f
l
ame
(
equal
v
ol
umeof
oxy
genandacet
y
l
ene
-usesf
orwel
di
ngof
st
eel
,casti
r
on,
copper
,
al
umi
ni
um,
et
c)
.
(
b)Oxi
di
zi
ngf
l
ame
(
Fl
amewi
t
hexcess
oxy
gen,
usedf
or
wel
di
ngbr
assand
br
onze)
.
(
c)Reduci
ngor
car
boni
si
ngf
l
ame.
(
Fl
amewi
t
hexcess
acet
y
l
ene,
wher
e
oxi
dat
i
oni
st
obekept
mi
ni
mum f
orwel
di
ng
mol
t
enmet
al
,
cer
t
ai
n
al
l
oyst
eel
s,
manyoft
he
nonf
er
r
ous,
andf
orhar
d
sur
f
aci
ngsat
el
l
i
t
e.
18
NAME: .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
..
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Theabov
enamedorment
i
onedf
l
amesar
echar
act
er
i
sedwi
t
ht
her
at
i
oofoxy
acet
y
l
enecombi
nat
i
on
att
het
i
pt
hatgi
v
est
hecombust
i
ngf
l
ame.
Thet
y
peofwel
di
ngoper
at
i
onr
equi
r
eddet
er
mi
nest
het
y
peoft
hef
l
amet
obeused.
(
B)CLOSI
NGDOWNTHETORCH:
Af
t
ert
hewel
di
nghasbeenaccompl
i
shed,
t
henextt
hi
ngi
st
ocl
osedownt
heequi
pment
.Ther
ev
er
seof
i
gni
t
i
ngt
het
or
chi
st
hecl
osi
ngpr
ocedur
ei
.
e,
1.Gr
adual
l
yt
ur
nof
ft
heoxy
genv
al
v
e,
2.Tur
nof
ft
heacet
y
l
enev
al
v
e
3.Whi
pt
het
i
poft
henozzl
ewi
t
ht
hewi
r
ebr
ushensur
i
ngt
hatnopar
t
i
cl
eofsl
agsorspat
t
erar
eatt
he
t
i
p.
4.Gent
l
yt
ur
nof
ft
her
egul
at
or
'
sv
al
v
eandconsequent
l
yt
ur
nof
ft
hecy
l
i
nder
sv
al
v
egent
l
y
.
5.Ar
r
angeequi
pmenti
nasaf
ear
eaatav
er
t
i
cal
posi
t
i
onwai
t
i
ngf
oranot
herj
ob.
(
C)SAFETYPRECAUTI
ONS
Thef
ol
l
owi
ngi
sasummar
yi
ft
hemai
nsaf
et
ypr
ecaut
i
onst
obet
akenwhenst
or
i
ngandusi
ngcy
l
i
nder
s
ofcompr
essedgas.
*PRECAUTI
ONONSTORAGE:
1.St
or
ei
nawel
l
v
ent
i
l
at
ed,
f
i
r
epr
oofr
oom wi
t
hf
l
amepr
oofel
ect
r
i
cal
f
i
t
t
i
ngs.
Donotsmoke,
weargr
easycl
ot
hi
ngorhav
eexposedf
l
amei
nt
hest
or
ager
oom.
2.Pr
ot
ectcy
l
i
nder
sf
r
onsour
cesofheatandgr
easyandoi
l
ysour
ces.(
Heati
ncr
easest
hepr
essur
eof
t
hegasandmayweakent
hecy
l
i
nderwal
l
.Oi
l
andgr
easemayi
gni
t
espont
aneousl
yi
nt
hepr
esenceof
pur
eoxy
gen)
.
4.St
or
eacet
y
l
enecy
l
i
nder
si
nanupr
i
ghtposi
t
i
onanddonotst
or
eoxy
genandcombust
i
bl
egasessuch
asacet
y
l
eneandpr
opanet
oget
her
.
5.Keepf
ul
l
andempt
ycy
l
i
nder
sapar
tf
r
om eachot
her
.
6.Aboutdr
oppi
ngandbumpi
ngcy
l
i
nder
sv
i
ol
ent
l
yt
oget
her
.
*PRECAUTI
ONONUSAGE
1.Keepcy
l
i
nder
sawayf
r
om el
ct
r
i
cal
appar
at
usorl
i
v
ewi
r
eswher
et
her
emaybedangerofar
ci
ngt
aki
ng
pl
ace.
2.Pr
ot
ectt
hem f
r
om t
hespar
ksandf
l
amesofwel
di
ngandcut
t
i
ngoper
at
i
on.
3.Al
way
suseapr
essur
er
educi
ngr
egul
at
ort
oobt
ai
nasuppl
yofgasf
r
om cy
l
i
nder
s.
4.Makesur
et
hatcy
l
i
nderoul
etv
al
v
esar
ecl
eanofoi
l
,
wat
erandf
or
ei
gnmat
t
er
,
ot
her
wi
sel
eakagemay
occurwhent
hepr
essur
er
educi
ngr
egul
at
or
sar
ef
i
t
t
ed.
5.Donotusel
i
f
t
i
ngmagnet
si
nt
hecy
l
i
nder
s.Ropeshugsmaybeusedi
nsi
mpl
ecy
l
i
ndert
aki
ngdue
pr
ecaut
i
onsagai
nstt
hecy
l
i
ndersl
i
ppi
ngf
r
om t
heashug.
6.Rel
oadt
hedi
aphr
agm oft
her
egul
at
orbyaunscr
ewi
ngbef
or
ef
i
t
t
i
ngt
oaf
ul
l
cy
l
i
nder
,
andopent
he
cy
l
i
nderv
al
v
esl
owl
yt
oav
oi
dsuddenappl
i
cat
i
onofhi
ghpr
essur
et
ot
her
egul
at
or
.
7.Donotov
er
t
i
ght
ent
hev
al
v
ewhenshut
t
i
ngof
ft
hegassuppl
y
;
j
ustt
i
ght
enenought
opr
ev
entany
l
eakage.
8.Al
way
sshutof
ft
hegassuppl
ywhennoti
nusef
orev
enashor
tt
i
meandandal
way
sshutof
fwhen
mov
i
ngcy
l
i
nder
s.
9.Nev
ert
estf
orl
eakswi
t
hanakedf
l
ame,
usesoapywat
er
.
10.Makesur
et
hatoxy
gency
l
i
nder
swi
t
hr
oundbasesar
ef
ast
enedwhenst
andi
ngv
er
t
i
cal
l
y
,
t
opr
ev
ent
damagebyf
al
l
i
ng.
19
NAME: .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
..
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
11.Thawoutf
r
ozenspi
ndl
ev
al
v
eswi
t
hhotwat
erNOTwi
t
haf
l
ame.
13.Donotuseoi
l
orgr
easeorot
herl
ubr
i
cantonv
al
v
esorot
herapar
ay
usanddonoti
sranyj
oi
nt
i
ng
compound.
14.Bl
owoutt
hecy
l
i
nderout
l
et(
<sni
f
f
i
ng>)byqui
ckl
yopeni
ngandcl
osi
ngy
ouv
al
v
ebef
or
ef
i
t
t
i
ngt
he
r
egul
at
or
.
15.Shoul
danacet
y
l
enecy
l
i
nderbecomeheat
edduet
oanycause,
i
mmedi
at
el
yt
akei
tout
door
s
i
mmer
sei
nwat
erorspr
aywi
t
hwat
er
,
opent
hev
al
v
eandkeepi
tascool
aspossi
bl
eunt
i
l
t
hecy
l
i
nderi
s
empt
y
.Thencont
actt
hesuppl
i
er
s.
16.Donotf
or
cear
egul
at
oront
oadamagesout
l
edt
hr
ead.Repor
tdamaget
ocy
l
i
nder
st
ot
hesuppl
i
er
s.
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
(
d)BRAZI
NG-Thi
si
sasi
mi
l
arpr
ocessj
ustl
i
kei
nsol
der
i
ng,
t
heonl
ydi
f
f
er
encei
st
hatt
heal
l
oyi
.
et
he
spel
t
erusedf
ort
hecoal
escenceoft
hebondandt
het
emper
at
ur
edi
f
f
er
s.Thet
emper
at
ur
eofbr
azi
ng
t
akespl
aceatmuchhi
ghert
emper
at
ur
eofuot
oabout500°
C.
Fort
hesakeoft
hi
sl
ect
ur
eser
i
esweshal
l
di
scussf
ul
l
ysomeoft
hesej
oi
ni
ngoper
at
i
onsi
namuch
l
at
ert
i
me.
I
fi
swor
t
hnot
i
ngt
hatf
ast
eni
ng(
i
.
ej
oi
nt
s)maybecl
assi
f
i
edi
nt
ot
hef
ol
l
owi
ngt
wogr
oups;
1.PERMANENTFASTENI
NG:
Thesear
ef
ast
eni
ngswhi
chcannotbedi
sassembl
edwi
t
houtdest
r
oy
i
ng
t
heconnect
i
oncomponent
s.Exampl
esi
fsuchf
ast
eni
ngar
e;sol
der
ed,
br
azed,
wel
dedandr
i
v
et
ed
j
oi
nt
s.
2.THETEMPORARYORDETACHABLEFASTENI
NGS:
Thesear
ef
ast
eni
ngswhi
chcanbedi
sassembl
ed
wi
t
houtdest
r
oy
i
ngt
heconnect
i
ngcomponent
s.Exampl
esofsuchf
ast
eni
ngsar
e;
scr
ewed,
key
s,
cot
t
er
s,
pi
nsandspl
i
nedj
oi
nt
s.
RI
VETS
Ar
i
v
eti
sashor
tcy
l
i
ndr
i
cal
barwi
t
haheadi
nt
egr
al
t
oi
t
.Thecy
l
i
ndr
i
cal
por
t
i
onoft
her
i
v
eti
scal
l
ed
shankorbodyandl
owerpor
t
i
oni
fshanki
sknownast
ai
l
.Ther
i
v
et
sar
eusedt
omakeper
manent
f
ast
eni
ngbet
weent
hepl
at
essuchasi
nst
r
uct
ur
al
wor
k,
shi
pbui
l
di
ng,br
i
dges,
t
anksabsboi
l
ershel
l
s.
Ther
i
v
et
edj
oi
nt
sar
ewi
del
yusedf
orj
oi
ni
ngl
i
ghtmet
al
s.
MATERI
ALOFRI
VETS
Themat
er
i
al
oft
her
i
v
etmustbet
oughandduct
i
l
e.Theyar
eusual
l
ymadeofst
eel
(
l
owcar
bonst
eel
or
ni
ckel
st
eel
)
,
br
ass,
al
umi
ni
um orcopper
,
butwhenst
r
engt
handaf
l
ui
dt
i
ghtj
oi
nti
st
hemai
n
consi
der
at
i
on,
t
hest
eelr
i
v
et
sar
eused.
20
NAME: .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
..
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
*Ri
v
et
smaybemadebycol
dheadi
ngorbyhotf
or
gi
ng.I
fr
i
v
er
sar
emadebyt
hecol
dheadi
ngpr
ocess,
t
heyshal
l
subsequent
l
ybeadequat
el
yheatt
r
eat
edsot
hatt
hest
r
essessetupi
nt
hecol
dheadi
ng
pr
ocessar
eel
i
mi
nat
ed.I
ft
heyar
emadebyhotf
or
gi
ngpr
ocess,
car
eshal
l
bet
akent
oseet
hatt
he
f
i
ni
shedr
i
v
et
scool
gr
adual
l
y
.
*
*
*
*
GASCUTTI
NGEQUI
PMENT
Thecut
t
i
ngofi
r
onandst
eel
byusi
ngoxy
geni
sext
ensi
v
el
yusednowaday
si
ni
ndust
r
y
.I
ti
s
economi
cal
l
ydonebymeansoft
hechemi
cal
r
eact
i
onofoxy
genwi
t
ht
hebasemet
al
atel
ev
at
ed
t
emper
at
ur
e.
Thepr
ocessconsi
st
sofpr
eheat
i
ngt
hemat
er
i
al
t
obecutt
oi
t
ski
ndl
i
ngori
gni
t
i
ont
emper
at
ur
eabout
(
1350°
C)
.Whent
hi
st
emper
at
ur
ei
sat
t
ai
ned,
aj
etofahi
ghpr
essur
eoxy
genf
r
om aspeci
al
cut
t
i
ng
t
or
chi
sdi
r
ect
edont
ot
hehotmet
al
.Themet
al
i
sr
api
dl
yoxi
di
sed.Themol
t
enoxi
desf
or
medi
nt
he
pr
ocessar
ewashedoutbyt
hest
eam ofoxy
gen.Ast
hemol
t
enmet
al
r
unsdowni
nt
ot
heker
f(
anar
r
ow
pat
hwi
t
hf
ai
r
l
ysmoot
handpar
al
l
el
si
des)
,
i
theat
st
hecool
ermet
al
andmaket
hecut
t
i
ngoper
at
i
on
cont
i
nuous.Dur
i
ngcut
t
i
ngoper
at
i
on,
whent
het
or
chi
sdi
r
ect
edagai
nstt
hemet
al
aheadofcompl
et
ed
ker
f
,
t
heoxi
desAdecont
i
nuousl
yr
emov
edf
r
om t
heker
ff
aces.
I
tmaybenot
edt
hatonl
yt
hosemet
al
scanbecutbyoxy
gencut
t
i
ngwhoseoxi
di
sat
i
ont
emper
at
ur
ei
s
bel
owt
hei
rmel
t
i
ngpoi
ntot
her
wi
set
hemet
al
woul
dmel
tawaybef
or
eoxi
di
sat
i
onandnocl
eancutedge
wi
l
l
beobt
ai
ned.
Theoxy
gencut
t
i
ngi
swel
l
sui
t
edf
ort
hepr
epar
at
i
onofedgesf
orwel
di
ng.Thecutedgesar
eassmoot
h
ast
oughmachi
necut
s,
andf
ai
r
l
ycl
oset
ol
er
ancecanbehel
d.
Theoxy
gencut
t
i
ngusper
f
or
medbymeansofor
di
nar
ygaswel
di
ngequi
pment
,
exceptt
hatt
hewel
di
ng
t
or
chi
sr
epl
acedbyacut
t
i
ngt
or
ch.
Thecut
t
i
ngt
or
cht
i
p,
consi
st
soff
ouropeni
ngsf
ort
hepr
eheat
i
ngf
l
ameandi
nt
hecent
r
eoft
hese
openi
ngst
her
ei
sal
ar
geropeni
ngf
r
om whi
chaj
etofoxy
gencomest
ocutt
hemet
al
.Thej
etofoxy
gen
i
scont
r
ol
l
edbymeansofaspr
i
ngl
oadedv
al
v
e.
*
*
*
*
*(
ARCWELDI
NG)
Whent
hear
ci
sobt
ai
ned,
i
nt
enseheatsopr
oducedqui
ckl
ymel
t
st
hewor
kundert
hear
cf
or
mi
ngapool
ofmol
t
enmet
al
whi
chseemst
obef
or
cesoutoft
hepool
byt
hebl
astf
r
om t
hear
c.Asmal
l
depr
essi
on
i
sf
or
medi
nt
hewor
kandt
hemol
y
enmet
al
i
sdeposi
t
edar
oundt
heedgeoft
hi
sdepr
essi
on,
whi
chi
s
cal
l
edt
hear
ccr
at
or
.Thesl
api
sbr
ui
sedof
faf
t
ert
hej
oi
nthascool
ed.Thear
cl
,
oncest
ar
t
ed,
shoul
dbe
adv
ancedatauni
f
or
m speedal
ongt
hedesi
r
edl
i
neofwel
di
ng.Themel
t
i
ngshoul
dr
eacht
oasuf
f
i
ci
ent
del
t
gbel
owt
heor
i
gi
nal
sur
f
acesoft
hemet
al
pi
ecest
obej
oi
nedt
oobt
ai
nt
hedesi
r
edwel
d.Thi
si
s
knownasogai
ni
ngpr
operpenet
r
at
i
on.
Ther
ear
et
wot
y
pesofcur
r
enti
nv
ol
v
ei
nar
cwel
di
ngpr
ocesses,
t
hesear
edi
r
ectcur
r
ent(
D.
C)and
al
t
er
nat
i
ngcur
r
ent(
A.
C)
.
Thedi
r
ectcur
r
entsuppl
yf
orar
cwel
di
ngi
susual
l
yobt
ai
nedf
r
om agener
at
ordr
i
v
enbyei
t
heranel
ect
r
i
c
mot
ororapet
r
ol
ordi
esel
engi
ne.
Theal
t
er
nat
i
ngcur
r
entsuppl
yf
orar
cwel
di
ngi
susual
l
yobt
ai
nedf
r
om ast
epdownt
r
ansf
or
merwhi
ch
r
ecei
v
escur
r
entf
r
om t
hesuppl
ymai
nsat200t
o400v
ol
t
sandt
r
ansf
or
msi
tt
ot
hev
ol
t
ageact
ual
l
y
r
equi
r
ed(
i
.
e80t
o100v
ol
t
s)f
orst
r
i
ki
ngt
hear
xonl
y
.I
nor
dert
omai
nt
ai
nt
hear
c,
ast
i
l
l
l
owerv
ol
t
age
<sawi
ng>about30t
o40v
ol
t
si
sr
equi
r
ed.Thev
ol
t
ager
equi
r
edi
nt
hecaseofD.
Cwel
di
ngus60t
o80
v
ol
t
sf
orst
r
i
ki
ngt
hear
cand15t
o20v
ol
t
sf
ormai
nt
ai
ni
ngt
hear
c.
POLARI
TYI
NARCWELDI
NG
Asdi
scussesabov
e,
t
her
ear
et
wocur
r
ent
si
nv
ol
v
edi
nar
cwel
di
ng,
Di
r
ectandAl
t
er
nat
i
ngcur
r
ent
s.
Amongt
heset
wo,
di
r
ectcur
r
enti
spr
ef
er
r
edf
ormostpur
poses.
21
NAME: .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
..
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Whent
hewor
ki
sconnect
edt
ot
heposi
t
i
v
e(
+)t
er
mi
nal
ofaD.
Cwel
di
ngmachi
neandt
henegat
i
v
et
oan
el
ect
r
odehol
der
,
t
hewel
di
ngsetupi
ssai
dt
ohav
est
r
ai
ghtpol
ar
i
t
y
.
Ont
heot
herhand,
whenwor
ki
sconnect
edt
onegat
i
v
eandt
heel
ect
r
odet
oaposi
t
i
v
et
er
mi
nal
,
t
hent
he
wel
di
ngset
upussai
dt
ohav
eRev
er
sedPol
ar
i
t
y
.
Whenal
t
er
nat
i
ngci
r
cui
ti
sused,
t
her
ei
snof
i
xedpol
ar
i
t
yatt
het
er
mi
nal
sandt
heyi
nt
er
changewi
n
ev
er
y<……>.Theal
t
er
nat
i
ngcur
r
ent
sal
soacqui
r
eszer
ov
al
uet
wi
cei
neachcy
cl
e.Thusatt
hese
par
t
i
cul
armoment
s,
t
hepot
ent
i
al
di
f
f
er
encebet
weent
het
er
mi
nal
si
szer
oandhenceahi
ghv
ol
t
agei
s
r
equi
r
edt
omai
nt
ai
nt
hear
catt
hi
smoment
.
ARCWELDI
NGEQUI
PMENT
Theequi
pmentcommonl
yusedf
orwel
di
ngconsi
stoft
hef
ol
l
owi
ng;
1.Al
t
er
nat
i
ngcur
r
ent(
A.
C)ordi
r
ectCur
r
ent(
D.
C)machi
nes.
2.El
ect
r
odehol
der(
i
nsul
at
ed)
3.El
ect
r
ode
4.Cabl
es
5.Cabl
econnect
or
s
6.Chi
ppi
nghammer
7.Ear
t
hi
ngcl
amps
8.Wi
r
ebr
ush
9.Hel
metorHandshi
el
d
10.Saf
et
ygoggl
es
11.Handgl
ov
es
12.Apr
ons,
sl
eev
es.
GASWELDI
NG
I
ti
sat
y
peoff
usi
onwel
di
ng,
i
nwhi
cht
heheatf
orwel
di
ngusobt
ai
nedbyt
hecombust
i
onofaf
uel
gas.
I
nagaswel
di
ng,
t
heedgesorsur
f
acest
obej
oi
nedar
emel
t
edbyt
heheatofagasf
l
ame.Themol
t
en
met
al
i
sal
l
owedt
ogl
owt
oget
herandasol
i
dcont
i
nuousj
oi
ntusobt
ai
nedast
hemol
t
enmet
al
sol
i
di
f
i
es.
Thegasf
usi
onwel
di
ngi
spar
t
i
cul
ar
l
ysui
t
abl
ef
orj
oi
ni
ngmet
al
sheet
sandpl
at
eshav
i
ngt
hi
cknessf
r
om
3t
o15mm.I
nor
dert
owel
dmat
er
i
al
shav
i
ngt
hi
cknessmor
et
han15mm,
addi
t
i
onal
met
al
(
cal
l
edf
i
l
l
er
met
al
)f
r
om t
hewel
di
ngr
odi
smel
t
edi
nt
ot
hegapbet
weent
het
wopar
t
st
obej
oi
ned.Themat
er
i
al
of
t
hewel
di
ngr
odi
susual
l
yt
hesameast
hatoft
hepar
t
sbei
ngwel
ded.
Af
l
uxi
susesdur
i
ngwel
di
ngt
or
emov
ei
mpur
i
t
i
esandoxi
despr
esentont
hesur
f
acesoft
hemet
al
t
o
bej
oi
nedandt
oobt
ai
nagoodwel
dr
esul
t
.
Themostwi
del
yusedgascombi
nat
i
onf
orpr
oduci
ngahotf
l
amef
orwel
di
ngmet
al
si
soxy
genand
acet
y
l
ene.Whenacet
y
l
enei
smi
xedwi
t
hpur
eoxy
gen,
i
tbur
nst
opr
oducet
hehi
ghestf
l
ame
t
emper
at
ur
e(
about3200°
C)
.Suchaf
l
amei
sknownasoxy
acet
y
l
enef
l
ame.Thehy
dr
ogengasor
aomeyot
hergasmayal
sobeused,
butt
het
emper
at
ur
esobt
ai
nedar
el
owert
hant
heoxy
acet
y
l
ene
f
l
ame.
EQUI
PMENTFOROXYACETYLENEGASWELDI
NG
Bel
owast
hecomponent
sofabasi
cequi
pmentf
oroxy
acet
y
l
enegaswel
di
ng;
1.WELDI
NGTORCH:
Thewel
di
ngt
or
ch(
al
soknownasbl
owpi
pe)
,
i
sat
ool
f
ormi
xi
ngt
heoxy
genand
acet
y
l
enei
nt
hedesi
r
edv
ol
umesandbur
ni
ngt
hemi
xt
ur
eatt
heendofat
i
p,
whi
chpr
oducesahi
gh
t
emper
at
ur
ef
l
ame.Thewel
di
ngt
or
cheshav
eahandl
eatoneendwi
t
ht
woi
nl
etconnect
i
onsf
orgases.
Eachi
nl
ethasav
al
v
et
hatcont
r
ol
st
hev
ol
umeofoxy
genorofacet
y
l
enepassi
ngt
hr
ought
hem.The
desi
r
edpr
opor
t
i
onsofoxy
genandacet
y
l
enear
et
hor
oughl
ymi
xed,
i
nt
hemi
xer
,
bef
or
ei
ssuei
ngf
r
om
t
or
cht
ot
hi
st
i
pornozzl
e.Thef
l
amei
spr
oducedbyi
gni
t
i
ngt
hemi
xt
ur
eatt
het
or
cht
i
p.Wel
di
ngt
or
ches
ar
ecommer
ci
al
l
yav
ai
l
abl
ei
nt
hef
ol
l
owi
ngt
wot
y
pes;
(
1)I
nj
ect
ororl
owpr
essur
et
y
pe;
and
22
NAME: .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
..
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
(
2)Posi
t
i
v
eorequal
pr
essur
e(
hi
ghpr
essur
e)t
y
pe.
2.WELDI
NGTORCHTI
P:
Thewel
di
ngt
or
cht
i
p(
al
socal
l
ednozzl
e)i
st
hatpor
t
i
onoft
or
cht
hr
oughwhi
ch
t
hegasespassj
ustpr
i
ort
ot
hei
ri
gni
t
i
onandbur
ni
ng.Thet
i
psar
emadeofhi
ght
her
mal
conduct
i
v
i
t
y
mat
er
i
al
suchascopperorcopperal
l
oy
.
Thet
i
pi
smeasur
edbyt
hedi
amet
eroft
hecent
r
al
hol
et
hr
oughwhi
cht
hegaseousmi
xt
ur
epasses.The
t
i
pdependsupont
het
hi
cknessoft
hemat
er
i
al
t
obewel
ded.Thei
nt
er
changeabl
et
i
psf
ort
hev
ar
i
ous
t
hi
cknessesar
eusual
l
ypr
ov
i
dedwi
t
heachwel
di
ngt
or
ch.
3.PRESSUREREGULATORS:
Theseper
f
or
mt
hef
ol
l
owi
ngf
unct
i
ons;
i
.I
tr
educest
hesour
cepr
essur
e(
f
r
om gener
at
or
,
cy
l
i
nder
,
mani
f
ol
dorpi
pel
i
ne)t
oawor
kabl
epr
essur
e.
i
i
.I
tmai
nt
ai
nst
heconst
antdel
i
v
er
ypr
essur
eandgasv
ol
umet
r
i
cr
at
er
egar
dl
essofpr
essur
ev
ar
i
at
i
onsatt
he
sour
ce.
i
i
i
.I
tper
mi
t
sadj
ust
mentt
odel
i
v
ergasatacer
t
ai
ndesi
r
edpr
essur
ewi
t
hi
ni
t
sr
at
edpr
essur
er
ange.
Themechani
cal
det
ai
l
sofar
egul
at
ormaydi
f
f
eramongt
hedi
f
f
er
entmanuf
act
ur
er
sbutt
hef
undament
al
oper
at
i
ngpr
i
nci
pl
esar
et
hesamef
oral
l
r
egul
at
or
s.Gener
al
l
y
,
aposi
t
i
v
er
egul
at
orhasauni
onni
ppl
et
o
at
t
achi
tt
ot
hecy
l
i
nderandanout
l
etconnect
i
onf
ort
hehosel
eadi
ngt
ot
het
or
ch.
Ther
ear
et
wogaugesont
hebodyoft
her
egul
at
or
,
oneshowi
ngoneshowi
ngpr
essur
ei
nt
hecy
l
i
nderwhi
l
e
t
heot
hershowi
ngt
hepr
essur
ebei
ngsuppl
i
edt
ot
het
or
ch.Thedesi
r
edpr
essur
eatt
hewel
di
ngt
or
chf
or
oxy
geni
sbet
ween70and280kN/
m²andf
oracet
y
l
enei
ti
sbet
ween7and103kN/
m²
.
4.HOSEANDHOSEFI
TTI
NGS:
Thehosef
orwel
di
ngt
or
chesshoul
dbest
r
ong,
dur
abl
e,
nonpor
ous,
l
i
ghtand
f
l
exi
bl
e.Twol
engt
hsofhose(
onef
oroxy
genandonef
oracet
y
l
ene)ar
er
equi
r
edt
oconnectt
her
egul
at
or
andt
het
or
ch.Thest
andar
dcol
ourf
oroxy
geni
sBLACKwhi
l
et
hatofacet
y
l
enesi
scol
our
edMAROON.
{
……}
5.GASCYLI
NDERS—Theoxy
genandacet
y
l
enear
eusual
l
yobt
ai
nedf
r
om st
r
ongst
eel
cy
l
i
nder
s,
whi
char
e
f
i
l
l
edbycommer
ci
al
suppl
i
er
soft
hesegases.Theoxy
gency
l
i
nder
sar
eusual
l
yf
i
l
l
edatapr
essur
eof
12.
5t
o14MN/
m²andhav
ecapaci
t
yof6.
23cubi
cmet
r
e.Thest
andar
dcol
ourf
ort
heoxy
gency
l
i
nderi
s
bl
ack.
Theacet
y
l
enei
sst
or
esi
ncy
l
i
nder
sunderani
ni
t
i
al
pr
essur
eof15at
mospher
e(
1.
545kN/
m²
)andhav
e
t
hecapaci
t
yof7.
6cubi
cmet
r
e.I
t
smassi
sabout86kgandf
usi
bl
epul
psatt
hebot
t
om i
nor
dert
osav
e
t
hecy
l
i
nderf
r
om expl
osi
oni
ncaseoff
i
r
e.Thest
andar
dcol
ourf
r
om f
ort
heacet
y
l
enecy
l
i
nderi
s
mar
oon.Thepur
eacet
y
l
enei
snotst
abl
eatpr
essur
esabov
eat
mospher
i
cpr
essur
eandmay
decomposeexpl
osi
v
el
y
.Ther
ef
or
ei
nor
dert
ost
or
eacet
y
l
eneat15agm,
i
ti
sdi
ssol
v
edi
nacet
one(
a
chemi
cal
compoundofhy
dr
ogen,
oxy
genandcar
bon(
CH3.CO.
CH2)
,
i
ti
sal
i
qui
dwi
t
hapungentsmel
l
andi
ssl
i
ght
l
ypoi
sonous)whi
chi
scapabl
eofabsor
bi
ngal
ar
gev
ol
umeofacet
y
l
eneandorr
el
easi
ngi
t
ast
hepr
essur
ef
al
l
s.Thecy
l
i
nderi
sf
i
r
stf
i
l
l
edwi
t
hadr
ypor
ousmat
er
i
al
(
e.
gchar
coal
orasbest
os)
whi
chkeepst
heacet
y
l
enewel
l
separ
at
ed.Thent
het
anki
spar
t
i
al
l
yf
i
l
l
edwi
t
hacet
oneandacet
y
l
enei
s
di
ssol
v
edi
ni
tunderapr
essur
eof15at
mospher
es.
6.GOGGLESANDGLOVES:
Thegoggl
es,
f
i
t
t
edwi
t
hcol
ourgl
asses,
shoul
dbewor
nbyt
heoper
at
or
whenwel
di
ng.Thegoggl
espr
ot
ectt
heey
esf
r
om t
hegl
ar
eoft
hef
l
ameconeandmol
t
enmet
al
.The
gl
ov
esshoul
dal
sobewor
nt
opr
ot
ectt
hehands.
7.SPARKLI
GHTER:
I
tpr
ov
i
desaconv
eni
entandi
nst
antmeansf
orl
i
ght
i
ngt
hewel
di
ngt
or
ch.
8.WELDI
NGRODS:
Al
socal
l
edf
i
l
l
err
odsar
eusedi
ngaswel
di
ngy
opr
ov
i
deext
r
amet
al
t
ot
hewel
dby
mel
t
i
ngt
heendoft
her
od.Most
l
y
,
t
hecomposi
t
i
onoft
hewel
di
ngr
odmat
er
i
al
i
ssameast
hatoft
he
mat
er
i
al
bei
ngwel
ded.
*
*
*
*
*
*
FLUXES
Whenmet
al
sar
eheat
ed,
t
heoxy
genf
r
om t
heai
rcombi
neswi
t
ht
hem andf
or
m oxi
des.Theseoxi
des
pr
oducepoorqual
i
t
yandl
owst
r
engt
hwel
ds.I
nsomecases,
i
tmakest
hewel
di
ngi
mpossi
bl
e.
Thusi
nor
dert
opr
ev
entoxi
dat
i
onandoy
betunwant
edchemi
cal
r
eact
i
onsdur
i
ngwel
di
ng,
f
l
uxesar
e
23
NAME: .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
..
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
used.Thef
l
uxesar
echemi
cal
compoundsandf
or
m af
usi
bl
esl
agwi
t
ht
heoxi
desofmostmet
al
sat
t
hewel
di
ngt
emper
at
ur
e.Thesl
agf
l
oat
st
ot
het
opoft
hemol
t
enmet
al
anddonoti
nt
er
f
er
ewi
t
ht
he
deposi
t
i
onandf
usi
onoff
i
l
l
ermet
al
.
Agoodf
l
uxpr
ot
ect
st
hemol
t
enmet
al
f
r
om at
mospher
i
coxy
genandpr
ev
entabsor
pt
i
onandr
eact
i
onof
ot
hergasesi
nt
hef
l
ame.I
naddi
t
i
on,
i
thel
pst
ocl
eanandpr
ot
ectt
hesur
f
acesoft
hebasemet
al
.
Thef
l
uxesar
eav
ai
l
abl
ei
nsev
er
al
f
or
ms,
suchasdr
ypowder
,
apast
eort
hcksol
ut
i
onorasapr
epl
aced
coat
i
ngont
hewel
di
ngr
od.
Thedr
yf
l
uxesar
eappl
i
edbyheat
i
ngt
heendofpowder
edmat
er
i
al
.Thef
l
uxadher
est
ot
heheat
ed
sur
f
aceandi
sconsumedwi
t
ht
her
oddur
i
ngwel
di
ngoper
at
i
on.Thef
l
uxesi
nt
hepast
ef
or
m at
eusual
l
y
appl
i
edont
hebasemet
al
wi
t
habr
ushwhi
l
et
hewel
di
ngr
odi
sei
t
herpai
nt
edordi
pped.
Asi
ngl
ef
l
uxi
snotsui
t
abl
ef
orwel
di
ngal
l
met
al
s.t
heor
di
nar
ygr
adesofmi
l
dst
eel
ar
esuccessf
ul
l
y
wel
dedwi
t
houtt
heuseofaf
l
ux.
GASFLAME
Thecombust
i
onofacet
y
l
enewi
t
hpur
eoxy
genatt
het
i
pofagaswel
di
ngt
or
cht
akespl
acei
nt
wo
st
ages.I
nt
hef
i
r
stst
age,
t
hecar
bonf
r
om t
heacet
y
l
enecombi
neswi
t
hoxy
gent
of
or
m car
bon
monoxi
de,
t
hehy
dr
ogenoft
heacet
y
l
enebeenf
r
eed.Thef
ol
l
owi
ngchemi
cal
r
eact
i
onoccur
s.
C2H2+O2→2CO+H2
Thi
sr
eact
i
ont
akespl
acewi
t
hi
nt
hei
nner
,
br
i
l
l
i
antwhi
t
econef
l
ame,
cl
oset
ot
het
i
poft
heopeni
ng.
Thi
spr
ov
i
dest
hemostconcent
r
at
edheatwi
t
ht
hehi
ghestt
emper
at
ur
ef
orwel
di
ng.
I
nt
hesecondst
age,
t
hecar
bonmonoxi
deandhy
dr
ogen(
pr
oducedi
nt
hef
i
r
stst
age)
,
t
oget
herwi
t
h
oxy
genf
r
om t
hesur
r
oundi
ngai
r
,
f
or
m car
bondi
oxi
deandwat
er(
st
eam)
.Ther
eact
i
oni
sr
epr
esent
edas
f
ol
l
ows;
4CO+2H2+3O2→ 4CO2+H2O
Theser
eact
i
onst
akepl
acei
nt
hel
ar
gerbl
uef
l
amewhi
chsur
r
oundswhi
t
i
shconef
l
ame.Thi
sl
ar
gerbl
ue
f
l
amecont
r
i
but
esonl
yapr
eheat
i
ngef
f
ectf
orwel
di
ng.I
tal
sopr
ot
ect
st
hemol
t
enmet
al
f
r
ooxi
dat
i
on.
Thef
l
amecanbeadj
ust
edt
osui
tt
hewel
di
ngcondi
t
i
ons,
byr
egul
at
i
ngt
hesuppl
yofacet
y
l
eneand
oxy
gen.Thef
ol
l
owi
ngt
hr
eet
y
pesoff
l
amesar
eusedf
orgaswel
di
ng;
NEUTRALFLAME:
Thi
st
y
peoff
l
amei
sobt
ai
nedbysuppl
y
i
ngequal
v
ol
umesofoxy
genandacet
y
l
ene.
Thi
sf
l
amehast
hef
ol
l
owi
ngt
woshar
pl
ydef
i
nedzones;
(
i
)Ani
nnerl
umi
nouscone,
and
(
i
i
)Ancour
tconeorenv
el
opeofbl
ui
shcol
our
.
Di
agr
ammat
i
cal
l
yasshownbel
ow;
(
a)Neut
r
al
f
l
ame
24
NAME: .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
..
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
2.OXI
DI
ZI
NGFLAME:
Thi
st
y
peoff
l
amei
sobt
ai
nedwher
et
her
ei
sanexcessofoxy
gen.I
ti
ssi
mi
l
art
o
neut
r
al
f
l
amebutt
hei
nnercor
ei
sl
essl
umi
nousandshor
t
er
.I
ti
susedf
orwel
di
ngbr
assandbr
onze.
Asshowndi
agr
ammat
i
cal
l
ybel
ow;
(
b)Oxi
di
si
ngf
l
ame.
3.REDUCI
NGORCARBONI
SI
NGFLAME:
Thi
si
sobt
ai
nedbysuppl
y
i
nganexcessofacet
y
l
ene.Andhas
t
hef
ol
l
owi
ngt
hr
eezones.
(
i
)Ani
nnercor
e
(
i
i
)Ani
nt
r
r
medi
at
ecor
eofwhi
t
i
shcol
our
,
and
(
i
i
i
)Anout
erconeofbl
ui
shcol
our
.
Thi
sf
l
amei
susedwher
ei
si
sr
equi
r
edt
okeepoxy
gent
oami
ni
mum.I
ti
susedf
orwel
di
ngofmol
t
en
met
al
,
acer
t
ai
nal
l
oyst
eel
s,
manyoft
henonf
er
r
ous,
har
dsur
f
aci
ngmat
er
i
al
ssuchassat
el
l
i
t
e.
Thef
l
amei
sr
epr
esent
edasbel
ow;
(
c)Reduci
ngorCar
boni
si
ngf
l
ame.
……*
*
*
*
*
UNDERSTANDDI
FFERENTTYPESOFMETALJOI
NI
NGPROCESSESANDTHEI
RAPPLI
CATI
ON
Ther
ear
ev
ar
i
ousmet
hodsav
ai
l
abl
ef
orj
oi
ni
ngmet
al
sandt
hesei
ncl
ude;
25
NAME: .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
..
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
a.Mechani
cal
b.Sol
der
i
ng
c.Br
azi
ng,
and
d.Wel
di
ng
MECHANI
CALMETHOD:
Thi
si
samet
hodwher
ebyt
hej
oi
ntcar
r
i
edoutonawor
kpi
ecei
sdone
mechani
cal
l
ywi
t
hei
t
heroft
hef
ol
l
owi
ng;
(
i
)Ri
v
et
i
ng
(
i
i
)Bol
t
sandnut
s
(
i
i
i
)Scr
ew
(
i
v
)Knockupj
oi
nt
s
Wi
t
hanyoft
hesemet
hodsofj
oi
ni
ng,
t
hej
oi
ntder
i
v
edcoul
dbeei
t
herper
manentort
empor
ar
y
.
SOLDERI
NGANDBRAZI
NG:
Def
i
ni
t
i
ons:
Sol
der
i
ngandbr
azi
ngi
nv
ol
v
et
hej
oi
ni
ngofmet
al
sbyt
headdi
t
i
onofmol
t
enFi
l
l
ermet
al
subst
ant
i
al
l
ydi
f
f
er
entcomposi
t
i
on,
att
emper
at
ur
ewel
l
bel
owt
hei
rmel
t
i
ngpoi
nt
.
Aseconddi
f
f
er
encef
r
onwel
di
ngst
hatt
hef
i
l
l
ermet
al
mustbedr
awnbycapi
l
l
ar
yf
or
cesr
i
ghtt
hr
ough
t
hemat
i
ngj
oi
ntsur
f
acesandnotmer
el
ybedeposi
t
edatt
heedges.Sof
tsol
der
sar
enowaccept
edas
i
ncl
udi
ngal
l
oy
sofl
owmel
t
i
ngpoi
ntupt
o400°
C.
Thesear
emai
nl
ybasedont
i
nand/
orl
eadwi
t
hpossi
bl
ysmal
l
addi
t
i
onsofant
i
monyofsameand
occasi
onal
l
yanev
enl
owermel
t
i
ngpoi
ntmet
al
s.Br
azi
ngal
l
oy
scov
ert
hehi
ghert
emper
at
ur
es,
f
r
om
550°
Ct
o600°
Cf
orf
er
r
ousand600°
Cupt
oabout1200°
Cf
orot
hernonf
er
r
ousmet
al
sandst
eel
s.
*
*
*
*
*
*
SOLDERI
NG:
Asear
l
i
erment
i
oned,
t
hi
si
nv
ol
v
esj
oi
ni
ngoft
womet
al
pi
ecesbymeansofheatandaf
i
l
l
ermet
al
whosemel
t
i
ngpoi
nti
sl
ower(
bel
ow400°
C)t
hant
hemel
t
i
ngpoi
ntofmet
al
st
obej
oi
nedast
hi
si
s
cal
l
edsof
tsol
der
i
ng.Thef
i
l
l
ermet
al
,
knownassol
deri
sanal
l
oyofl
eadandt
i
n.
Thesol
der
scont
ai
ni
ng45t
o62%t
i
nar
egener
al
pur
posesol
der
soff
i
nequal
i
t
yandhav
er
el
at
i
v
el
yr
api
d
sol
i
di
f
i
cat
i
onpr
oper
t
i
es.Asol
dercont
ai
ni
ng50%l
easand50%t
i
ni
sr
ecommendedf
orst
ai
nl
essst
eel
,
t
houghasol
derupt
o90%t
i
nmaybeused.
Thehi
ghert
i
nsol
der
sar
epr
ef
er
r
edbecauseofgr
eat
erst
r
engt
h,
mor
esi
l
v
er
yappear
ance(
ascompar
ed
t
odar
kercol
ourofhi
ghl
eadsol
der
s)andi
mpr
ov
escor
r
osi
onr
esi
st
ance.
Thet
i
nl
eadsol
der
sar
echar
act
er
i
sedbyt
hecommon"
sol
i
dus"t
emper
at
ur
eof183°
C.Theent
ect
r
i
c
al
l
oyof63%t
i
n37%l
eadchangesf
r
om compl
et
el
ysol
i
dt
ocompl
et
el
yl
i
qui
datt
hi
st
emper
at
ur
e.
Al
l
ot
hercomposi
t
i
onshav
eanexcessofei
t
hermol
t
enent
ent
r
i
cast
het
emper
at
ur
ei
sr
ai
sedabov
e
183°
Candf
i
nal
l
ymel
t
scompl
et
el
yathi
ghert
emper
at
ur
eknownast
he"
Li
qui
dus"
.Thi
sl
i
qui
dus
t
emper
at
ur
ev
ar
i
esdependi
ngont
heexactcomposi
t
i
on.I
not
herwor
dsal
l
composi
t
i
onshav
ea'
par
t
y
'
shapebet
ween183°
Candt
hei
rpar
t
i
cul
arLi
qui
dus,
exceptt
heent
ect
r
i
c.
Ast
i
ni
sexpensi
v
e,
andi
nshor
tsuppl
y
,
t
hemi
ni
mum t
i
ncont
entsui
t
abl
ef
oranyappl
i
cat
i
onshoul
dbe
sel
ect
edandf
ort
hi
sr
eason,
smal
l
amount
sofant
i
monyar
eof
t
enadded,
ast
heyper
mi
tasl
i
ght
r
educt
i
oni
nt
i
ncont
entwi
t
hr
oughl
yt
hesamemel
t
i
ngt
emper
at
ur
eandal
soi
mpr
ov
et
hesol
der
st
r
engt
h.Suchal
l
oy
sshoul
dnev
erbeusedonmet
al
scont
ai
ni
ngzi
ncorcoat
edwi
t
hzi
nc,
wi
t
hwhi
ch
ant
i
monyf
or
msbr
i
t
t
l
ecompound.
*
*
*
*
*
SOLDERI
NGMETHODS
Thepar
t
st
obej
oi
nedar
e,
f
i
r
stofal
l
,
cl
ean,
r
emov
ef
or
ei
gnmat
t
ersuchasoi
l
,
gr
ease,
scal
eanddi
r
t
.
Thecl
eani
ngmaybedonebyscr
appi
ng,
f
i
l
i
ngorwi
t
hemer
ycl
ot
h.I
tcanbedonechemi
cal
l
yal
soby
pi
ckl
i
ng.
Af
t
ercl
eani
ng,
t
hepar
t
sar
ear
r
angedi
npr
operal
i
gnmentandposi
t
i
on.
26
NAME: .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
..
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
1.HEATEDBI
TORI
RON
Thi
smet
hodwhi
chi
nv
ol
v
est
heuseofcommonsol
der
i
ngi
r
oni
spr
obabl
yst
i
l
l
t
hemostwi
del
yused.I
t
ser
v
esast
heheat
i
ngmedi
um andal
soasar
eser
v
oi
rony
ot
hef
acesofwhi
cht
hesol
deri
smel
t
edand
f
r
om whi
chi
ti
st
r
ansf
er
r
edt
ot
hej
oi
nt
.
Copperi
susedf
ort
heact
ual
bi
toft
hei
r
onasi
thasahi
ghheatcapaci
t
y
;
Thebi
ti
susual
l
yni
ckel
ori
r
on
pl
at
ed.I
r
onsmaybekepthotatusi
nganyconv
eni
entmeanssuchasgasbur
ner
s,
st
ov
es,
ov
ens,
hot
pl
at
es,
ori
nt
er
nal
l
ybyanel
ect
r
i
cel
ementi
nsi
det
hebi
t
.
2.FLAMEORTORCH
Bul
kywor
kcanbeheat
edbymeansofcommonpar
af
f
i
nbl
owl
ampofacompr
essesai
r
/
gast
or
ch.
Dev
el
opmebt
si
nai
ri
nj
ect
i
onandi
nbur
ner<……
>desi
gnenabl
ej
et
si
nav
ar
i
et
yofshapesand
si
zest
obeusedt
opr
oduceal
mostanyheatpat
r
r
n<
…>pr
pducy
i
onsol
der
i
ngofaspeci
f
i
c
component<……
>suchar
eusedwi
del
yi
nel
ect
r
i
cbul
bsmanuf
act
ur
i
ng.
3.HI
GHFREQUENCYI
NDUCTI
ON
Thecur
r
enti
nducedwi
t
hi
namet
alcomponenti
spl
acedi
nornearacoi
l
car
r
y
i
ngahi
ghf
r
equency
cur
r
ent
,
i
susedt
oheatt
hesol
der
i
ngt
er
mi
nal
.
4.CARBONRESI
STANCE
Cur
r
entf
r
om al
owv
ol
t
agesuppl
yi
spassedt
hr
oughcar
bonel
ect
r
odei
ncont
actwi
t
ht
hewor
kwhi
chi
s
heat
edsl
i
ght
l
ybyt
hecur
r
entpassi
ngt
hr
oughi
tbutmai
nl
ybyconduct
i
onf
r
om t
hehotcar
bonel
ect
r
ode.
5.DI
RECTRESI
STANCE
Thi
susoneofot
hermet
hodsandi
ti
nv
ol
v
esv
er
yheav
ycur
r
entt
hatusbei
ngpassedt
hr
ough
component
s,
car
r
y
i
ngv
er
yr
api
dheat
i
ngduet
ot
hebodyr
esi
st
anceandi
nt
er
f
acer
esi
st
anceoft
het
he
component
st
hemsel
v
es.
6.HOTGAS
I
nel
ect
r
oni
cswor
k,
i
ndi
v
i
dual
j
oi
nt
sar
emadebydi
r
ect
i
ngont
ot
hej
oi
ntasmal
l
j
etofhotgas(
ai
r
,
ni
t
r
ogen,
f
or
mi
nggas,
et
c)
.Ther
ei
snomechani
cal
cont
actwi
t
ht
hewor
kandv
er
yf
i
nej
oi
nt
scanbe
made.
*
*
*
*
*
*
SOLDERI
NGFLUXES
I
nt
hecauseofsol
der
i
ng,
f
l
uxi
saddedt
ot
hej
oi
ntandt
hef
unct
i
onoft
hef
l
uxi
st
or
emov
et
heexi
st
i
ng
oxi
desf
r
om t
hewor
kandt
hesol
derandt
opr
ev
entr
eoxi
dat
i
ondur
i
ngheat
i
ng,
andi
tmustbecapabl
e
ofbei
ngdi
spl
acedf
r
om t
hej
oi
ntar
eabyt
hemol
t
ensol
der
.
Fl
uxesr
angef
r
om ext
r
emel
yact
i
v
eonest
ot
hosewhi
char
ev
er
ymi
l
di
nact
i
on.
I
ngener
al
t
hemor
eact
i
v
et
hef
l
uxt
hemor
ecor
r
osi
v
ei
si
t
sr
esi
due,
andi
ti
sconv
eni
entt
ot
r
yand
gr
oupmostf
l
uxesasei
t
her'
Act
i
v
e'
or'
NonCor
r
osi
v
e'
—asf
ol
l
ows;
ACTI
VEFLUXES—Zi
nc,
chl
or
i
de,
hy
dr
ochl
or
i
caci
d,
phosphor
i
caci
d,
FLUXESofot
heraci
dsuchas
l
act
i
cofol
ei
caci
d.
NONCORROSI
VEFLUXES—Resi
nandact
i
v
at
edr
esi
n.
PASTEFLUXES,
COREDSOLDER,
SOLDERCREAM —Her
e,
FLUXESar
ef
r
equent
l
ymi
xedi
napast
ef
or
m
wi
t
hpet
r
ol
eum j
el
l
y(
v
asel
i
ne)orsi
mi
l
ari
ngr
edi
ent
,
whi
chdoesnotdr
ai
nof
ft
hewor
ksor
eadi
l
yasa
l
i
qui
df
l
ux.Fi
l
l
uxpast
ei
sal
socar
r
i
edi
nsi
dehol
l
owsol
derwi
r
et
of
or
m cor
edsol
der
,
f
r
om whi
chbot
h
t
hef
l
uxandsol
derar
eappl
i
edsi
mul
t
aneousl
yt
ot
hewor
k.
Powdersol
dermayal
sobemi
xedwi
t
ht
hef
l
uxpast
et
opr
ov
i
deasol
derpast
eorcr
eam whi
chcanbe
appl
i
edt
ot
hej
oi
ntwhencol
d.
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
<……>t
emper
at
ur
ei
nr
eal
i
t
yLi
qui
dus)wi
l
l
bemor
esui
t
abl
ef
orhi
ght
emper
at
ur
e<ser
v
i
ce>.I
nf
actal
l
t
i
nl
eadsol
der
shav
ev
i
r
t
ual
l
ynost
r
engt
hatt
hesol
i
dus(
183°
C)
,
j
oi
ntst
r
engt
hf
al
l
ofr
api
dl
yov
er100°
Cand
27
NAME: .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
..
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
i
npr
act
i
cet
hesesol
der
sar
enotusedabov
et
heset
emper
at
ur
es.
PARENTMETALS
Oft
hecommonmet
al
s,
copperandst
r
ai
ghtmi
l
dst
eel
ssol
derwi
t
hei
t
heract
i
v
eornoncor
r
osi
v
ef
l
uxes
pr
ov
i
di
ngt
heyar
ecl
ean.Br
assdoesnotwetsor
eadi
l
ybecauseoft
hezi
nccont
entandact
i
v
ef
l
uxus
usedwher
epossi
bl
e.
TI
NLEADEQUI
LI
BRI
UM DI
AGRAM
Bel
owi
st
hegr
aphi
cal
r
epr
esent
at
i
onoft
i
nl
eadal
l
oywhi
chshowst
hei
rr
ev
qntbehav
i
our
satel
ev
at
ed
t
emper
at
ur
es.Thegr
aphwhi
chshowst
het
r
ansf
or
mat
i
onphasesr
i
ghtf
r
om t
hest
ageofbei
ngsol
i
d
(
sol
i
dus)
,
t
oent
ect
i
cpoi
nt
,
t
ot
hepast
ephaseandt
het
r
ansf
or
mat
i
ont
ot
hel
i
qui
dphase(
t
heLi
qui
dus)
"
"
"
"
(
Gr
aphphot
ocopy
)
"
"
"
"
" <cont
i
nuedatpage42>
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
GASWELDI
NGTECHNI
QUE
I
nagaswel
di
ng(
oroxy
acet
y
l
enewel
di
ng)
,
t
heacet
y
l
enet
hei
s,
f
i
r
stofal
l
t
ur
nedonbyusi
ngt
he
cont
r
ol
v
al
v
eont
het
or
chandt
heni
si
gni
t
edwi
t
haf
r
i
ct
i
onspar
kl
i
ght
er
.Thef
l
amei
sadj
ust
edby
suppl
y
i
ngt
heoxy
genwi
t
ht
heoxy
gencont
r
ol
v
al
v
eont
het
or
ch.Thepi
ecest
obewel
dedar
epr
oper
l
y
pr
epar
edandposi
t
i
oned.Thewel
di
sst
ar
t
edbypr
eheat
i
ngandmel
t
i
ngasmal
l
puddl
eofmol
t
enmet
al
.I
n
caseawel
di
ngr
odi
susedt
opr
ov
i
def
i
l
l
ermet
al
,
i
tshoul
dbehel
di
nt
hef
l
amessot
hati
t
sendmel
t
sat
aboutt
hesamet
i
measbasemet
al
.I
nor
dert
oobt
ai
npr
operpenet
r
at
i
onandt
opr
oduceagoodwel
d,
t
het
i
p
oft
het
or
chshoul
dbemov
edwi
t
hasi
det
osi
demot
i
on,
sl
owl
yanduni
f
or
ml
y
.Thei
ai
al
t
echni
quesi
noxy
acet
y
l
enewel
di
ngar
easf
ol
l
ows;
1.LEFTHANDORFOREHANDWELDI
NG:
I
nt
hi
smet
hodt
hewel
di
ngt
or
chI
shel
di
nt
heoper
at
or
'
sr
i
ghthand,
t
het
i
ppoi
nt
i
ngt
owar
dst
hel
ef
tandt
he
wel
dusmadef
r
om r
i
ghtt
ol
ef
t
.Thet
or
chmakesanangl
eofbet
ween60°
70°wi
t
ht
hepl
at
eandt
hewel
di
ng
r
odmakesanangl
eof30°
40°
.
Thef
l
amei
sgi
v
enaci
r
cul
ar
,
r
ot
at
i
onal
orsi
det
osi
demot
i
ont
oobt
ai
nuni
f
or
mf
usi
ononeachsi
deoft
he
pl
at
e.
Thi
smet
hodi
smor
eef
f
i
ci
entf
orbut
twel
di
ngonpl
at
esupt
o2mm t
hi
ckness.
Whenpl
at
esofov
er3mm t
hi
cknessar
ebut
twel
dedt
hent
hepl
at
eedgesar
ebev
el
l
edt
opr
oducea'
V'
of80°
t
o90°andt
hel
ar
gerv
ol
umeoft
hi
st
henr
equi
r
essuf
f
i
ci
entquant
i
t
yoff
i
l
l
ermat
er
i
al
.I
ft
he'
V'
i
sr
educedt
he
wel
di
ngt
or
chf
l
amepushest
hemol
t
enmet
al
f
r
om t
hepool
t
owar
dst
heunmel
t
edsi
desoft
he'
V'
.
Thi
smet
hodi
snoteconomi
cal
f
ort
hi
cknessabov
e6mm.
2.RI
GHTWARDOR
28
NAME: .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
..
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
BACKHANDWELDI
NG:
Her
et
hewel
di
ngt
or
chi
shel
di
nt
her
i
ghthandandt
hef
i
l
l
err
odi
nt
hel
ef
thandt
hewel
di
ngbegi
nsatt
hel
ef
t
handendoft
hej
oi
ntandpr
oceedst
owar
dst
her
i
ght
,
t
hef
i
l
l
err
odi
sgi
v
enci
r
cul
armot
i
onwhi
l
et
hewel
di
ng
t
or
chmov
esi
nst
r
ai
ghtl
i
ne.I
nt
hi
scase,
t
het
or
cmov
esi
nst
r
ai
ghtl
i
ne.I
nt
hi
scase,
t
het
or
chmakesan
angl
eof40°-50°wi
t
ht
hepl
at
eandt
hewel
di
ngr
odanangl
eofbet
ween30°-40°t
ot
hepl
at
e.Thi
smet
hod
i
sbet
t
erandeconomi
cal
f
orpl
at
esov
er6mm t
hi
ckness.Agoodf
usi
oncanbeobt
ai
nedwi
t
houtpr
epar
i
ng'
V'
upt
o8mm t
hi
ckpl
at
e.
SOLDERI
NGANDBRAZI
NG
I
NTRODUCTI
ON
Sol
der
i
ngandBr
azi
ngar
ebot
hcl
assi
f
i
edbyt
heAmer
i
canWel
di
ngSoci
et
yasLi
qui
dSol
i
dphase
bondi
ngpr
ocesses.
—Li
qui
dmeanst
hataf
i
l
l
ermet
al
i
smel
t
ed,
sol
i
dmeanst
hatt
hebasemat
er
i
al
ormat
er
i
al
sar
enot
mel
t
ed.
—Thephasei
st
het
emper
at
ur
eatwhi
chbondi
ngt
akespl
acebet
weent
hesol
i
dbasemat
er
i
al
andt
he
l
i
qui
df
i
l
l
ermet
al
.Thebondbet
weent
hebasemat
er
i
al
andt
hef
i
l
l
ermet
al
i
smet
al
l
ur
gi
cal
bond
becausenomel
t
i
ngoral
l
oy
i
ngoft
hebasemet
al
occur
s.I
fdonecor
r
ect
l
y
,
t
hi
sbondr
esul
t
si
naj
oi
nt
hav
i
ngf
ourorf
i
v
et
i
mest
het
ensi
l
est
r
engt
hoft
hef
i
l
l
ermet
al
i
t
sel
f
.
*Theonl
ydi
f
f
er
encebet
weenSol
der
i
ngandBr
azi
ngi
st
hatsol
der
i
ngt
akespl
aceatt
emper
at
ur
ebel
ow
840°
F(
450°
C)andbr
azi
ngoccur
satat
emper
at
ur
eabov
e840°
F(
450°
C)
.
Becauseonl
yt
het
emper
at
ur
esepar
at
est
het
wopr
ocesses,
i
ti
spossi
bl
et
odobot
hsol
der
i
ngand
br
azi
ngusi
ngdi
f
f
er
entmi
xt
ur
esoft
hesamemet
al
s,
dependi
ngupont
heal
l
oy
susedandt
hei
rmel
t
i
ng
t
emper
at
ur
es.
I
nBr
azi
ng,
t
hepar
t
sbei
ngj
oi
nedmustbef
i
t
t
edsot
hatt
hej
oi
ntspaci
ngi
sv
er
ysmal
l
,
appr
oxi
mat
el
y
0.
025i
n(
0.
6mm)t
o0.
002i
n(
0.
06mm)
.Thi
ssmal
l
spaci
ngal
l
owscapi
l
l
ar
yact
i
ont
odr
awt
hef
i
l
l
ermet
al
i
nt
ot
hej
oi
ntwhent
hepar
t
sr
eacht
hepr
operphaset
emper
at
ur
e.
ADVANTAGESOFSOLDERI
NGANDBRAZI
NG
Thef
ol
l
owi
ngar
et
headv
ant
ageofSol
der
i
ngandBr
azi
ngascompar
edt
oot
hermet
hodsofj
oi
ni
ng;
1.LOW TEMPERATURE:
Si
ncet
her
ei
snoneedt
omel
tt
hebasemet
al
,
al
owt
emper
at
ur
eheatsour
cei
s
al
way
sorcanbeused.
2.Thej
oi
ntmaybeper
manentort
empor
ar
y
—si
ncet
hebasemet
al
i
snotdamaged,
par
t
smaybe
29
NAME: .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
..
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
di
sassembl
edatal
at
ert
i
mebysi
mpl
er
eappl
y
i
ngheat
.Thepar
tt
hencanber
eused.Howev
ert
hej
oi
nt
i
ssol
i
denought
obeper
manent
.
3.Thesy
st
em al
l
owj
oi
ni
ngofdi
ssi
mi
l
armat
er
i
al
s—i
ti
seasyt
oj
oi
ndi
ssi
mi
l
armet
al
s,
suchascopper
t
ost
eel
,
al
umi
num t
obr
ass,
andcasti
r
ont
ost
ai
nl
essst
eel
.I
ti
sal
sopossi
bl
et
oj
oi
nnonmet
al
st
o
eachot
herornonmet
al
st
omet
al
s.
4.SPEEDOFJOI
NI
NG—I
tmaybecl
assi
f
i
edashi
ghersi
nce;
(
a)Par
tcabbepr
eassembl
edanddi
ppedorf
ur
naceorbr
azedi
nl
ar
gequant
i
t
i
es.
(
b)al
owert
emper
at
ur
emeansl
esst
i
mei
nheat
i
ng.
5.LESSCHANCEOFDAMAGI
NGPARTS—Aheatsour
cecanbeusedt
hathasamaxi
mum t
emper
at
ur
e
bel
owt
het
emper
at
ur
et
hatmaycausedamaget
ot
hepar
t
s.Damagef
r
om unski
l
l
edorsemi
ski
l
l
ed
wor
ker
scanbeel
i
mi
nat
ed,
si
ncet
hecont
r
ol
l
edt
emper
at
ur
ei
ssuf
f
i
ci
ent
l
yl
ow.
6.SLOW RATEOFHEATI
NGANDCOOLI
NG—Becausei
tusboynecessar
yt
oheatasmal
l
ar
eat
oi
t
s
mel
t
i
ngt
emper
at
ur
eandt
henal
l
owi
tt
ocool
qui
ckl
yt
oasol
i
d,
t
hei
nt
er
nal
st
r
esscausedbyr
api
d
t
emper
at
ur
echangescanber
educed.
7.PARTSOFVARYI
NGTHI
CKNESSCANBEJOI
NED—Ver
yt
hi
npar
t
sorat
hi
npar
tandat
hi
ckpar
tcan
bej
oi
nedwi
t
houtbur
ni
ngorov
er
heat
i
ngt
hem.
8.EASYREALI
GNMENT—Par
t
scaneasi
l
yber
eal
i
gnedbyr
eheat
i
ngt
hej
oi
ntandt
henr
eposi
t
i
oni
ng.
FLUXES
Gener
al
l
yf
l
uxesusedi
nsol
der
i
ngandbr
azi
nghav
et
hr
eemaj
orf
unct
i
ons;
—Theymustr
emov
eanyoxi
dest
hatf
or
m asar
esul
tofheat
i
ngt
hepar
t
s.
—Theymustpr
omot
ewet
t
i
ng.
—Theyshoul
dai
di
ncapi
l
l
ar
yact
i
on
Thef
l
ux,
whenheat
st
oi
t
sr
eact
i
ngt
emper
at
ur
emustbet
hi
nandf
l
owt
hr
ought
hegappr
ov
i
dedatt
he
j
oi
nt
.Asi
tf
l
owst
hr
ought
hej
oi
nt
,
t
hef
l
uxabsor
bsanddi
ssol
v
esoxi
des,
al
l
owi
ngt
hemol
t
enf
i
l
l
ermet
al
t
obepul
l
edbehi
ndi
t
.Af
t
ert
hej
oi
nti
scompl
et
e,
t
hef
l
uxr
esi
dueshoul
dbeeasi
l
yr
emov
abl
e.
Fl
uxesar
eav
ai
l
abl
ei
nmanyf
or
ms,
suchassol
i
ds,
powder
,
past
es,
l
i
qui
d,
sheet
s,
r
i
ngs,
abswasher
s.
Theal
soav
ai
l
abi
l
emi
xedwi
t
ht
hef
i
l
l
ermet
al
—Sheet
s,
r
i
ngsandwasher
smaybepl
aceswi
t
hi
ngt
hej
oi
nt
sofanassembl
ybef
or
eheat
i
ngsot
hata
goodbondi
nsi
det
hej
oi
ntcanbeassur
es.
—Past
eandl
i
qui
sacanbei
nj
ect
edi
nt
oaj
oi
ntf
r
om t
ubesusi
ngaspeci
al
gun.
—Past
eandpowder
smayal
sobeappl
i
edt
ot
heendoft
her
odbyheat
i
ngt
her
odanddi
ppi
ngi
tont
he
f
l
ux.Mostpowder
scanbemadei
nt
oapast
eorapast
ecanbet
hi
nnedbyaddi
ngdi
st
i
l
l
edwat
eror
al
cohol
.(
Tapwat
ermaycont
ai
nmi
ner
al
st
hatwi
l
l
weakent
hef
l
ux)
.
—Fl
uxandf
i
l
l
ermet
al
combi
nat
i
onsmaybeconv
eni
entandeasyt
ouse.I
tmaybenecessar
yt
ost
ock
mor
et
hanonet
y
peoff
l
uxf
i
l
l
ermet
al
combi
nat
i
onf
ordi
f
f
er
entj
obs.
I
nsi
t
uat
i
onswher
et
hef
l
uxcov
er
st
heout
si
deoft
hef
i
l
l
ermet
al
,
i
tmaybedamagedbyhumi
di
t
yor
di
ppedof
fdur
i
ngst
or
age.
Al
sousi
ngexcessi
v
ef
l
uxi
naj
oi
ntmayr
esul
ti
nf
l
uxbei
ngt
r
appedi
nt
hej
oi
nt
,
weakeni
ngt
hej
oi
nt
,
or
causi
ngt
hej
oi
ntt
ol
eakorf
ai
l
.
FLUXI
NGACTI
ON
Theuseoff
l
uxesdoeanotel
i
mi
nat
et
heneedf
orgoodj
obcl
eani
ng.Fl
uxeswi
l
l
notr
emov
eoi
l
,
di
et
,
pai
nt
,
gl
ues,
heav
yoxi
del
ay
er
s,
orot
hersur
f
acecont
ami
nant
s.Theywi
l
l
onl
yr
emov
el
i
ghtsur
f
ace
oxi
des,
pr
omot
ewet
t
i
ng,
andai
di
ncapi
l
l
ar
yact
i
on.
SOLDERI
NGFLUXES—ar
echemi
cal
compoundssuchamur
i
at
i
caci
d(
hy
dr
ochl
or
i
caci
d)
,
sal
ammoni
ac(
ammoni
um chl
or
i
de)
,
orr
osi
n.
BRAZI
NGFLUXES—ar
echemi
cal
compoundssuchasf
l
uor
i
des,
chl
or
i
des,
bor
i
caci
dsandal
kal
i
s.
Thesecompoundr
eactt
odi
ssol
v
es,
absor
b,
ormechani
cal
l
ybr
eakupt
hi
nsur
f
aceoxi
dest
hatar
e
30
NAME: .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
..
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
f
or
medast
hepar
t
sar
ebei
ngheat
ed.
Theymustbest
abl
eandr
emai
nact
i
v
et
hr
ought
heent
i
r
et
emper
at
ur
er
angeoft
hesol
derorbr
azef
i
l
l
er
met
al
.Thechemi
cal
si
nt
hef
l
uxr
eactwi
t
ht
heoxi
desasei
t
heraci
dsoral
kal
i
ne.
Temper
at
ur
ehasagr
eatef
f
ectont
her
eact
i
onoff
l
ux.Ast
hepar
t
sar
eheat
edt
ot
hesol
der
i
ngor
br
azi
ngt
emper
at
ur
e,
t
hef
l
uxbecomesmor
eact
i
v
e.Somef
l
uxesar
ecompl
et
el
yi
nact
i
v
eatr
oom
t
emper
at
ur
ewhi
l
esomear
ehav
i
ngt
emper
at
ur
er
angewi
t
hi
nwhi
cht
heyar
emostef
f
ect
i
v
e.
Fl
uxesmustnotbeov
er
heat
ed,
oncet
heyar
e,
t
heywi
l
l
st
opwor
ki
ngasf
l
uxesandbecomea
cont
ami
nat
i
onatj
oi
nt
.I
ft
hi
soccur
r
ed,
wel
dershoul
dst
opandcl
eanof
ft
hedamagedf
l
uxbef
or
e
cont
i
nui
ng.
Thoset
hatar
eact
i
v
eatr
oom t
emper
at
ur
emustbeneut
r
al
i
sed(
madei
nact
i
v
e)
,
orwashedof
faf
t
ert
he
j
obi
scompl
et
e.Whenl
ef
tataj
oi
nt
,
pr
emat
ur
ef
ai
l
ur
emayr
esul
tduet
of
l
uxi
nducescor
r
osi
on.
SOLDERI
NGANDBRAZI
NGMETHODS
Gener
al
l
ySol
der
i
ngandBr
azi
ngmet
hodsar
egr
oupedaccor
di
ngt
ot
hemet
hodwi
t
hwhi
chheati
s
appl
i
ed;
Tor
ch,
Fur
nace,
I
nduct
i
on,
Dj
l
orResi
st
ance
TORCHSOLDERI
NGANDBRAZI
NG
Oxy
f
uel
orai
rf
uel
t
or
chescanbeusedei
t
hermanual
l
yoraut
omat
i
cal
l
y
.Acet
y
l
enei
sof
t
enusedasf
uel
gas,
buti
ti
spr
ef
er
abl
et
ouseoneoft
heot
herf
uel
gaseshav
i
ngahi
gherheatl
ev
el
i
nt
hesecondar
y
f
l
ame.Theoxy
acet
y
l
enef
l
amehasav
er
yhi
ght
emper
at
ur
eneart
hei
nnerconebuti
thasal
i
t
t
l
eheati
n
t
heout
erf
l
ame.
Themosti
mpor
t
antt
hi
ngher
ei
st
hatf
oranyf
l
ameut
i
l
i
zed,
i
ti
st
heout
erenv
el
opef
l
amei
ndul
gedi
n
heat
i
ngf
orsol
der
i
ngandbr
azi
ng.
FURNACEMETHOD
Her
et
hepar
t
sheat
edar
eheat
edt
ot
hei
rsol
der
i
ngorbr
azi
ngt
emper
at
ur
ebypassi
ngt
hem t
hr
oughand
put
t
i
ngt
hem i
nt
oaf
ur
nace,
whi
chmaybeheat
edbyel
ect
r
i
ci
t
y
,
oi
l
,
nat
ur
al
gas,
orbyanot
herl
ocal
l
y
av
ai
l
abl
ef
uel
.Thesol
der
i
ngorbr
azi
ngpar
t
smaybepassedt
hr
ought
hef
ur
naceonaconv
ey
orbel
ti
n
t
r
ay
sorpl
acesi
nt
hebel
ti
t
sel
forl
oadedi
nt
r
ay
st
obepl
acedi
nt
hef
ur
nacet
hatdoesnotusea
conv
ey
orbel
t
.
I
NDUCTI
ONMETHOD
Her
eheati
sgener
at
edbyusi
nggahi
ghf
r
equencyel
ect
r
i
cal
cur
r
entt
oest
abl
i
shacor
r
espondi
ng
cur
r
entont
hesur
f
aceoft
hepar
t
.Thecur
r
entont
hepar
tcausesr
api
dandv
er
yl
ocal
i
zedheat
i
ngoft
he
sur
f
aceonl
y
.Ther
ei
sl
i
t
t
l
ei
fanyi
nt
er
nal
heat
i
ngoft
hepar
t
sexceptbyconduct
i
v
i
t
yofheatf
r
om t
he
sur
f
ace.
DI
PMETHOD
Twot
y
pesar
ei
nv
ol
v
edi
nt
hi
smet
hod;
(
a)Mol
t
enFl
uxBat
hand(
b)Mol
t
enMet
al
Bat
h.
(
a)Mol
t
enFl
uxBat
h—Sol
der
i
ngorbr
azi
ngf
i
l
l
ermet
aki
nasui
t
abl
ef
or
mi
spr
epl
acedi
nt
hej
oi
ntand
t
heassembl
ei
si
mmer
sedi
nabat
hofmol
t
enf
l
ux.Thebat
hsuppl
i
est
heneededheatt
opr
eheaty
be
j
oi
ntandf
uset
hesol
derorbr
azemet
al
andal
sopr
ov
i
depr
ot
ect
i
onf
r
om oxi
dat
i
on.
(
b)Mol
t
enMet
al
Bat
h—Thepr
ef
l
uxedpar
t
sar
ei
mmer
sesi
nabat
hoff
usedbr
azemet
al
,
whi
chi
s
pr
ot
ect
edbyacov
eroff
usedf
l
ux.Thi
si
sconf
i
nedt
osmal
l
par
t
ssuchaswi
r
es.Theendsoft
hewi
r
es
andpar
t
smustbehel
dt
oget
herwhi
l
ebei
ngr
emov
edf
r
om t
hebat
h,
andunt
i
l
t
hesol
derorbr
azemet
al
hassol
i
di
f
i
ed.
RESI
STANCEMETHOD
Thi
smet
hodofgener
at
i
ngheatoccur
swhenel
ect
r
i
ccur
r
enti
spassedt
hr
ought
hepar
t
sei
t
hert
obe
sol
der
edorbr
azed.
Ther
esi
st
anceoft
hepar
tt
ot
hecur
r
entf
l
owr
esul
t
si
nt
heheatneededt
opr
oducet
hebond.Thef
l
uxi
s
usual
l
ypr
epl
acedandt
hemat
er
i
al
musthav
esi
gni
f
i
cantel
ect
r
i
cal
r
esi
st
ancet
opr
oducet
hedesi
r
ed
heat
i
ng.
31
NAME: .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
..
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
*
Someot
hermet
hodsav
ai
l
abl
ear
eav
ai
l
abl
ewhi
chmaynotent
i
r
el
ydependuponheatt
opr
oducet
he
j
oi
nt
.
—Ul
t
r
asoni
cuseshi
ghf
r
equencysoundwav
et
opr
oducet
hebondort
oai
dwi
t
hheati
nt
hebondi
ng.
—Di
f
f
usi
onmet
hodusespr
essur
eandmayal
souseherorul
t
r
asoni
ct
of
or
m abond.
—I
nf
r
ar
edl
i
ghtmayal
sobeusedy
i
pr
oduceheatf
orbr
azi
ngandsol
der
i
ng.
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
FI
LLERMETALS(
SOLDERS)
Gener
al
l
yt
het
y
peoff
i
l
l
ermet
al
(
sol
der
)usedf
oranyspeci
f
i
cj
oi
ntshoul
dbesel
ect
edbyconsi
dergas
manyaspossi
bl
et
hef
act
orl
i
st
edbel
ow;
 Mat
er
i
al
bei
ngj
oi
ned
 St
r
engt
hr
equi
r
ed
 Joi
ntdesi
gn
 Av
ai
l
abi
l
i
t
yandcost
 Appear
ance
 Ser
v
i
ce(
cor
r
osi
on)
 Heat
i
ngpr
ocesst
obeused
 Cost
I
twoul
dbei
mpossi
bl
et
oconai
sweeachoft
hesei
t
emswi
t
ht
hesamei
mpor
t
ance.Wel
der
smust
deci
dewhi
cht
hi
ngst
heyf
eel
ar
et
hemosti
mpor
t
antandt
henbaset
hei
rsel
ect
i
onont
hatdeci
si
on.
Sol
der
i
ngandBr
azi
ngMet
al
sar
eal
l
oy
s(
sol
der
)t
hati
sami
xt
ur
eoft
woormor
emet
al
s.Eaxgal
l
oyi
s
av
ai
l
abl
ei
nav
ar
i
et
yofdi
f
f
er
enttper
cent
agemi
xt
ur
es.
Somemi
xt
ur
esar
est
r
onger
,
adsomemel
tatl
owert
emper
at
ur
et
hanot
hermi
xt
ur
es.Eachonehas
speci
f
i
cpr
oper
t
i
es.Al
mostal
l
oft
heal
l
oy
susef
orsol
der
i
ngandbr
azi
nghav
eapast
er
ange.
—Apast
er
angei
st
het
emper
at
ur
er
angei
nwhi
chamet
al
i
spar
t
l
ysol
i
dandpar
t
l
yl
i
qui
dasi
ti
sheat
ed
orcool
ed
Ast
hej
oi
nedpar
tcool
st
hr
ought
hepast
er
ange,
i
ti
si
mpor
t
antt
hatt
hepar
tnotbemov
ed,
i
fnott
he
sol
derorbr
azemet
al
maycr
umbl
el
i
kedr
ycl
ay
,
dest
r
oy
i
ngt
hebond.
TI
N—LEADBASEDSOLDERS
Thi
si
st
hemostpopul
arsol
derandi
st
hel
eastexpensi
v
eone.
Anal
l
oyof61.
9%t
i
nand38.
1%l
eadmel
t
sat362°
F(
183°
C)andhasnopast
er
ange.Thi
si
st
heeut
ect
i
c
composi
t
i
on(
l
owestpossi
bl
emel
t
i
ngpoi
ntofanal
l
oy
)oft
het
i
nl
eadsol
der
.Anal
l
oyof60%t
oand
40%l
eadi
scommer
ci
al
l
yav
ai
l
abl
eandi
scl
oseenought
ot
heent
ect
r
i
cal
l
owt
ohav
et
hesamel
ow
mel
t
i
ngpoi
ntwi
t
honl
ya12°
F(
7.
8°
C)past
er
ange.
*
*
*
*
*
SOLDERI
NG
Thej
oi
ni
ngoft
womet
al
pi
ecesbymeansofheatandaf
i
l
l
etmet
al
whosemel
t
i
ngpoi
nti
sl
ower(
bel
ow
400°
C)t
hant
hemel
t
i
ngpoi
ntoft
hemet
al
t
obej
oi
ned,
i
scal
l
edsof
tsol
der
i
ng.Thef
i
l
l
ermet
al
i
s
knownassol
derandi
ti
sanal
l
oyofl
eadandt
i
n.Thesol
der
scont
ai
ni
ngupt
o45t
o62% t
i
nar
egener
al
pur
pi
stsol
der
soff
i
nequal
i
t
yandhav
er
el
at
i
v
el
yr
api
dsol
i
di
f
i
cat
i
onpr
oper
t
i
es.Asol
dercont
ai
ni
ng50%
t
i
nand50%l
eadi
sr
ecommendedf
orst
ai
nl
essst
eel
,
t
houghasol
derupt
o90%t
i
nmaybeused.The
hi
ghert
i
nsol
derar
epr
ef
er
r
edbecauseofgr
eat
erst
r
engt
h,
mor
esi
l
v
er
yappear
anceandi
mpr
ov
ed
cor
r
osi
onr
esi
st
ance.
Asui
t
abl
ef
l
uxi
sal
way
susedi
nsof
tsol
der
i
ngi
nor
dert
or
emov
eoxi
desal
r
eadypr
esentont
hewor
k
sur
f
aceandt
opr
ev
entf
ur
t
heroxi
dat
i
onwhi
l
et
hej
oi
nti
sbei
ngheat
ed.Thef
l
uxesi
ncl
uder
osi
n,
r
osi
n
pl
usal
cohol
,
zi
ncchl
or
i
deandammoni
um chl
or
i
de.
.Ther
ear
emanymet
hodsofheat
i
ngt
hebasemet
al
andmel
t
i
ngt
hesol
derandf
l
ux,
butt
heol
destandmostwi
del
yusedmet
hodI
'
dheat
i
ngf
orsol
der
i
ngi
s
bemeansofsol
der
i
ngi
r
on.I
ti
sasi
mpl
eef
f
i
ci
ent
,
andi
nexpensi
v
et
ool
consi
st
i
ngofaheati
nsul
at
ed
32
NAME: .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
..
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
handl
eatoneendandacoppert
i
patt
heot
herend.Thebutoft
hesol
der
i
ngi
r
onmaybeheat
ed
el
ect
r
i
cal
l
yori
ngasf
l
ameori
ncokef
i
r
edf
ur
naces.
Thepar
t
st
obej
oi
nedar
e,
f
i
r
stofal
l
cl
eanedt
or
emov
ef
or
ei
gnmat
t
ersuchasoi
l
,
gr
ease,
scal
eanddi
r
t
.
Thecl
eani
ngmaybedonebyscr
appi
ng,
f
i
l
i
ngorwi
t
hemer
ycl
ot
h.I
tcanbedonechemi
cal
l
y(
pi
ckl
i
ng)
al
so.
Af
t
ercl
eani
ng,
t
hepar
t
sar
ear
r
angedi
npr
operal
i
gnmentandposi
t
i
on.Thebi
toft
hesol
der
i
ngi
r
oni
s
heat
ed,
cl
eaned,
di
ppedi
nf
l
uxandt
henr
ubbedont
hesol
dert
opi
ckupasmal
l
<…………….
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
………
gent
l
yal
ongt
hej
oi
nt
.
Thesof
tsol
der
i
ngi
sext
ensi
v
el
yusedf
ormaki
ngel
ect
r
i
cal
connect
i
ons,
her
met
i
csei
nhofmet
al
cont
ai
ner
s,
j
oi
ni
ngl
eadpi
peandcoppert
ubbi
ng,
f
i
l
i
ngcast
i
ngi
mper
f
ect
i
onsandr
epai
rwor
k.
Themi
stengi
neer
i
ngmet
al
swhi
chcanbej
oi
nedbysof
tsol
der
sar
ei
r
on,
st
eel
,
copper
,
br
ass,
ni
ckel
and<……monel
>
met
al
.
Whensi
l
v
eral
l
oy
edwi
t
ht
i
ni
susedasasol
dergoj
oi
nt
hepar
t
s,
i
tusknownasHar
dSol
der
i
ng.
Thet
emper
at
ur
eofv
ar
i
oushar
dsol
der
sv
ar
yf
r
om 600°
Ct
o900°
C.I
nhar
dsol
der
i
ng,
abl
owt
or
chi
s
used.
BRAZI
NG
Thej
oi
ni
ngoft
womet
al
pi
ecesbymeansi
sheatanaspeci
al
f
i
l
l
ermet
al
(
knownasspel
t
er
)hav
i
nga
mel
t
i
ngpoi
ntabov
e400°
Cbut
,
l
owert
hant
hemel
t
i
ngpoi
ntoft
hepar
t
st
obej
oi
nedi
scal
l
edBRAZI
NG.
Thecopperbaseandsi
l
v
eral
l
oy
sar
ecommonl
yusedasf
i
l
l
ermet
al
sf
orbr
azi
ng.
I
nbr
azi
ng,
t
het
womet
al
pi
ecest
obej
oi
nedar
ef
i
r
stofal
l
,
cl
eanedt
or
emov
eal
l
gr
easeandoxi
de.The
par
t
sar
ef
i
t
t
edt
oget
heral
ongt
hel
i
neofj
oi
ntandhel
di
nt
hatposi
t
i
onbysomecl
amps.
Thef
l
ux(
usual
l
ybor
ax)i
sappl
i
edont
hej
oi
ntandt
henheat
edabov
et
hemel
t
i
ngpoi
ntoft
hespel
t
er
,
whent
hespel
t
eri
sappl
i
edt
ot
hej
oi
nt
,
i
tf
l
owst
hr
oughoutt
hej
oi
ntbycapi
l
l
ar
yact
i
on.
Theheatf
orbr
azi
ngmaybeappl
i
edbysev
er
al
met
hods,
somear
edescr
i
bedbel
ow;
1.TORCHBRAZI
NG:
Whent
heheat
i
ngi
sdonebymeansofanoxy
acet
y
l
enet
or
ch,
t
hebr
azi
ngi
ssai
d
t
obet
or
chbr
azi
ng.I
ti
susedf
orbr
azi
ngsmal
l
numberofpar
t
s.
2.FURNACEBRAZI
NG:
Whent
heheat
i
ngi
sdonei
naf
ur
nace,
t
hebr
azi
ngi
ssai
dt
obef
ur
nacebr
azi
ng.
I
ti
sempl
oy
edf
ormasspr
oduct
i
onofsmal
l
par
t
s.
3.ELECTRI
CBRAZI
NG:
Whent
heheat
i
ngi
sdonebyanar
c,
r
esi
st
anceori
nduct
i
onheat
i
ngt
echni
ques,
t
hebr
azi
ngi
scal
l
edel
ect
r
i
cbr
azi
ng.I
ti
susedf
orl
ar
gequant
i
t
ypr
oduct
i
on.
4.DI
PBRAZI
NG:
Whent
heheat
i
ngconsi
st
sofdi
ppi
ngt
hepi
eceswi
t
ht
hespel
t
erpr
epl
acedatt
hej
oi
nt
,
i
nt
oabat
hofhotmol
t
ensal
t
,
t
hebr
azi
ngi
scal
l
eddi
pbr
azi
ng.I
ti
susedf
orl
ar
gescal
epr
oduct
i
on
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
VARI
OUSWOODWORKI
NGTOOLSANDOPERATI
ON
Ther
ear
ev
ar
i
ouswor
ki
ngt
ool
susedi
nwoodbycar
pent
er
s,
andt
het
ool
smaybecl
assi
f
i
edi
nt
he
f
ol
l
owi
ngmai
ngr
oups:
1. Mar
ki
ng,
Measur
i
ngandTest
i
ngTool
s.
2. Cut
t
i
ngt
ool
s.
3. Pl
anni
ngt
ool
s.
33
NAME: .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
..
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
4. Fi
xi
ngorSt
r
i
ki
ngt
ool
s.
5. Bor
i
nganddr
i
l
l
i
ngt
ool
s.
6. Mi
scel
l
aneoust
ool
s.
(
A)MARKI
NG/
GEOMETRY,
MEASURI
NGANDTESTI
NGTOOLS
Theexactmeasur
i
ngandmar
ki
ngar
ei
ndi
spensabl
ef
ort
hepr
ocessi
ngi
fwood.Theuseofi
naccur
at
e
measur
i
ngt
ool
sandcar
el
essnessofmar
ki
ngwi
l
l
r
esul
ti
nf
aul
t
ywor
kpi
eces.
Thef
ol
l
owi
ngmar
ki
ng,
measur
i
ngandt
est
i
ngt
ool
sar
ei
mpor
t
antf
r
o.Thesubj
ectpoi
ntofv
i
ew!
1. PENCI
L:
I
ti
saCar
pent
er
'
smar
ki
ngequi
pment
.Thepenci
l
gr
adi
ngsofH,
HBandFar
eal
l
popul
ar
f
ormar
ki
ngdi
mensi
ons,
j
oi
nt
sandf
acemar
ks.
2. PENCI
LCOMPASS:
I
ti
susedf
ormaki
ngci
r
cl
es,
cur
v
esorsmal
l
ci
r
cl
esf
r
om 25mm t
o300mm i
n
di
amet
er
.Onel
egoft
hecompasshasast
eel
poi
ntpi
nandt
heot
herl
eghasasocketf
orhol
di
ng
t
hepenci
l
.Thedi
v
i
der
sar
eal
sousedf
ort
hesamepur
pose.
3. TRAMMELPOI
NTS:
Thesear
eusedf
orl
ay
i
ngoutl
ar
gerar
csandci
r
cl
es.Theyar
eal
sousedf
or
l
ay
i
ngoutv
ar
i
ousgeomet
r
i
cal
shapessuchasanel
l
i
pseoramul
t
i
si
dedf
i
gur
e.
4. MARKI
NGKNI
FEORSCRI
BBER—:
I
tmayhav
eashar
ppoi
ntatoneendandasl
ant
i
ngchi
sel
edgeat
t
heot
herend.I
ti
smai
nl
yusedf
ormar
ki
ngwher
eaccur
acyi
snecessar
y
.
5. MARKI
NGGUAGE:
I
ti
susedt
odr
awl
i
nespar
al
l
el
t
ot
heedge.I
ti
sv
er
yi
mpor
t
antt
ool
f
ormar
ki
ng
andi
smadeofwood.I
tconsi
st
sofast
em hav
i
ngr
ect
angul
arorsquar
ecr
osssect
i
on.Thest
em
hasashar
pst
eel
mar
ki
ngpi
nnearoneend,
whi
chpr
oj
ect
sabout2mm bel
owt
hel
owersur
f
ace.
Thest
em car
r
i
est
hehead.I
tcanbef
i
xedt
oanydesi
r
edposi
t
i
onbymeansofat
humbscr
ew.Af
t
er
t
hest
em hasbeensetasr
equi
r
edandt
hescr
ewt
i
ght
ened,
t
hef
aceoft
heheadi
spl
acedagai
nst
t
heedgeoft
hej
ob.Themar
ki
ngpi
ni
spr
esseddownf
i
r
ml
ywhi
chscor
esal
i
neont
hej
obsur
f
ace
ast
heheadt
r
ansv
er
sest
heedge.
6. MORTI
SEGUAGE:
I
t
si
sani
mpr
ov
edf
or
m ofmar
ki
ngGUAGEwhi
chcar
r
i
est
woscr
i
bi
ngpi
ns
i
nst
eadofone.
Themov
abl
epi
ncanber
egul
at
edatanyr
equi
r
eddi
st
ancef
r
om t
hef
i
xedpi
nbymeansofat
humb
scr
ewpr
ov
i
dedatt
heendoft
hest
em.I
ti
susedt
omar
kt
wopar
al
l
el
l
i
nesi
nasi
ngl
eoper
at
i
onona
f
ace.Thi
si
sspeci
al
l
yusedt
omar
kmor
t
i
sesandt
enonsandot
hersi
mi
l
arj
oi
nt
sr
equi
r
i
ngsuch
par
al
l
el
l
i
nes.
34
NAME: .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
..
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
f
i
g.MORTI
SEGAUGE
7. CUTTI
NGGUAGE:
I
ti
ssi
mi
l
art
omar
ki
nggaugeexceptt
hati
shasast
eel
cut
t
erf
i
t
t
edi
npl
aceoft
he
mar
ki
ngpi
n.I
ti
smai
nl
yusedf
orcut
t
i
ngpar
al
l
el
st
r
i
psf
r
om t
hi
nwoodensheet
supt
o3mm andf
or
mar
ki
ngdeepl
i
nesi
nt
hi
ckersect
i
ons.
8. STEELTAPE:
Ast
eel
t
apei
susedf
ormeasur
i
ngl
ongerdi
mensi
ons.I
ti
susual
l
yav
ai
l
abl
ei
n2met
r
e
l
ongl
engt
h.
9. STRAI
GHTEDGE:
I
ti
samachi
nedf
l
atpi
ecemadeofwoodormet
al
hav
i
ngedgesasshownbel
ow;
I
ti
susedf
ort
est
i
ngt
r
uenessofl
ar
gesur
f
acesandedges.
10.TRYSQUARE:
I
ti
susedf
ordr
awi
ngandt
est
i
ngr
i
ghtangl
es.I
tconsi
st
sofast
eel
bl
adef
i
xedat
r
i
ghtangl
est
ot
heedgeofamachi
nedst
ockei
t
herofmet
al
orwood.Thest
ock,
wheni
nuse,
act
s
asaf
enceandt
hebl
adeasagui
def
ormar
ki
ng.I
ti
sav
ai
l
abl
ei
nv
ar
i
oussi
zesl
i
ke100mm,
150mm
and300mm.
35
NAME: .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
..
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
11.CALI
PERS:
Ther
ear
et
wot
y
pesofcal
i
per
s,
onei
st
hei
nsi
decal
i
perandt
heot
heri
sout
si
decal
i
per
.
Ast
henamei
ndi
cat
es,
t
hei
nsi
decal
i
peri
susedt
omeasur
et
hei
nsi
dedi
amet
erwhi
l
et
heout
si
de
cal
i
peri
susedt
omeasur
et
heout
si
dedi
amet
er
.
12.DI
VI
DER:
I
ti
ssi
mi
l
argocal
i
perbuti
t
sl
egshav
eshar
ppoi
nt
s.I
ti
susedf
ordr
awi
ngci
r
cl
esandar
cs.
13.SPI
RI
TLEVEL:
I
ti
susedf
orchecki
ngl
ev
el
i
.
et
ocheckwhet
hert
hesur
f
acei
satat
r
uepl
aneI
'
d
i
ncl
i
nedpl
ane.I
tconsi
st
sofawoodenbodyhav
i
ngal
l
par
al
l
el
si
des,
wi
t
hsl
i
ght
l
ycur
v
ed
l
ongi
t
udi
nal
andt
r
ansv
er
sel
ev
el
gl
asst
ube.I
ti
sf
i
l
l
edwi
t
hspi
r
i
tet
heroral
cohol
.Theai
rbubbl
e
posi
t
i
oni
scal
i
br
at
edonal
ev
el
l
edsur
f
aceandmar
kedatt
hecent
r
e.
14.PLUMBBOB:
I
ti
susedt
ocheckt
hev
er
t
i
cal
sur
f
aces.I
fconsi
st
sofaconi
cal
met
al
l
i
cbobt
i
edt
oa
t
hr
ead.Thet
hr
eadi
shel
dagai
nstt
hev
er
t
i
cal
sur
f
aceandi
t
sposi
t
i
oni
scheckedwi
t
hr
espectt
ot
he
t
hr
eadandt
het
i
poft
heconi
cal
bob.
*
Whenspi
r
i
tl
ev
el
andpl
umbbobar
eusedi
ncombi
nat
i
on,
t
het
heycanbeusedt
ocheckt
her
i
ghtangl
e
ofl
ar
gesur
f
aceswher
eat
r
ysquar
ecannotbeused.
(
B)CUTTI
NGTOOLS
Thecut
t
i
ngt
ool
smaybebr
oadl
ycl
assi
f
i
edi
nt
ot
hr
eegr
oups;
(
i
)Saws
(
i
i
)Chi
sel
s
(
i
i
i
)Axe
(
i
)SAWS
Asawconsi
st
sofat
hi
nspr
i
ngst
eel
bl
adewhi
chhasaser
i
esofshar
pt
eet
hononeedge.Eacht
oot
h
cut
sort
eat
sawayasmal
l
por
t
i
onofwood.Thet
eet
har
ebental
t
er
nat
el
yt
ot
her
i
ghtandl
ef
toft
he
bl
adet
oenabl
ei
tt
opasst
hr
ought
hecutbei
ngf
or
medi
nt
het
i
mberwi
t
hmi
ni
mum f
r
i
ct
i
on.The
bendi
ngoft
eet
hi
nt
hi
smanneri
scal
l
edset
t
i
ngofsaw.Thebl
adeusf
i
xedt
ot
hewkkde.Handl
eby
r
i
v
et
i
ng.Thef
r
ontpor
t
i
onoft
hesawi
scal
l
edt
oeandt
hebackpor
t
i
onasheel
.Thesawsv
ar
ygr
eat
l
yi
n
si
zeandshape.
Thesi
zeoft
hesawi
sgener
al
l
yspeci
f
i
edbyt
hel
engt
hoft
hebl
adeandpi
t
choft
eet
hi
nmi
l
l
i
met
r
e.
Ther
ear
edi
f
f
er
entt
y
pesofsawt
hatar
ecommonl
yusedsuchas;
(
a)RI
PSAW:
Usedf
orcut
t
i
ngal
onggr
ai
nsofwood,
i
t
sbl
adei
sabout700mm l
ongandhas3t
o5poi
nt
s
ort
eet
hper25mm l
engt
h.Thewi
dt
hofbl
adei
sabout120mm t
o200mm neart
hehandl
eand60mm t
o
100mm att
hey
oe.Theseshoul
dbekeptatanangl
eof35°t
o40°f
orcut
t
i
ngofwood.
(
b)CROSSCUTORHANDSAW:
I
ti
susedf
orcut
t
i
ngacr
osst
hecr
ai
nsofwood,
buti
ti
sal
sousedf
or
36
NAME: .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
..
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
gener
al
sawi
ng.Thebl
adel
engt
hoft
hi
ssawi
s500mm t
o700mm wi
t
h8t
o10poi
nt
sort
eet
hper
25mm l
engt
h.Thecr
osscutsawr
esembl
est
her
i
psaw,
butt
heshapeofi
t
st
eet
hi
squi
t
edi
f
f
er
ent
.
(
c)PANELSAW:
I
ti
ssi
mi
l
art
ot
hecr
osscutsawbuti
t
sbl
adei
st
hi
nner
.Thebl
adei
sabout500mm
l
ongwi
t
h10t
o12t
eet
hper25mm l
engt
h.I
ti
susedf
oraccur
at
ewor
k.I
ti
smost
l
yusedf
orcut
t
i
ng
panel
sf
ort
hedoorshut
t
er
s.I
ti
ssomet
i
mesusedf
orr
i
ppi
ngaswel
l
sascr
osscut
t
i
ng.
Ot
hersawst
hatar
ei
ncommonusear
easf
ol
l
ows;
(
i
)Tenonsaworbacksaw;
(
i
i
)Dov
et
ai
l
saw;
(
i
i
i
)Compassort
ur
ni
ngsaw;
(
i
v
)Bowsaw;
37
NAME: .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
..
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
(
v
)Padorkeyhol
esaw;
(
v
i
)Copi
ngsaw;
(
v
i
i
)Hacksaw
PARTSOFASAW
Fi
g.Par
t
sofaSaw
38
NAME: .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
..
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
(
i
i
)CHI
SELS
Thechi
sel
sar
ecut
t
i
ngt
ool
sandar
eusedf
orf
i
t
t
i
ngshapi
ngandsur
f
acedecor
at
i
on.I
ti
saf
l
att
hi
ck
pi
ecei
ft
ool
st
eel
,
whoseoneedgei
sgr
oundt
oanaccur
at
el
ev
el
t
of
or
m acut
t
i
ngedgeandt
heot
her
endi
spr
ov
i
dedwi
t
hawoodenhandl
e.
Di
f
f
er
entPar
t
sofaChi
sel
.
(
a)Handl
e—I
ti
smadeofhar
dwood
(
b)Tang—I
ti
smadei
nt
heshapeofasquar
epy
r
ami
dt
of
i
xi
nt
ot
hehandl
e.
(
c)Fer
r
ul
e—I
ti
sabr
assi
r
onr
i
ngf
i
t
t
edatt
hebot
t
om oft
hehandl
ey
opr
ev
enti
tf
r
om spl
i
t
t
i
ngdur
i
ng
oper
at
i
on.
(
d)Bol
st
er
—I
ti
sanenl
ar
gedpor
t
i
onort
heneckoft
hechi
sel
bl
ade,
j
ustbel
owt
het
ang.
(
e)Bl
ade—i
ti
st
hemai
npar
toft
hechi
sel
madeoft
ool
st
eel
andhasacut
t
i
ngedgeatt
hebot
t
om.
(
f
)Cut
t
i
ngedge—I
ti
st
hemai
nwor
ki
ngpar
ti
ft
hechi
sel
usedf
orcut
t
i
ngt
hewood.
Thesi
zeoft
hechi
sel
i
sspeci
f
i
edbyt
hewi
dt
hoft
hebl
ade,
t
y
peandt
hepur
posef
orwhi
chi
ti
sused.
Di
f
f
er
entt
y
pesofchi
sel
sar
easf
ol
l
ows;
 f
i
r
merchi
sel
 Dov
et
ai
l
chi
sel
orbev
el
l
edkni
f
eedgef
i
r
merchi
sel
 Par
t
i
ngchi
sel
 Mor
t
i
sechi
sel
 Socketchi
sel
 Gouges.
(
i
i
i
)AXE
Theaxe:
i
sacut
t
i
ngt
ool
madeofcar
bonst
eel
.Thebot
hsi
desoft
heaxear
ebev
el
l
edt
of
or
m acut
t
i
ng
edge.I
ti
susedf
orspl
i
t
t
i
ngwoodal
ongt
hegr
ai
nsf
orr
oughwor
k.
39
NAME: .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
..
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Thesi
deaxe:
hasonesi
depl
aneandt
heot
herbev
el
l
edt
of
or
m acut
t
i
ngedge.I
ti
susedf
ormaki
ngt
he
sur
f
acer
oughl
ypl
ane.
Anadaze:
hasanout
erf
aceconv
er
se,
i
nnerf
aceconcav
eandedgei
sbev
el
l
edt
of
or
m acut
t
i
ngedge.I
t
i
susedy
ochopi
nsi
decur
v
esandt
opr
oduceconcav
esur
f
aces.
PLANI
NGTOOLS
Thepl
ani
ngt
ool
sorpl
anesar
eusual
l
ycut
t
i
ngt
ool
susedf
orshav
i
ngorsmoot
hi
ngpl
anesur
f
aces.The
v
ar
i
oust
y
pesofpl
anescommonl
yusedar
easf
ol
l
ows;
1. Woodenj
ackpl
ane
2. Met
al
j
ackpl
ane
3. Tr
y
i
ngpl
ane
4. Smoot
hi
ngpl
ane
5. Rebat
epl
ane
6. Hol
l
owandr
oundpl
ane
7. Pl
oughpl
ane
8. Rout
erpl
ane
9. Bl
ockpl
ane
10.Spokeshav
e
11.Dr
awkni
f
e
Weshal
l
onl
ydi
scussonsomeoft
hesepl
anni
ngt
ool
sasf
ol
l
ows;
1.WOODENJACKPLANE:
Thi
sconsi
st
sofabodyorst
ockmadeofbeachwood,
t
hebot
t
om f
aceoft
he
st
ocki
scal
l
edsol
e.Thehandl
ei
sgl
uedi
nt
oasl
otandahol
ei
sf
or
medf
ort
hedoubl
ei
r
onandwedge.
Thedoubl
ei
r
onconsi
st
sofacut
t
i
ngi
r
onorbl
adeandabl
ackcapi
r
onwhi
char
emadeofcr
uci
bl
ecast
st
eel
.Thej
ackpl
anesar
eav
ai
l
abl
ef
r
om 350mm t
o425mm i
nl
engt
handwi
t
hbl
adesf
r
om 50mm t
o
75mm i
nwi
dt
h
Thebl
adei
r
onhel
pst
osuppor
tandst
r
engt
hent
hecut
t
i
ngbl
adeandt
ot
ur
nt
heshav
i
ngsout
war
ds.I
t
maybenot
edt
hatwi
t
houtt
hebacki
r
ont
hewoodwoul
dbet
or
n.Abr
assbutusat
t
achedt
ot
hei
r
onand
r
ecei
v
est
hescr
ewwhi
chconnect
sbot
ht
hepl
at
est
oget
her
.Thei
r
onsar
ef
i
xedi
nt
hepl
aneatanangl
e
of45°t
ot
hesol
e,
bymeansoft
hewedge.
*
Thedi
st
ancet
hatt
heedgeoft
hecut
t
i
ngi
r
onpr
oj
ect
sbey
ondt
hati
ft
hebacki
r
oni
scal
l
edt
hesetof
t
hei
r
onandi
tdependsupont
hi
schar
act
eroft
hewoodt
obepl
anedandt
het
hi
cknessi
ft
hedesi
r
ed
shav
i
ng.Thesepl
anesar
eusedf
orr
oughpl
ani
ng.
2.METALJACKPLANE:
Themet
al
j
ackpl
anesar
eusedf
ort
hesamepur
poseast
hewoodenj
ack
pl
anes.Themet
al
pl
anesar
emor
edur
abl
eadpr
oduceshi
ghdegr
eeI
'
df
i
ni
sh.Thebodyi
smadei
fcast
st
eel
,
gunmet
al
ormal
l
eabl
ei
r
on.I
ti
spr
ov
i
dedwi
t
hawoodenhandl
eatt
hebackandawoodenknob
att
hef
r
ontf
orhol
di
ngi
tbybot
hhands.Theot
herpar
t
soft
hemet
al
l
i
cj
ackpl
anesar
ecut
t
i
ngi
r
on,
cap
i
r
onf
orr
ei
nf
or
cement
,
t
hel
ev
ercapandt
headj
ust
i
ngscr
ew.Thesepl
anesar
e125mm t
o250mm i
n
l
engt
hofwi
t
hbl
adewi
dt
hf
r
om 30mm t
o60mm.
3.TRYI
NGPLANE:
Thet
r
y
i
ngpl
anei
snot
hi
ngbutaj
ackpl
anehav
i
ngt
hel
engt
hf
r
om 550mm t
o
650mm andbl
adewi
dt
hof60mm.I
ti
susedf
orf
i
ni
shi
ngl
ar
gesur
f
aces.
4.SMOOTHI
NGPLANE:
I
susedf
orsmoot
hi
ngt
hewoodensur
f
aceaf
t
ert
hej
ackandt
r
y
i
ngpl
aneshav
e
beenappl
i
ed.I
t
sl
engt
hv
ar
i
esf
r
om 200mm t
o250mm andt
hebl
adewi
dt
hi
s70mm.I
thasnohandl
e.
I
nt
hef
r
ontandbackoft
hebodyi
ssl
i
ght
l
ycur
v
edsot
hati
tcanbeeasi
l
yhel
di
nhands.
5.SPOKESHAVE:
Thespokeshav
ei
susedf
orpl
ani
ngci
r
cul
arwor
khav
i
ngqui
ckcur
v
es.Thet
ool
i
s
hel
di
nbot
hhandsandi
smov
edal
ongt
hewor
ki
nt
hesamedi
r
ect
i
onast
hegr
ai
n.
40
NAME: .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
..
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
f
i
g.S
pokeShav
e
BORI
NGTOOLS
Thebor
i
ngt
ool
sar
eusedf
orpr
oduci
nghol
esi
nwood,
andi
nt
hegr
oupt
hi
si
ncl
udest
ool
ssuchas;
1.Br
adawl
—ast
eel
barwhosebot
t
om endmayhav
eapoi
ntorf
l
atandawoodenhandl
ei
sf
i
xedatt
he
t
opend.I
ti
susedf
orbor
i
ngsmal
l
homesupt
o5mm di
amet
erand6mm deepi
nsof
twood.
I
t
soper
at
i
on,
t
hepoi
nti
spr
essedont
hewoodandt
hehandl
er
ot
at
edbybot
hhands.
2.Anger
—Usedt
obor
ehol
esupt
o25mm di
amet
eri
nsect
i
onsupt
o150mm.I
tusast
eel
barhav
i
nga
f
l
ut
edbodyf
orabouthav
ei
t
sl
engt
hf
r
om t
hebot
t
om.
3.Gi
ml
et
—Agi
ml
eti
susedt
obor
ehol
esi
nwood.Thi
shast
wot
y
pes;
Pl
ai
nandt
wi
st
ed.
4.Br
aceandbi
t
s—Thebr
acei
sahol
di
ngandt
ur
ni
ngt
ool
f
orabi
tusedf
orbor
i
nghol
es.Ther
ear
et
wo
t
y
pesofbr
acescommonl
yusedi
ncar
pent
r
yi
.
e.r
at
chetandwheel
br
ace.
STRI
KI
NGTOOLS
Thest
r
i
ki
ngt
ool
si
ncl
udehammer
sandmal
l
et
s.
1.CLAW HAMMER—Thecl
awhammerusf
r
equent
l
yusedbyacar
pent
er
.I
ti
smadeofcastst
eel
and
hasaheadatoneendandacl
awatt
heot
herend.Theheadususedt
odr
i
v
enai
l
sandt
hecl
awi
sused
f
orpul
l
i
ngournai
l
sf
r
om t
hewood.Thesi
zeoft
hehammerusdesi
gnat
edbyi
t
swei
ghtandi
sav
ai
l
abl
e
f
r
om 250gr
am t
o750gr
am
2.MALLET—I
ti
smadeofhar
dwoodandmayber
oundorr
ect
angul
ari
nshape.Thesear
eusedt
o
st
r
i
ket
hecut
t
i
ngt
ool
swhi
chhav
ewoodenhandl
esuchaschi
sel
andgouges.
HOLDI
NGTOOLS
Hol
di
ngt
ool
sar
eusedt
ohol
dt
hewor
ksot
hati
tcanbecutaccur
at
el
y
.Bel
owar
esomeoft
het
y
pesof
hol
di
ngt
ool
sanddev
i
ces.
1.BENCHVI
CE—t
hebenchv
i
cei
sf
i
xedt
ot
heCar
pent
er
'
sbenchi
nwhi
cht
hewor
ki
sdone.I
thast
wo
j
aws,
oneofwhi
chi
skeptf
i
xedt
ot
hesi
deoft
het
abl
eshet
heot
heri
skeptmov
abl
ebymeansofa
squar
et
hr
eadedscr
ewandahandl
e.Thej
awsar
el
i
neswi
t
hhar
dwood.Thesi
zeoft
hev
i
cei
si
ndi
cat
ed
byt
hewi
dt
hoft
hej
awandt
hedi
st
ancei
tcanopen.
2.BENCHSTOP—I
sami
l
dst
eel
pl
at
eandhast
eet
hati
t
soneend.I
ti
sf
i
xedononecor
neroft
hewor
k
t
abl
e.I
tususedt
opr
ev
entt
hewor
kf
r
om mov
i
ngf
or
war
dwhenbei
ngpl
aned.
3.TCRAMP—i
sal
socal
l
edsashorbarcr
amp.I
ti
sast
r
ai
ghtmachi
nedTsect
i
onpi
eceofst
eel
wi
t
ha
ser
i
esofhol
esal
ongi
t
sl
engt
hatr
egul
ari
nt
er
v
al
s.Oneendoft
hi
si
sf
or
gedt
of
or
m aheadt
hr
ough
whi
chal
ongscr
ewpasses
41
NAME: .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
..
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Thewi
destpast
er
angei
s173°
F(
78°
C)f
orami
x
t
ur
eof19.
5%t
i
nand80.
5%l
ead.Thi
smi
xt
ur
ebegi
nst
o
Sol
i
di
f
yat535°
F(
289°
C)andi
st
ot
al
l
ysol
i
dat362°
F(
193°
C)
.Thecl
osestmi
xt
ur
et
hati
scommer
ci
al
l
y
av
ai
l
abl
ei
sa20%t
i
nand80%l
eadal
l
oy
.
Ti
nl
eadal
l
oy
sar
ecommonl
yusedonel
ect
r
i
cal
connect
i
ons.
Themostcommongener
al
pur
posesol
deri
sknownashal
f
andhal
for5050sol
der
.I
tcont
ai
ns50%
l
eadand50%y
i
nandmel
t
satappr
oxi
mat
el
y471°
F(
244°
C)
.
*
Al
l
oy
swi
t
hal
owt
i
ncont
enthav
ehi
ghermel
t
i
ngpoi
nt
sanddonotf
l
oeasr
eadi
l
yast
hehi
ght
i
nal
l
oy
s.
Sol
der
swi
t
hahi
ghamountofy
i
nhav
ebet
t
erwet
t
i
ngpr
oper
t
i
esandpr
oducel
esscr
acki
ng.
Sol
der
sar
eav
ai
l
abl
ei
nbar
,
cake,
sol
i
dwi
r
e,
f
l
uxcor
ewi
r
e,
r
i
bbonandpast
ef
or
ms.
Appl
i
cat
i
ons:
Mostmet
al
ssuchasst
eel
,
gal
v
ani
zedsheetst
eel
,
t
i
npl
at
e,
st
ai
nl
essst
eel
,
copper
,
br
ass
andbr
onzecanbej
oi
nedwi
t
hsof
tsol
der
.
Speci
al
sol
der
sar
eal
soav
ai
l
abl
ef
orspeci
f
i
cpur
poses,
t
husat
i
nant
i
monysol
deri
sdesi
gnedt
osol
der
f
oodhandl
i
ngv
essel
swher
el
eadcont
ami
nat
i
onsmustbeav
oi
ded.
Ti
nzi
ncsol
der
sar
ei
nt
endedpr
i
mar
i
l
yf
orj
oi
ni
ngal
umi
ni
um.
Leadsi
l
v
ersol
der
sar
eusedwher
est
r
engt
hatel
ev
at
edt
emper
at
ur
esar
er
equi
r
ed.
BRAZI
NGSOLDERSANDSI
LVERSOLDERS
TheAmer
i
canWel
di
ngSoci
et
y
'
scl
assi
f
i
cat
i
onsy
st
em f
orbr
azi
ngal
l
oy
susest
hel
et
t
erbet
oi
ndi
cat
e
t
hatt
heal
l
oyi
st
obeusedf
orbr
azi
ng.Thenextser
i
esofl
et
t
eri
ncl
assi
f
i
cat
i
oni
ndi
cat
est
heaut
omat
i
c
sy
mbyoft
heal
l
oy
,
suchasCuZn(
CopperandZi
nc)
.Ther
emaybeadashf
ol
l
owedbyal
et
t
erornumber
t
oi
ndi
cat
especi
f
i
cal
l
oy
edper
cent
age.Thel
et
t
erRmaybeaddedt
oi
ndi
cat
et
hatt
hebr
azemet
al
i
si
n
r
odf
or
m.
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Anexampl
eof<…………………
>
i
sBRCuZn-A,
whi
chi
ndi
cat
esacopper
zi
ncbr
azi
ng
r
odwi
t
h59.
25%copper
,
40%/
zi
ncand0.
75%t
i
n.
Notal
l
oft
heav
ai
l
abl
ebr
azi
ngal
l
oy
shav
eanAWScl
assi
f
i
cat
i
on.Somespeci
al
al
l
oy
sar
eknownby
r
egi
st
er
edt
r
adenames.
SomeBr
azi
ngSol
der
scanbeqel
i
st
edbel
ow;
a.Copper
zi
nc—Theseal
l
oy
sar
et
hemostpopul
arbr
azi
ngal
l
oy
s.Theyar
eav
ai
l
abl
easr
egul
arandl
ow
f
umi
ngal
l
oy
s.Thezi
nci
nt
hi
sbr
azemet
al
hasat
endencyt
obur
nouti
fi
ti
sov
er
heat
edandi
ti
sv
er
y
poi
sonousi
ff
umi
ngal
l
oy
sar
eRCuZn-BandRCuZn-C
b.Copper
Zi
ncandCopper
Phosphor
usA5.
8—TheCopper
zi
ncf
i
l
l
err
odsar
eof
t
engr
oupedt
oget
her
andknownasbr
azi
ngr
ods.Thecopper
phosphor
usr
odsar
er
ef
er
r
edt
oasphoscopper
.
Fi
v
emaj
orcl
assi
f
i
cat
i
onsofCopper
zi
ncf
i
l
l
err
odsar
e;
1.Cl
assBRCuZn—i
susedf
orsameappl
i
cat
i
onasBCuf
i
l
l
er
s.Theaddi
t
i
onof40%zi
nc(
Zn)and60%
copper
(
Cu)i
mpr
ov
escor
r
osi
onr
esi
st
anceandai
dsi
nt
hi
sr
odsusewi
t
hsi
l
i
conbr
onze,
copper
ni
ckel
andst
ai
nl
essst
eel
.
2.Cl
assBRCuZnA—Commonl
yr
ef
er
r
edt
oasnav
al
br
assandcanbeusedt
of
usewel
dnav
al
br
ass.
Addi
t
i
onof17%t
i
n(
sn)t
ot
heal
l
oy
saddsst
r
engt
handcor
r
osi
onr
esi
st
ance.Thesamet
y
peofmet
al
canbej
oi
nedwi
t
ht
hi
sr
odascoul
dbej
oi
nedwi
t
hBRCuZn.
3.Cl
assBRCuZnB—i
samanganesebr
onzef
i
l
l
ermet
al
.I
thasar
el
at
i
v
el
yl
owmel
t
i
ngpoi
ntandi
sf
r
ee
f
l
owi
ng.Thi
ar
odcanbeusedt
obr
azewel
dst
eel
,
casti
r
on,
br
assandbr
onze.Thedeposi
t
edmet
al
i
s
hi
ghert
hanBRCuZnorBRCuZnAi
nst
r
engt
h,
har
dnessandcor
ossi
onr
esi
st
ance.
4.Cl
assBRCuZnC—al
owf
umi
nghi
ghsi
l
i
con(
si
)br
onzer
od.I
ti
sgener
al
l
ygoodf
orgener
al
pur
pose
wor
kduet
ot
hel
owf
umi
ng<………………
………> oft
hesi
l
i
conont
hezi
nc.
5.Cl
assBRCuZnD—ani
ckel
br
onzer
odwi
t
henoughsi
l
i
cont
obel
owf
umi
ng.Theni
ckel
gi
v
est
he
deposi
tofasi
l
v
er
whi
t
eappear
anceandi
sr
ef
er
r
edt
oaswhi
t
ebr
ass.Usedt
obr
azeandbr
azewel
d
42
NAME: .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
..
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
st
eel
,
mal
l
eabl
ei
r
on,
casti
r
on<…
…>f
orbui
l
di
ngupwearsur
f
acesi
nbear
i
ngs.
*
*
*
*
*
*
Copper
Phosphor
us—Thi
sbr
azi
ngal
l
oyi
ssomet
i
mesr
ef
er
r
edt
oasphoscopper
.I
ti
sagoodal
l
oyt
o
consi
derf
orj
oi
ni
ngwher
esi
l
v
erbr
azemayhav
ebeenusedi
nt
hepast
.
Theal
l
oyknownasphoscopperhasgoodf
l
ui
di
t
yandwet
t
abi
l
i
t
yoncopperandcopperal
l
oy
s.
Usi
ngt
hi
sal
l
oyt
heef
f
ect
i
v
ej
oi
ntspaci
ngshoul
dbef
r
om 0.
001i
n(
0.
03mm)t
o0.
005i
n(
0.
12mm)f
ort
he
st
r
ongestj
oi
nt
.
Heav
ybui
l
dupoft
hi
aal
l
oymaycausebr
i
t
t
l
enessi
nt
hej
oi
nt
.Phosphor
usf
or
msbr
i
t
t
l
ei
r
onphosphi
de
atbr
azi
ngt
emper
at
ur
ei
nst
eel
.Copper
phosorcopper
phossi
l
v
ershoul
dnotbeusedonf
er
r
ous
subst
ances.
Thecopperphosphor
us(
BCuPgr
oup)r
odsar
eusedi
nai
r
condi
t
i
oni
ngappl
i
cat
i
onsandi
npl
umbi
ngt
o
j
oi
ncopperpi
pi
ng.Thephosphor
usmakest
her
odsel
ff
l
uxi
ngoncopper
.
Cl
assesBCuP2andBCuP4bot
hhav
egoodgl
owi
nt
ot
hej
oi
nt
.Thehi
ghphosphor
uscont
entoft
he
r
odsmakest
hem sel
f
f
l
uxi
ngoncopper
.Bot
hoft
hesecl
assesar
eusedof
t
enf
orpl
umbi
ngi
nst
al
l
at
i
ons.
SI
LVERALLOYS
1.COPPERPHOSPHORUSSI
LVER—I
ssomet
i
mesr
ef
er
r
edt
oas'
si
l
phos'
.I
t
schar
act
er
i
st
i
csar
e
si
mi
l
art
oCopper
Phosphor
usexceptt
hesol
v
est
hi
sal
l
oyal
i
t
t
l
ebet
t
erwet
t
i
ngandf
l
owchar
act
er
i
st
i
c.
Of
t
eni
ti
snotnecessar
yt
ousef
l
uxwi
t
hal
l
oy
scont
ai
ni
ng5%ormor
eofsi
l
v
erwhenj
oi
ni
ngcopperpi
pe.
Thi
si
st
hemostcommonbr
azi
ngal
l
oyusedi
nai
rcondi
t
i
oni
ngandr
ef
r
i
ger
at
i
onwor
k.
2.SI
LVERCOPPER—Canbeusedt
oj
oi
nal
mostanymet
al
,
f
er
r
ousornonf
er
r
ous,
exceptal
umi
num,
magnesi
um,
zi
ncandaf
ewot
herl
owmel
t
i
ngmet
al
s.Thi
sal
l
oy
si
sof
t
enr
ef
er
r
edt
oassi
l
v
erbr
azeand
i
st
hemostv
er
sat
i
l
e.I
ti
st
hemostexpensi
v
eal
l
oy
s,
exceptf
ort
hegol
dal
l
oy
s.
3.SI
LVERANDGOLD—ar
ebot
husedi
nsmal
l
quant
i
t
i
eswhenj
oi
ni
ngmet
al
st
hatwi
l
l
beusedunder
cor
r
osi
v
econdi
t
i
ons,
whenhi
ghj
oi
ntduct
i
l
i
t
yi
sneeded,
orwhenl
owel
ect
r
i
cal
r
esi
st
ancei
si
mpor
t
ant
.
Becauseoft
heev
er
i
ncr
easi
ngpr
i
ceandr
educedav
ai
l
abi
l
i
t
yoft
hesepr
eci
ousmet
al
s,
ot
herf
i
l
l
er
met
al
sshoul
df
i
r
stbeconsi
der
ed.
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
FACTORSAFFECTI
NGTHESTRENGTHOFASOLDERI
NGORBRAZI
NGJOI
NTS
1.hespaci
ngbet
weent
hepar
t
sbei
ngj
oi
nedgr
eat
l
yaf
f
ect
st
het
ensi
l
est
r
engt
hoft
hef
i
ni
shedpar
t
.As
t
hepar
t
sar
eheat
ed,
t
hei
ni
t
i
al
spacemayi
ncr
easeordecr
easedependi
ngont
hej
oi
ntdesi
gnand
f
i
xt
ur
i
ng.
2.Joi
ntdesi
gnal
sodi
ct
at
est
hest
r
engt
hI
'
dt
hej
oi
ntf
or
med.Whent
hepar
t
susel
ap<di
agr
am>or
scar
f
<di
agr
am>j
oi
ntwi
t
ht
hej
oi
ni
ngar
eaequal
t
ot
hr
eet
i
mes(
3×)t
het
hi
cknessoft
het
hi
nnest
membert
hest
r
ongestj
oi
nti
sobt
ai
ned.
3.Aj
oi
ntal
sodesi
gnsot
hatt
hef
l
uxandf
i
l
l
ermet
al
maybepr
epl
acedi
fpossi
bl
ef
orv
i
sual
checki
ng
f
orf
i
l
l
ermet
al
ar
oundt
heout
si
dej
oi
ntal
sopr
omot
esgoodst
r
engt
hatt
hej
oi
nt
.
4.Joi
ntpr
epar
at
i
oni
sal
sov
er
yi
mpor
t
ant
,
t
hesur
f
acemustbecl
eanedofal
l
oi
l
,
di
r
t
'
s,
pai
nt
s,
oxi
desor
anyot
hercont
ami
nant
st
oal
l
owgoodwet
t
i
ngact
i
onandbondf
orgoodst
r
engt
ht
obeobt
ai
ned.
5.Thesol
der
i
ngandbr
azi
ngt
emper
at
ur
emustber
eached,
mai
nt
ai
ned,
nott
oov
er
heatt
hej
oi
ntf
ort
he
f
l
uxnott
of
orcor
r
osi
v
eorr
esi
duet
hatmaybedet
r
i
ment
al
t
ot
hej
oi
nt
.
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
READI
NGAWELDSYMBOL
I
nf
or
mat
i
ononwel
dsy
mbol
si
spl
acedt
or
eadf
r
om l
ef
tt
or
i
ghtal
ongt
her
ef
er
encel
i
nei
naccor
dance
wi
t
ht
heconv
ent
i
onsofdr
af
t
i
ng.
Fi
l
l
et
,
bev
el
andj
gr
oov
e,
f
l
ar
ebev
el
gr
oov
e,
cor
ner
f
l
angewel
dsy
mbol
sar
eshownwi
t
ht
he
per
pendi
cul
arl
egal
way
st
ot
hel
ef
toft
hewel
dsy
mbol
.Asshownbel
ow;
43
NAME: .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
..
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
COMBI
NI
NGWELDSYMBOLS
I
nt
hef
abr
i
cat
i
onofapr
oduct
,
t
her
ear
eoccasi
onswher
emor
et
hanonet
y
peofwel
di
st
obemadeon
aj
oi
nt
.Thej
oi
ntmayr
equi
r
ebot
haf
i
l
l
etanddoubl
ebev
el
gr
oor
l
v
ewel
d.Whent
hi
shappens,
asy
mbol
i
sshownf
oreachwel
dbel
ow;
44
NAME: .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
..
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
FI
RE
Fi
r
ei
st
her
api
doxi
dat
i
onofamat
er
i
al
i
nt
heexot
her
mi
cchemi
cal
pr
ocessofcombust
i
on,
r
el
easi
ng
heat
,
l
i
ght
,
andv
ar
i
ousr
eact
i
onpr
oduct
s.
TYPES/
CLAESESOFFI
RE





Cl
assA-f
i
r
esi
nv
ol
v
i
ngsol
i
dmat
er
i
al
ssuchaswood,
paperort
ext
i
l
es.
Cl
assB-f
i
r
esi
nv
ol
v
i
ngf
l
ammabl
el
i
qui
dssuchaspet
r
ol
,
di
esel
oroi
l
s.
Cl
assC-f
i
r
esi
nv
ol
v
i
nggases.
Cl
assD-f
i
r
esi
nv
ol
v
i
ngmet
al
s.
Cl
assE-f
i
r
esi
nv
ol
v
i
ngl
i
v
eel
ect
r
i
cal
appar
at
us.(
Techni
cal
l
y‘
Cl
assE’
doesn’
texi
st
showev
ert
hi
si
s
usedf
orconv
eni
enceher
e)
 Cl
assF-f
i
r
esi
nv
ol
v
i
ngcooki
ngoi
l
ssuchasi
ndeepf
atf
r
y
er
s.
TYPESOFFI
REEXTI
NGUI
SHERS
1.Wat
erext
i
ngui
sher
s
Wat
erext
i
ngui
sher
sar
eoneoft
hemostcost
ef
f
ect
i
v
eway
st
of
i
ghtCl
assAf
i
r
es,
t
hosef
uel
l
edbysol
i
d
mat
er
i
al
ssuchaspaper
,
woodandt
ext
i
l
es.
Ther
ear
ef
ourdi
f
f
er
entt
y
pesofwat
erext
i
ngui
sher
s:
wat
erj
et
,
wat
erspr
ay
,
wat
erwi
t
haddi
t
i
v
esand
wat
ermi
storf
og.
Wat
erj
etext
i
ngui
sher
swor
kbyspr
ay
i
ngaj
etofwat
eratt
hebur
ni
ngmat
er
i
al
s,
cool
i
ngt
hem and
pr
ev
ent
i
ngr
ei
gni
t
i
on.Theyshoul
dnotbeusedonl
i
v
eel
ect
r
i
cal
equi
pment
.
Wat
erspr
ayext
i
ngui
sher
suseav
er
yf
i
nespr
ayofwat
erdr
opl
et
s,
eachdr
opl
eti
ssur
r
oundedbyai
r
whi
chi
snonconduct
i
v
e.Mostwat
erspr
ayf
i
r
eext
i
ngui
sher
scar
r
ya35kVdi
el
ect
r
i
ct
estappr
ov
al
whi
chmeanst
heyhav
ebeent
est
edona35,
000Vol
tel
ect
r
i
cal
sour
ceatonemet
er
.
Wat
erext
i
ngui
sher
swi
t
haddi
t
i
v
esar
ewat
erext
i
ngui
sher
swi
t
hf
oami
ngchemi
cal
sadded.Thewat
er
l
osesi
t
snat
ur
al
sur
f
acet
ensi
onmeani
ngt
hati
tcansoaki
nt
ot
hebur
ni
ngmat
er
i
al
smor
eef
f
ect
i
v
el
y
.
Addi
ngt
hechemi
cal
st
ot
hewat
ermeanst
hatasmal
l
erext
i
ngui
shercanpr
oducet
hesamef
i
r
er
at
i
ng
asal
ar
ger
,
wat
eronl
y
,
ext
i
ngui
sher
.
Wat
ermi
st
,
orf
og,
ext
i
ngui
sher
sappl
ywat
eri
nt
hef
or
m ofmi
st
,
orf
og,
t
hedr
opl
et
sar
emuchsmal
l
er
t
hant
hosef
r
om t
hewat
erspr
ayext
i
ngui
sher
.Thesmal
l
ert
hedr
opl
et
,
t
hel
ar
geri
t
ssur
f
acear
eai
n
r
el
at
i
ont
oi
t
ssi
ze,
t
hequi
ckert
hedr
opl
etev
apor
at
eswhi
chabsor
bst
heheatener
gyf
ast
er
.The
downsi
dei
st
hesmal
l
ert
hedr
opl
ett
hel
essi
twei
ghsandt
her
ef
or
et
hel
esspower
f
ul
t
hecl
oudofwat
er
.
Al
l
wat
erext
i
ngui
sher
shav
ear
edl
abel
.
2.Foam ext
i
ngui
sher
s
Foam f
i
r
eext
i
ngui
sher
scanbeusedonCl
assAandBf
i
r
es.Theyar
emostsui
t
edt
oext
i
ngui
shi
ngl
i
qui
d
f
i
r
essuchaspet
r
ol
ordi
esel
andar
emor
ev
er
sat
i
l
et
hanwat
erj
etext
i
ngui
sher
sbecauset
heycanal
so
beusedonsol
i
dssuchaswoodandpaper
.Thef
oam ext
i
ngui
shesl
i
qui
df
i
r
esbyseal
i
ngt
hesur
f
aceof
t
hel
i
qui
d,
pr
ev
ent
i
ngf
l
ammabl
ev
apourr
eachi
ngt
heai
randst
ar
v
i
ngt
hef
i
r
eoff
uel
.Theyar
enot
sui
t
abl
ef
oruseonf
r
eef
l
owi
ngl
i
qui
df
i
r
es.
Foam ext
i
ngui
sher
shav
eacr
eam l
abel
.
3.Powderext
i
ngui
sher
s
45
NAME: .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
..
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Powderext
i
ngui
sher
sar
eagoodmul
t
i
pur
posef
i
r
eext
i
ngui
sherbecauset
heycanbeusedonCl
assA,
BandCf
i
r
es.Theycanal
sobeusedonf
i
r
esi
nv
ol
v
i
ngel
ect
r
i
cal
equi
pmenthowev
er
,
t
heydonotcool
t
hef
i
r
esoi
tcanr
ei
gni
t
e.Powderext
i
ngui
sher
scanal
socr
eat
eal
ossofv
i
si
bi
l
i
t
yandmaycr
eat
e
br
eat
hi
ngpr
obl
ems.Theyar
enotgener
al
l
yr
ecommendedf
orusei
nsi
debui
l
di
ngsunl
esst
her
ei
s
absol
ut
el
ynoal
t
er
nat
i
v
e.
Powderext
i
ngui
sher
shav
eabl
uel
abel
.
4.Car
bondi
oxi
deext
i
ngui
sher
s(
CO2)
CO2ext
i
ngui
sher
sar
ei
deal
f
orpl
aceswi
t
hal
otofel
ect
r
i
cal
equi
pmentsuchasof
f
i
cesorser
v
err
ooms
becauset
heyar
esaf
et
ouseonf
i
r
esi
nv
ol
v
i
ngel
ect
r
i
cal
appar
at
us.Car
bondi
oxi
deext
i
ngui
sher
sdonot
l
eav
eanyr
esi
due,
unl
i
keaf
oam ext
i
ngui
sher
.Theycanal
sobeusedonCl
assBf
i
r
es,
t
hosei
nv
ol
v
i
ng
f
l
ammabl
el
i
qui
dssuchpar
af
f
i
norpet
r
ol
.CO2ext
i
ngui
sher
swor
kbysmot
her
i
ngt
hef
i
r
eandcut
t
i
ngof
f
t
hesuppl
yofai
r
.
Car
bonDi
oxi
deExt
i
ngui
sher
s(
CO2)hav
eabl
ackl
abel
.
5.Wetchemi
cal
ext
i
ngui
sher
s
Wetchemi
cal
ext
i
ngui
sher
sar
esui
t
abl
ef
oruseonCl
assFf
i
r
esi
nv
ol
v
i
ngcooki
ngoi
l
sandf
at
s,
suchas
l
ar
d,
ol
i
v
eoi
l
,
sunf
l
oweroi
l
,
mai
zeoi
l
andbut
t
er
.Theyar
eext
r
emel
yef
f
ect
i
v
e,
whenusedcor
r
ect
l
y
.The
wetchemi
cal
r
api
dl
yknockst
hef
l
amesout
,
cool
st
hebur
ni
ngoi
l
andchemi
cal
l
yr
eact
st
of
or
m asoapl
i
kesol
ut
i
on,
seal
i
ngt
hesur
f
aceandpr
ev
ent
i
ngr
ei
gni
t
i
on.Al
t
hought
heyar
epr
i
mar
i
l
ydesi
gnedf
oruse
onCl
assFf
i
r
es,
cooki
ngoi
l
sanddeepf
atf
r
y
er
s.Theycanal
sobeusedonCl
assAf
i
r
es(
wood,
paper
andf
abr
i
cs)andCl
assBf
i
r
es(
f
l
ammabl
el
i
qui
ds)
.
Wetchemi
cal
ext
i
ngui
sher
shav
eay
el
l
owl
abel
.
6.Fi
r
ebl
anket
s
Fi
r
ebl
anket
sar
epr
i
mar
i
l
yf
oruseonhotoi
l
f
i
r
essuchasf
r
y
i
ngpansorsmal
l
deepf
atf
r
y
er
s.Theycan
al
sobeusedonsomeonewhosecl
ot
hi
nghascaughtf
i
r
e.Theywor
kbysmot
her
i
ngt
hef
i
r
e,
st
oppi
ng
accesst
ot
heoxy
genf
uel
l
i
ngi
tandext
i
ngui
shi
ngi
t
.
46
NAME: .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
..
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
PLASTI
CS
Pl
ast
i
csar
e(
most
l
y
)sy
nt
het
i
c(
humanmade)mat
er
i
al
s,
madef
r
om pol
y
mer
s,
whi
char
el
ong
mol
ecul
esbui
l
tar
oundchai
nsofcar
bonat
oms,
t
y
pi
cal
l
ywi
t
hhy
dr
ogen,
oxy
gen,
sul
f
ur
,
andni
t
r
ogen
f
i
l
l
i
ngi
nt
hespaces.
TYPESOFPLASTI
CS
Ther
ear
et
womai
nt
y
pesofpl
ast
i
cs–
1.Ther
mopl
ast
i
cswhi
char
esof
t
enedbyheatandcanbemoul
ded.(
I
nj
ect
i
onmoul
ded,
bl
owmoul
ded
orv
acuum f
or
med)
.Goodexampl
esar
eacr
y
l
i
c,
pol
y
pr
opy
l
ene,
pol
y
st
y
r
ene,
pol
y
t
heneandPVC.
2.Ther
moset
swhi
char
ef
or
medbyheatpr
ocessbutar
et
henset(
l
i
keconcr
et
e)andcannotchange
shapebyr
eheat
i
ng.Goodexampl
esar
emel
ami
ne(
ki
t
chenwor
kt
ops)
,
Bakel
i
t
e(
bl
acksaucepan
handl
es)
,
pol
y
est
erandepoxyr
esi
ns.
Composi
t
esar
emadebymi
xi
ngmat
er
i
al
st
oget
hert
ogetenhancedpr
oper
t
i
es.Pol
y
est
err
esi
ni
smi
xed
wi
t
hgl
assf
i
br
et
omakeGRPusedf
orboat
bui
l
di
ngandf
i
shi
ngr
ods.Epoxyr
esi
npl
uscar
bonf
i
br
ei
s
st
r
ongert
hanst
eel
butl
i
ght
er
.
Ny
l
on
Ver
yst
r
ong,
ny
l
oncanbemachi
nedandwi
l
l
t
akeaf
i
net
hr
ead.I
ti
sal
sosl
i
pper
yandcanbeusedt
o
makewasher
s,
spacer
sandbushes.
Ny
l
onwasor
i
gi
nal
l
ydev
el
opedasat
ext
i
l
ebuti
sav
ai
l
abl
ei
nmanyf
or
mswi
t
hv
ast
l
ydi
f
f
er
entpr
oper
t
i
es.
Engi
neer
i
ngny
l
ongr
adesar
eeasyt
omachi
newi
t
hgoodr
esi
st
ancet
obi
ol
ogi
cal
at
t
ack.Unf
or
t
unat
el
y
ny
l
onscanabsor
bmoi
st
ur
ef
r
om t
heat
mospher
eandcandegr
adei
nst
r
ongsunl
i
ght(
t
heyar
eunst
abl
e
i
nul
t
r
av
i
ol
etl
i
ght
)unl
essast
abi
l
i
si
ngchemi
cal
i
saddedatt
hei
ni
t
i
al
manuf
act
ur
eoft
hepl
ast
i
c.Ny
l
ons
ar
eeasyt
omoul
d.Ny
l
onsal
sohav
eanat
ur
al
'
oi
l
y
'
sur
f
acet
hatcanactasanat
ur
al
l
ubr
i
cant
.Ny
l
ons
ar
eusedf
orev
er
y
t
hi
ngf
r
om cl
ot
hest
hr
ought
ogear
sandbear
i
ngs.
Acr
y
l
i
c
Comesi
nar
angeoft
hi
cknesses,
col
our
sandcanbeopaqueort
r
anspar
ent
.Ther
ear
et
wot
y
peof
acr
y
l
i
cext
r
udedwhi
chi
scheaperandv
er
y"
pl
ast
i
c"andcastwhi
chmachi
nesbet
t
erbuti
shar
derand
l
essf
l
exi
bl
e.
Acr
y
l
i
csar
eav
ai
l
abl
ei
nar
angeofcol
our
sandcanbeopaque,
t
r
ansl
ucentort
r
anspar
ent
.Theyar
e
av
ai
l
abl
ei
nsheet
,
r
od,
andt
ubef
orusei
ni
nj
ect
i
onmoul
di
ng,
ext
r
usi
onandv
acuum f
or
mi
ng.Acr
y
l
i
cs
wi
t
hst
andweat
herandar
est
abl
ei
nsunl
i
ght
.Al
mostanycol
ourcanbepr
oduced.Tr
anspar
entacr
y
l
i
c
canbeascl
earast
hef
i
nestopt
i
cal
gl
ass,
t
hi
sl
edt
hem t
obeusedi
nopt
i
cal
equi
pmentsuchas
camer
as.I
ti
spossi
bl
et
osi
gni
f
i
cant
l
yst
r
engt
hent
heacr
y
l
i
cwheni
ti
sbei
ngmade,
t
hesehi
ghgr
ade
acr
y
l
i
csar
eusedusef
orai
r
cr
af
twi
ndows.
PVCanduPVCSt
i
f
f
,
har
d,
t
oughl
i
ght
wei
ghtpl
ast
i
c.uPVCi
sst
abi
l
i
sedf
orout
si
deuseansi
sudedf
or
pl
ast
i
cwi
ndowsandpl
ast
i
cpi
pes.Pl
ast
i
ci
sedPVCi
susedf
orf
l
exi
bl
eappl
i
cat
i
onssuchasi
nsul
at
i
ngcabl
es.
47
NAME: .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
..
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Pol
y
t
hene
Thi
spl
ast
i
chasar
angeofusesf
r
om f
oodpackagi
ngt
ogaspi
pes.Thepl
ast
i
cscanbe
i
nj
ect
i
onmoul
dedorext
r
udedandi
sav
ai
l
abl
ei
nt
wof
or
ms.Hi
ghdensi
t
ypol
y
et
hy
l
ene(
HDPE)i
sahar
d
r
i
gi
dpl
ast
i
c.Al
owdensi
t
ygr
ade(LDPE)
i
st
oughandf
l
exi
bl
e.
Pol
y
pr
opy
l
ene Thi
sat
ough,
cheappl
ast
i
c,
i
thasasl
i
ght
l
ywaxyf
eel
.I
tcanbebentr
epeat
edl
y
wi
t
houtbr
eaki
ng.Usedf
orMedi
cal
equi
pmentsuchassy
r
i
nges,
st
acki
ngchai
r
s(
chai
r
shel
l
i
s
pol
y
pr
opy
l
ene)
,
sui
t
caseswi
t
hi
nt
egr
al
hi
nges,
Pol
y
car
bonat
e Usedf
ormaki
ngey
epr
ot
ect
i
on,
machi
neguar
dsandr
i
otshi
el
ds.I
ti
snotashar
das
acr
y
l
i
candcanbecuteasi
l
ybuti
twi
l
l
absor
bi
mpact
s.
Bakel
i
t
e
At
her
moset
t
i
ngpl
ast
i
c.Dar
kbr
own.Usedasacomposi
t
er
ei
nf
or
cedwi
t
hpaperorcl
ot
h.
Usedt
omakeci
r
cui
tboar
dsandheatpr
oofi
nsul
at
edpar
t
si
nt
heel
ect
r
oni
csi
ndust
r
y
.
Epoxyr
esi
n At
wopar
tmi
xwhi
chcanbeusedasagl
ue(
ARALDI
TE)orber
ei
nf
or
cedwi
t
hcar
bon
f
i
br
et
opr
oduceav
er
yst
r
ongandl
i
ghtcomposi
t
emat
er
i
al
swhi
chi
susedi
naer
ospaceandFor
mul
a1
Mel
ami
ne
col
our
s.
At
her
mosetv
er
yt
oughandheatr
esi
st
ant
.Whi
t
ebutcanbepr
oducedi
naf
ul
l
r
angeof
PROPERTI
ESOFPLASTI
CS
Pl
ast
i
ci
sasy
nt
het
i
cmat
er
i
al
cr
eat
edf
r
om abr
oadr
angeofor
gani
cpol
y
mer
st
hathav
ebecomean
i
ndi
spensabl
epar
tofourev
er
y
daywor
l
d.Thepr
oper
t
i
esofpl
ast
i
car
enumer
ous.Fort
hemostpar
t
,
t
heyar
e:
*
Li
ght
wei
ghtwi
t
hahi
ghst
r
engt
ht
owei
ghtr
at
i
o
*
Canbemanuf
act
ur
edi
nexpensi
v
el
yandmasspr
oduced
*
Wat
err
esi
st
ant
*
Shockr
esi
st
ant
*
Ther
mal
l
yandel
ect
r
i
cal
l
yi
nsul
at
i
ng
48
NAME: .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
..
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
USESOFPLASTI
CS
Ver
sat
i
l
epl
ast
i
csi
nspi
r
ei
nnov
at
i
onst
hathel
pmakel
i
f
ebet
t
er
,
heal
t
hi
erandsaf
erev
er
yday
.Pl
ast
i
cs
ar
eusedt
omakebi
cy
cl
ehel
met
s,
chi
l
dsaf
et
yseat
sandai
r
bagsi
naut
omobi
l
es.They
’
r
ei
nt
hecel
l
phones,
t
el
ev
i
si
ons,
comput
er
sandot
herel
ect
r
oni
cequi
pmentt
hatmakesmoder
nl
i
f
epossi
bl
e.
They
’
r
ei
nt
her
oof
s,
wal
l
s,
f
l
oor
i
ngandi
nsul
at
i
ont
hatmakehomesandbui
l
di
ngsener
gyef
f
i
ci
ent
.And
pl
ast
i
csi
npackagi
nghel
pkeepf
oodssaf
eandf
r
esh.
Pl
ast
i
cf
orI
nsul
at
i
on
Ther
ear
eanumberofusesofpl
ast
i
c,
oneoft
hem bei
ngi
nsul
at
i
on.Pl
ast
i
csheet
sar
ewi
del
yusedas
i
nsul
at
or
si
nmanyconst
r
uct
i
onsast
heypr
ov
i
deexcel
l
entpr
ot
ect
i
onf
r
om ext
r
emeweat
her
condi
t
i
ons.
Pl
ast
i
csheet
i
ngi
susedi
nbet
weenwal
l
st
oi
nsul
at
et
hem f
r
om changesdur
i
ngext
r
eme
weat
hercondi
t
i
onsi
.
e.hotorcol
d.Apar
tf
r
om pr
ov
i
di
ngi
nsul
at
i
oni
nconst
r
uct
i
ons,
pl
ast
i
ci
susedt
o
i
nsul
at
econt
ai
ner
susedf
orhousehol
dorof
f
i
ci
al
pur
poses.Cont
ai
ner
sl
i
kei
ceboxesorchemi
cal
cont
ai
ner
sar
ei
nsul
at
edt
okeept
hem appr
opr
i
at
eandsui
t
abl
ef
orcust
omeruse.Fr
om v
astv
ar
i
et
yof
mat
er
i
al
sav
ai
l
abl
eacr
osst
hemar
ket
,
useofpl
ast
i
ci
nsul
at
or
si
spopul
arasi
ti
sr
esi
st
antt
owat
er
,
chemi
cal
saswel
l
asweat
herchanges.
UseofPl
ast
i
cf
orConst
r
uct
i
on
Pl
ast
i
csheet
sar
eexcel
l
entf
orr
oof
i
ngofout
doorar
easl
i
kepor
ches,
gar
dens,
dr
i
v
eway
s,
wal
kway
s,
t
er
r
aces,
bal
coni
es,
gr
eenhousesandsi
t
t
i
ngar
eas.
Pl
ast
i
cr
oof
i
ngi
soneoft
hebestt
hi
ngst
or
esor
tt
o;
af
t
eral
l
i
tact
sasagoodpr
ot
ect
i
onagai
nstsev
er
esunr
ay
soraheav
ydownpour
.
Aspl
ast
i
ci
sr
esi
st
ant
t
owat
er
,
chemi
cal
s,
hotorcol
dweat
her
,
i
ti
spr
ef
er
r
edov
erot
hermor
eexpensi
v
eopt
i
onsf
orr
oof
i
ng
whi
chdonotpr
ov
i
det
hesamepr
ot
ect
i
on.Thedur
abi
l
i
t
yoft
hemat
er
i
al
i
sanot
herf
act
orwhi
chmakes
i
tani
deal
opt
i
onf
orr
oof
i
ngandt
hesear
esomeoft
hemaj
orr
easonsi
ti
susedi
nt
hef
or
m of
gr
eenhousepl
ast
i
c.
I
ndust
r
i
al
UseofPl
ast
i
c
Pl
ast
i
csheet
scanbemadeofdi
f
f
er
entt
hi
ckness,
si
zesandcanbegi
v
enanyshapeaspert
he
r
equi
r
ement
.Manyi
ndust
r
i
al
set
t
i
ngsusepl
ast
i
cwi
del
yi
nt
hef
or
m ofboxes,
v
essel
s,
cont
ai
ner
sand
par
t
sf
orsev
er
al
machi
ner
i
es.Agr
i
cul
t
ur
e,
i
ndust
r
i
esaswel
l
asshi
ppi
ngi
ndust
r
y
,
pl
ast
i
ccanbeusedi
n
49
NAME: .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
..
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
v
ar
i
ousf
or
mst
of
aci
l
i
t
at
emanyoper
at
i
onsandpr
oj
ect
s.
I
ti
sconsi
der
edi
deal
f
ori
ndust
r
i
al
appl
i
cat
i
ons
asi
ti
shi
ghl
yr
esi
st
antt
omoi
st
ur
eandr
ustandkeepspr
oductpr
ot
ect
edf
orl
ongper
i
odoft
i
me.
STEEL
St
eel
i
sanal
l
oyofi
r
onandcar
boncont
ai
ni
ngl
esst
han2%car
bonand1%manganeseandsmal
l
amount
sof
si
l
i
con,
phosphor
us,
sul
phurandoxy
gen.St
eel
i
st
hewor
l
d'
smosti
mpor
t
antengi
neer
i
ngandconst
r
uct
i
on
mat
er
i
al
.I
ti
susedi
nev
er
yaspectofourl
i
v
es;
i
ncar
sandconst
r
uct
i
onpr
oduct
s,
r
ef
r
i
ger
at
or
sandwashi
ng
machi
nes,
car
goshi
psandsur
gi
cal
scal
pel
s.
Howi
sst
eel
made?
St
eel
i
spr
oducedv
i
at
womai
nr
out
es:
t
hebl
astf
ur
nacebasi
coxy
genf
ur
nace(
BFBOF)r
out
eandel
ect
r
i
car
c
f
ur
nace(
EAF)r
out
e.Var
i
at
i
onsandcombi
nat
i
onsofpr
oduct
i
onr
out
esal
soexi
st
.
Thekeydi
f
f
er
encebet
weent
her
out
esi
st
het
y
peofr
awmat
er
i
al
st
heyconsume.Fort
heBFBOFr
out
et
hese
ar
epr
edomi
nant
l
yi
r
onor
e,
coal
,
andr
ecy
cl
edst
eel
,
whi
l
et
heEAFr
out
epr
oducesst
eel
usi
ngmai
nl
yr
ecy
cl
ed
st
eel
andel
ect
r
i
ci
t
y
.Dependi
ngont
hepl
antconf
i
gur
at
i
onandav
ai
l
abi
l
i
t
yofr
ecy
cl
edst
eel
,
ot
hersour
cesof
met
al
l
i
ci
r
onsuchasdi
r
ect
r
educedi
r
on(
DRI
)orhotmet
al
canal
sobeusedi
nt
heEAFr
out
e.
About75%ofst
eel
i
spr
oducedusi
ngt
heBFBOFr
out
e.Fi
r
st
,
i
r
onor
esar
er
educedt
oi
r
on,
al
socal
l
edhot
met
al
orpi
gi
r
on.Thent
hei
r
oni
sconv
er
t
edt
ost
eel
i
nt
heBOF.Af
t
ercast
i
ngandr
ol
l
i
ng,
t
hest
eel
i
sdel
i
v
er
ed
ascoi
l
,
pl
at
e,
sect
i
onsorbar
s.
St
eel
madei
nanEAFusesel
ect
r
i
ci
t
yt
omel
tr
ecy
cl
edst
eel
.Addi
t
i
v
es,
suchasal
l
oy
s,
ar
eusedt
oadj
ustt
o
t
hedesi
r
edchemi
cal
composi
t
i
on.El
ect
r
i
cal
ener
gycanbesuppl
ement
edwi
t
hoxy
geni
nj
ect
edi
nt
ot
heEAF.
Downst
r
eam pr
ocessst
ages,
suchascast
i
ng,
r
eheat
i
ngandr
ol
l
i
ng,
ar
esi
mi
l
art
ot
hosef
oundi
nt
heBFBOF
r
out
e.About25%ofst
eel
i
spr
oducedv
i
at
heEAFr
out
e.
Anot
herst
eel
maki
ngt
echnol
ogy
,
t
heopenhear
t
hf
ur
nace(
OHF)
,
makesupabout0.
4%ofgl
obal
st
eel
pr
oduct
i
on.TheOHFpr
ocessi
sv
er
yener
gyi
nt
ensi
v
eandi
si
ndecl
i
neowi
ngt
oi
t
senv
i
r
onment
al
and
economi
cdi
sadv
ant
ages.
Mostst
eel
pr
oduct
sr
emai
ni
nusef
ordecadesbef
or
et
heycanber
ecy
cl
ed.Ther
ef
or
e,
t
her
ei
snotenough
r
ecy
cl
edst
eel
t
omeetgr
owi
ngdemandusi
ngt
heEAFst
eel
maki
ngmet
hodal
one.Demandi
smett
hr
ougha
combi
neduseoft
heBFBOFandEAFpr
oduct
i
onmet
hods.
Al
l
oft
hesepr
oduct
i
onmet
hodscanuser
ecy
cl
edst
eel
scr
apasani
nput
.Mostnewst
eel
cont
ai
nsr
ecy
cl
ed
st
eel
.
TYPESOFSTEEL
Car
bonSt
eel
Car
bonst
eel
i
sdul
l
andmat
t
ei
nappear
anceandi
sv
ul
ner
abl
et
ocor
r
osi
on.Car
bonst
eel
cancont
ai
not
her
al
l
oy
s,
suchasmanganese,
si
l
i
con,
andcopper
.Ther
ear
et
hr
eemai
nt
y
pesofcar
bonst
eel
:
l
owcar
bonst
eel
,
medi
um car
bonst
eel
,
andhi
ghcar
bonst
eel
.Lowcar
bonst
eel
i
st
hemostcommonandt
y
pi
cal
l
ycont
ai
ns
l
esst
han.
30%ofcar
bon.Medi
um car
bonst
eel
cont
ai
nsupt
o.
60%ofcar
bonaswel
l
asmanganeseandi
s
50
NAME: .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
..
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
muchst
r
ongert
hanl
owcar
bonst
eel
.Hi
ghcar
bonst
eel
cont
ai
nsupt
o1.
5%car
bonst
eel
andi
st
hest
r
ongest
oft
hecat
egor
i
esandcanof
t
enbehar
dt
owor
kwi
t
h.
Al
l
oySt
eel
Al
l
oyst
eel
sar
eami
xt
ur
eofsev
er
al
met
al
s,
i
ncl
udi
ngni
ckel
,
copper
,
andal
umi
num.Al
l
oyst
eel
st
endt
obe
cheaperandar
eusedi
nmechani
cal
wor
k,
carpar
t
s,
pi
pel
i
nes,
andmot
or
s.Thest
r
engt
handpr
oper
t
yofal
l
oy
st
eel
sdependsont
heconcent
r
at
i
onofel
ement
st
heycont
ai
n.
St
ai
nl
essSt
eel
St
ai
nl
essst
eel
sar
eshi
ny
,
cor
r
osi
onr
esi
st
ant
,
andusedi
nmanypr
oduct
s,
i
ncl
udi
nghomeappl
i
ances,
backspl
ashesandcooki
ngut
ensi
l
s.I
thasal
owcar
boncont
entSt
ai
nl
essst
eel
cont
ai
nst
heal
l
oychr
omi
um
andcanal
soi
ncl
udeni
ckel
ormol
y
bdenum.St
ai
nl
essst
eel
i
sst
r
ongandcanwi
t
hst
andhi
ght
emper
at
ur
es.
Ther
ear
emor
et
han100gr
adesofst
ai
nl
essst
eel
,
maki
ngi
tanext
r
emel
yv
er
sat
i
l
emat
er
i
al
t
hati
s
cust
omi
zabl
edependi
ngony
ourpur
pose.
Tool
St
eel
Tool
st
eel
sar
ehar
dandheatandscr
aper
esi
st
ant
.Theyar
enamedt
ool
st
eel
sbecauset
heyar
eof
t
enused
t
omakemet
al
t
ool
s,
suchasst
ampi
ng,
cut
t
i
ng,
andmol
dmaki
ngt
ool
s.Theyar
eal
socommonl
yusedt
o
makehammer
s.Ther
ear
esev
er
al
di
f
f
er
entgr
adesofst
eel
t
hatcanbeusedf
ordi
st
i
nctappl
i
cat
i
ons.
USESOFSTEEL
St
eel
i
sbot
ht
hemostwi
del
yusedandmostr
ecy
cl
edmet
al
mat
er
i
al
onear
t
h.Fr
om st
ai
nl
essandhi
ght
emper
at
ur
est
eel
st
of
l
atcar
bonpr
oduct
s,
st
eel
i
ni
t
sv
ar
i
ousf
or
msandal
l
oy
sof
f
erdi
f
f
er
entpr
oper
t
i
est
o
meetawi
der
angeofappl
i
cat
i
ons.Fort
heser
easons,
aswel
l
ast
hemet
al
'
scombi
nat
i
onofhi
ghst
r
engt
h
andar
el
at
i
v
el
yl
owpr
oduct
i
oncost
,
st
eel
i
snowusedi
ncount
l
esspr
oduct
s.
St
eel
appl
i
cat
i
onscanbedi
v
i
dedi
nt
of
i
v
esect
or
s:
1. Const
r
uct
i
on
2. Tr
anspor
t
3. Ener
gy
4. Packagi
ng
5. Appl
i
ancesandI
ndust
r
y
Const
r
uct
i
on
Themaj
or
i
t
yofst
eel
goest
ot
heconst
r
uct
i
oni
ndust
r
y
.Sust
ai
nabl
est
eel
st
r
uct
ur
escanbebui
l
tqui
ckl
yata
l
owpr
i
ce.St
eel
,
i
ni
t
sv
ar
i
ousf
or
msandal
l
oy
s,
canbedesi
gnedt
omeett
her
equi
r
ement
sofuni
quepr
oj
ect
s,
whi
chal
l
owi
tt
obei
ncor
por
at
edi
nt
oi
nf
r
ast
r
uct
ur
ei
nal
l
env
i
r
onment
s.Dependi
ngont
hecondi
t
i
onst
hatt
he
st
r
uct
ur
ei
sexposedt
o,
st
eel
canbeal
l
oy
edorsur
f
acet
r
eat
eddi
f
f
er
ent
l
yf
orpr
ot
ect
i
on.
Thedev
el
opmentofef
f
i
ci
entst
eel
pr
oduct
i
ont
echni
quesatt
heendoft
he20t
hcent
ur
ycont
r
i
but
edt
ot
he
gr
owt
hofr
ai
l
way
sar
oundt
hewor
l
daswel
l
ast
headv
entoft
hehi
ghr
i
sebui
l
di
ng.Manyf
amoushi
st
or
i
cal
st
r
uct
ur
es,
suchast
heEmpi
r
eSt
at
eBui
l
di
ng,
cont
ai
nst
eel
asapr
i
mar
yconst
r
uct
i
onmat
er
i
al
.
St
eel
canal
sobef
oundi
n:
 l
owandhi
ghr
i
sebui
l
di
ngs
 educat
i
onandhospi
t
al
bui
l
di
ngs
 spor
t
sst
adi
ums,
st
at
i
ons
51
NAME: .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
..
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.









r
ei
nf
or
cedconcr
et
e
br
i
dgedeckpl
at
es
pi
er
sandsuspensi
oncabl
es
har
bor
s
cl
addi
ngandr
oof
i
ng
of
f
i
ces
t
unnel
s
secur
i
t
yf
enci
ng
coast
al
andf
l
ooddef
enses
Tr
anspor
t
Engi
neer
i
ngst
eel
sar
ewr
oughtst
eel
st
hatar
edesi
gnedt
ohav
ecer
t
ai
nspeci
f
i
cl
ev
el
sofel
ast
i
ci
t
y
,
st
r
engt
h,
duct
i
l
i
t
y
,
andcor
r
osi
onr
esi
st
ance.Theyar
eusedi
nt
hegener
al
engi
neer
i
ngandmanuf
act
ur
i
ngsect
or
s,
but
t
hebul
kgoest
ot
r
anspor
tv
ehi
cl
es.
St
eel
account
sf
orov
er50%t
hewei
ghtofanav
er
agecar
.Adv
ancedhi
ghst
r
engt
hst
eel
s(
AHSS)ar
eusedi
n
v
ehi
cl
es.I
ti
sal
i
ght
wei
ghtmat
er
i
al
t
hatr
equi
r
esl
essener
gyt
opr
oduceandr
educesCO2emi
ssi
ons.
Di
f
f
er
entt
y
pesofst
eel
ar
eusedf
ort
hecarbody
,
door
s,
engi
ne,
gear
box,
st
eer
i
ng,
suspensi
on,
wheel
axl
es,
andi
nt
er
i
or
.
Besi
dest
heaut
omot
i
v
emar
ket
,
st
eel
i
sf
oundi
nt
r
anspor
tmat
er
i
al
ssuchas:








t
r
ucks
t
r
ansmi
ssi
ons
t
r
ai
ns
r
ai
l
s
shi
ps
anchorchai
ns
ai
r
cr
af
tunder
car
r
i
ages
j
etengi
nescomponent
s
Packagi
ng
St
eel
packagi
ngpr
ot
ect
sgoodsf
r
om wat
er
,
ai
r
,
andl
i
ghtexposur
e,
andi
sf
ul
l
yr
ecy
cl
abl
e.Thi
smet
hodof
st
or
agehasbeenar
oundf
orov
er200y
ear
s.
St
eel
al
l
owsf
orhi
ghspeedf
i
l
l
i
ngandl
i
ght
wei
ght
,
easyt
oopenpackagi
ng.Packagi
ngst
eel
sar
eof
t
enmade
f
r
om l
owcar
boncol
dr
ol
l
edst
eel
st
r
i
pandar
esur
f
acef
i
ni
shed.Thest
eel
i
st
i
npl
at
edt
opr
ev
entcor
r
osi
on
andt
hencoat
edwi
t
hapol
y
mer
,
l
acquer
ed,
andpr
i
nt
ed.Themaj
or
i
t
yofst
eel
packagi
nggoest
owar
dsf
ood
andbev
er
agecont
ai
ner
,
f
ol
l
owedbyagener
al
l
i
ne,
aer
osol
s,
andcl
osur
es(
e.
g.
,
bot
t
l
ecaps)
.
Appl
i
ancesandI
ndust
r
y
About75%oft
hewei
ghtoft
y
pi
cal
househol
dappl
i
ancescomesf
r
om st
eel
.St
eel
i
sf
oundi
nappl
i
ancesl
i
ke
f
r
i
dges,
washi
ngmachi
nes,
ov
ens,
mi
cr
owav
es,
si
nks,
cut
l
er
y
,
et
c.
St
eel
al
soaccount
sf
ormanyi
ndust
r
i
al
goodsl
i
kef
ar
mv
ehi
cl
esandmachi
ner
y
,
st
or
aget
anks,
t
ool
s,
st
r
uct
ur
es,
wal
kway
s,
andpr
ot
ect
i
v
eequi
pment
.
52
NAME: .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
..
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
BRASS
Br
assi
sabi
nar
yal
l
oycomposedofcopperandzi
nct
hathasbeenpr
oducedf
ormi
l
l
enni
aandi
s
v
al
uedf
ori
t
swor
kabi
l
i
t
y
,
har
dness,
cor
r
osi
onr
esi
st
ance,
andat
t
r
act
i
v
eappear
ance.
Pr
oper
t
i
es
Al
l
oyTy
pe:
Bi
nar
y
Cont
ent
:
Copper&Zi
nc
Densi
t
y
:
8.
38.
7g/
cm3
Mel
t
i
ngPoi
nt
:
16521724°
F(
900940°
C)
Moh'
sHar
dness:
34
Char
act
er
i
st
i
cs
Theexactpr
oper
t
i
esofdi
f
f
er
entbr
assesdependont
hecomposi
t
i
onoft
hebr
assal
l
oy
,
par
t
i
cul
ar
l
y
t
hecopper
zi
ncr
at
i
o.I
ngener
al
,
howev
er
,
al
l
br
assesar
ev
al
uedf
ort
hei
rmachi
nabi
l
i
t
yort
heease
wi
t
hwhi
cht
hemet
al
canbef
or
medi
nt
odesi
r
edshapesandf
or
mswhi
l
er
et
ai
ni
nghi
ghst
r
engt
h.
Whi
l
et
her
ear
edi
f
f
er
encesbet
weenbr
asseswi
t
hhi
ghandl
owzi
nccont
ent
s,
al
l
br
assesar
e
consi
der
edmal
l
eabl
eandduct
i
l
e(
l
owzi
ncbr
assesmor
eso)
.Duet
oi
t
sl
owmel
t
i
ngpoi
nt
,
br
ass
canal
sobecastr
el
at
i
v
el
yeasi
l
y
.Howev
er
,
f
orcast
i
ngappl
i
cat
i
ons,
ahi
ghzi
nccont
enti
susual
l
y
pr
ef
er
r
ed.
Br
asseswi
t
hal
owerzi
nccont
entcanbeeasi
l
ycol
dwor
ked,
wel
dedandbr
azed.Ahi
ghcopper
cont
ental
soal
l
owst
hemet
al
t
of
or
m apr
ot
ect
i
v
eoxi
del
ay
er(
pat
i
na)oni
t
ssur
f
acet
hatguar
ds
agai
nstf
ur
t
hercor
r
osi
on,
av
al
uabl
epr
oper
t
yi
nappl
i
cat
i
onst
hatexposet
hemet
al
t
omoi
st
ur
eand
weat
her
i
ng.
Themet
al
hasbot
hgoodheatandel
ect
r
i
cal
conduct
i
v
i
t
y(
i
t
sel
ect
r
i
cal
conduct
i
v
i
t
ycanbef
r
om
23%t
o44%t
hatofpur
ecopper
)
,
andi
ti
swearandspar
kr
esi
st
ant
.Li
kecopper
,
i
t
sbact
er
i
ost
at
i
c
pr
oper
t
i
eshav
er
esul
t
edi
ni
t
susei
nbat
hr
oom f
i
xt
ur
esandheal
t
hcar
ef
aci
l
i
t
i
es.
Br
assi
sconsi
der
edal
owf
r
i
ct
i
onandnonmagnet
i
cal
l
oy
,
whi
l
ei
t
sacoust
i
cpr
oper
t
i
eshav
e
r
esul
t
edi
ni
t
susei
nmany'
br
assband'
musi
cal
i
nst
r
ument
s.Ar
t
i
st
sandar
chi
t
ect
sv
al
uet
he
met
al
'
saest
het
i
cpr
oper
t
i
es,
asi
tcanbepr
oducedi
nar
angeofcol
or
s,
f
r
om deepr
edt
ogol
den
y
el
l
ow.
Appl
i
cat
i
ons
Br
ass'
sv
al
uabl
epr
oper
t
i
esandr
el
at
i
v
eeaseofpr
oduct
i
onhav
emadei
toneoft
hemostwi
del
y
usedal
l
oy
s.Compi
l
i
ngacompl
et
el
i
stofal
l
ofbr
ass'
appl
i
cat
i
onswoul
dbeacol
ossal
t
ask,
butt
o
getani
deaofi
ndust
r
i
esandt
het
y
pesofpr
oduct
si
nwhi
chbr
assi
sf
oundwecancat
egor
i
zeand
summar
i
zesomeendusesbasedont
hegr
adeofbr
assused:
53
Download
advertisement