Period 2 (1607-1754): Europeans and American Indians maneuvered and fought for dominance, control, and security in North America, and
KEY TERMS BY PERIOD AND BY THEME
APUSH Periods
1. 1491-1607
2. 1607-1754
3. 1754-1800
4. 1800-1848
5. 1844-1877
6. 1865-1898
7. 1890-1945
8. 1945-1980
9. 1980-2016
APUSH Themes
 American and National Identity (NAT)
 Work, Exchange, Technology (WXT)
 Migration and Settlement (MIG)
 Politics and Power (POL)
 America in the World (WOR)
 Geography and GEO (GEO)
 Culture and Society (CUL)
Period 3 (1754-1800): British imperial attempts to reassert control over its colonies and the colonial reaction to these attempts produced a
new American republic, along with struggles over the new nation’s social, political, and economic identity.
Colonial Unrest (NAT, POL)
 Patrick Henry served two terms as governor of
Virginia and was also instrumental in the
development of the bill of rights
 Stamp Act Congress Stated that only
legislatures had the authority to tax colonist
 Sons and Daughters of Liberty resisted the
stamp Act
 John Dickinson, Letters from a Pennsylvania
Farmer letters helped turn public opinion
against the townshed acts
 Samuel Adams Master propagandist and
engineer of rebellion, strong politician and
leader.
 James Otis led the intellectual attack against
British tryanny
 Massachusetts Circular Letter asserted that the
parliament had no right to tax Americans
 Committees of Correspondence patriots could
circulate letters od protest against British
policies
 Intolerable Acts
Philosophy (CUL)
 Enlightenment marked a new way of thinking in
which people questioned what the knew and
began centering their thinking around reason
 Deism the importance of mortal conduct and
that while God created a universe he is apart
from it
 Rationalism stresses that someone should use
logic and reason, not religion or emotions
 John Locke government is obligated to serve the
people, by protecting life, liberty, and property
 Jean-Jacques Rousseau influenced the French
Revolution and the development of Liberal,
Conservative and Socialist theory
A New Nation (CUL)
 Thomas Paine, Common Sense called for
colonists to realize their mistreatment and push
for independence from England
 Patriots and Loyalists (Tories) colonist in the
new world that remained loyal to British during
the revolution
Rulers and Policies (WXT)
 George III lost all of the 13 American
colonies and caused American to start to
gain its freedom
 Whigs names given to party of patriots of
the new land resisting England prior to the
Declaration of Independence
 Parliament
 salutary neglect
 Lord Frederick North
Economic Policies (WOR)
 Sugar Act (1764) A law that raised the
previous demand on sweeteners
 Quartering Act (1765) British soldiers were
allowed to live in colonial homes for free
 Stamp Act (1765) required all paper in
colonies have a stamp
 Declaratory Act (1766)
 Townshend Acts (1767) plan to impose
harder taxes on the purveyors of imported
goods
 Writs of Assistance allowed customs
officials to search colonial homes
 Tea Act (1773) allowed the English to
export products without paying navigational
taxes
 Coercive Acts (1774) made Massachusetts a
martyr to colonist
 Quebec Act (1774)
American Indians (MIG)
 Pontiac’s Rebellion 18 month conflict with
Indians of the Ohio Vally
 Proclamation of 1763 line barring colonist
from settling west of the Appalachian
Empire (POL, GEO)
 French and Indian War Britain and France
fighting over the north east
 Albany Plan of Union (1754) advocated a
union of British colonies for their security and
defe se against French
 George Washington 1st president, established
informal 2 terms
 Peace of Paris (1763) treaty that capped of
French and Indian war
War (POL)
 Paul Revere
 Lexington and Concord
 Battle of Saratoga
 George Rogers Clark
 Battle of Yorktown
 Articles of Confederation the original
constitution ratifies in 1781
 unicameral legislature
Separation (NAT)
 John Jay helped negotiate the treaty of Paris w/
great Britain, ending revolution.
 First Continental Congress (1774) colonial
leaders urged colonies to expand military
reserves
 Joseph Galloway
 Suffolk Resolves
 economic sanctions
 Declaration of Rights and Grievances
 Second Continental Congress (1775) Passed
the declaration of independence and articles of
confederation
 Olive Branch Petition last attempt at peace,
rejected by parliament, led to declaration
 Declaration of the Causes and Necessities for
Taking Up Arms
 Thomas Jefferson declared the colonist
freedom from England, bought the Louisiana
purchase
 Declaration of Independence Announced break
form England making US its own country
 George Washington 1st president, whiskey
rebellion, jay treaty, farewell Address
Disputes (WXT)
 slave trade
 infant industries
 national bank increased central government
Founders (NAT, CUL)
 James Madison notable contributions to the
constitution helped to convince the public to
ratify it
Period 3 (1754-1800): British imperial attempts to reassert control over its colonies and the colonial reaction to these attempts produced a
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Minutemen colonist who independently
organized to form well-prepared militia
Continentals member of the continental army
Valley Forge the defeats had led some members
of the continental congress to want to replace
Washington
Abigail Adams early advocate for women’s
rights, opposed slavery and supported women’s
education
Shays’ Rebellion A populist uprising demanding
tax and debt relief
Judiciary Act (1789) established structure of the
judiciary branch.
federal courts; Supreme Court three main levels
supreme court is final level in the system
national debt almost doubled
Whiskey Rebellion Angered by federal gov
excise tax on liquors
political parties
Federalists and Democratic-Republicans it is
better to have a strong central government.
John Adams swayed countrymen to take
revolutionary action against England
Revolution of 1800 realigning election that
ushered in a generation of democratic
republican rule
cabinet
Expansion (MIG, POL)
 Battle of Fallen Timbers
 Treaty of Greenville
 Public Land Act
 Land Ordinance of 1785 Land survey system
whereby settlers could purchase the
undeveloped land
 Northwest Ordinance of 1787 A triumph under
the Articles establishing guidelines for obtaining
statehoods
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powers to help the country’s economy but it
met setbacks
tariffs (excise taxes)
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Constitution (POL)
 Annapolis Convention
 Constitutional Convention planned to amend
the Articles
 checks and balances third principal prevents
anyone from taking over the government
and making all of the decisions
 Virginia and New Jersey Plans
 Connecticut Plan; Great Compromise
membership of the legislature be based on
state population and senate have equal
representation
 House of Representatives and Senate
 Three-Fifths Compromise Held the enslaved
people in the south was counter as 3/5 of a
person
 electoral college system a way of speeding
up Presidential elections and is still in force
today.
 legislative branch; Congress
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Alexander Hamilton called upon congress to
summon a convention to meet in Philadelphia
the next year.
Federalists and Anti-Federalists feds supported
an efficient central government that could
protect their economic status. Anti-feds were
wary of centralization.
The Federalist Papers public thought in
support of the costitution
Bill of Rights; amendments first 10
amendments to the constitution, lists protection
for induvial rights
Washington’s Farewell Address do not engage
in foreign affairs, do not form political parties
unity above all
Alien and Sedition Acts required 5-14 years of
citizenship and gave president power to detain
aliens during wartime
Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions states could
overrule federal law as a constitution drew its
powers only from what the states delegated to
it
Foreign Affairs (WOR)
 French Revolution France declared war on
Austria seeking help from America, FrancoAmerican alliance
 Proclamation of Neutrality (1793)
 Citizen Genet Affair went to Charleston to gain
privateers for war effort, first direct violation of
neutrality Act
 Jay Treaty (1794) removal of British forts, gave
most favored nation trading status to Britain
 Pinckney Treaty (1795) established intentions
of friendship between Spain and United States
 right of deposit
 XYZ Affair three agent demanded a large sum
of money as a loan and an additional bribe
from an American diplomatic delegation
Period 4 (1800-1848): The new republic struggled to define and extend democratic ideals in the face of rapid economic, territorial, and
demographic changes.
The West (MIG)
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Lewis and Clark Expedition
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Tecumseh Native American Chief encouraged
by GB forces to fight against us
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The Prophet Indian confederacy east of the
Mississippi wanted unity and cultural renewal
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William Henry Harrison
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Tippecanoe battle where William Henry
Harrison defeated the Prophet Harrison
Supreme Court (POL)
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strict/loose interpretation
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John Marshall federalist judge, decisions
strengthened the central government
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judicial review the supreme court would
exercise the power to decide whether or not an
act was allowed by the constitution
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Marbury v. Madison Stated congress cannot
pass laws that are contrary to the constitution
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Aaron Burr threatened to break up the Union
and killed hamilton
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“Tertium Quids” name of the party that
supported Aaron Burr
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Fletcher v. Peck
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McCulloch v. Maryland Challenged the doctrine
of federalism, tried to tax 2nd back
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Dartmouth College v. Woodward
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Gibbons v. Ogden
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implied powers
Urban Growth (MIG)
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urbanization
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new cities
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Irish; potato famine
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Roman Catholic
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Tammany Hall political machine that gained a
reputation for corrupt practices
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Germans
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immigration
The Slave Industry (MIG, EXT)
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“King Cotton”
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“peculiar institution” Euphemism for slavery
and the economic ramification of it in the
American South
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Denmark Vesey, Nat Turner A free black from
Charleston who led a rebellion which caused
increasing anxieties in the south
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slave codes
War (WOR)
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Napoleon Bonaparte overthrew directory in France
as general
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Toussaint L’Ouverture lead rebellions in French
colon for independence driven by nationalism
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Barbary pirates pirates would try to take American
merchant ships.
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Neutrality was neutral during French v Britain but
neutral rights were violated but both countries
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Impressment British ships would seize American
Neutal ships and force sailors into the British navy
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Chesapeake-Leopard Affair British shipd fired on
US Chesapeake 3 were killed 4 were taken captive
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Embargo Act (1807) Passed in response to British
ad French harassment of American shipping
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James Madison President after Jefferson in1808
attempted economic pressure to deal with wars
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Non-Intercourse Act (1809) Allowed the US to
trade with other nations besides Britain
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Macon’s Bill No. 2 (1810) created bill stating that
us would prohibit trade with the foe of whoever
agreed to respect us neutrality
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War of 1812 Followed unsuccessful economic
sanctions.
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“Old Ironsides” name of warship which raised
American morale by sinking British ship
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Battle of Lake Erie “we have met the enemy and
they are ours”
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Oliver Hazard Perry
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Battle of the Thames River victory for general
William henry Harrison
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Thomas Macdonough was a ship commander who
defeated the British fleet on Lake Champlain
causing British to retreat
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Battle of Lake Champlain battle that caused the
British to retreat from the war
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Andrew Jackson A general who commanded us
troops in the south
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Battle of Horseshoe Bend Ended power of the
British ally
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Creek Nation eliminated the Indians and opened
new lands to whites
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Battle of New Orleans 2 weeks after a treaty ending
the war had been signed
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Treaty of Ghent (1814) returned all conquered
territory to the prewar claimant recognized the
prewar boundry
Foreign Affairs (WOR)
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Stephen Decatur
Industry (WXT)
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Tariff of 1816 fist protective tariff, NE
disagreed, south and west supported
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protective tariff Tax on foreign imports
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Henry Clay; American System 1. Protective
tariffs 2. National bank 3. Internal
improvements
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Second Bank of the United States Based on
Hamilton’s 1st bank but made for more
centralized government
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Panic of 1819 caused by 2nd back, state banks
closed, value of money fell, and
unemployment/ debt increased
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National (Cumberland) Road a paved
highway, more than 1000 miles used both
federal and state money
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Erie Canal linked the economies of western
farms and eastern cities
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Robert Fulton; steamboats successful voyage
up the Hudson river
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railroads
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Eli Whitney; interchangeable parts invented
the rifles with interchangeable parts which
were then the basis for ass production
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Cyrus McCormick; mechanical reaper
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John Deere; steel plow
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corporations
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Samuel Slater; factory system established the
first factory in 1791
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Lowell System; textile mills recruited young
farm-living women and housed them in
company dormitories
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industrialization
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specialization
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unions
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market revolution economic changes where
people buy and sell goods
Identities and Conflict (NAT)
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Northeast
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Old Northwest Ohio to Minnesota bound
together by transportation routes and rapid
economic growth
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Great Plains
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West
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Deep South
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Sectionalism one devotion and pride for their
section/ state or providence
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nativists; American (Know-Nothing) Party
pushed for political action against these
Period 4 (1800-1848): The new republic struggled to define and extend democratic ideals in the face of rapid economic, territorial, and
Jacksonian Politics (POL)
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popular campaigning
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spoils system; rotation in office
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John Quincy Adams; “corrupt bargain” the
speaker if the house allegedly ,et with Adams
before the house election to break a dead lock
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Tariff of Abominations (1828) A tax to protect
industry in the northern states passed by the US
Congress
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Peggy Eaton affair
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states’ rights; nullification crisis
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Webster-Hayne debate
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John C. Calhoun Leader of way hawks
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two party system
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Democrats and Whigs Two parties who opposed
each other throughout their periods of power
democrats were in favor on states rights
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“Log Cabin and Hard Cider” campaign
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Rush-Bagot Agreement (1817) GB and US
agreement to stop armed fleets on the Great lakes
Treaty of 1818
Florida Purchase (Adams-Onis) Treaty (1819)
Monroe Doctrine (1823) basis of foreign policy
stated the non-intervention in Latin American
Economics (WXT)
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Second National Bank
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Nicholas Biddle
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Roger Taney
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“pet banks” a term use to describe the state banks
tha the federal government used for new revenue
deposits
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Specie Circular meant to stop land speculation
caused by states printing paper money without
proper specie
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Panic of 1837 The BUS crashed witch made the
value of paper money to plummet
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Martin Van Buren advocated lower tariffs and free
trade
Common Man (NAT, POL)
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universal manhood suffrage many states started to
dismiss their policis that white males with land
could vote
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party nominating convention
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“King Caucus” expression used by southern suthors
and orators before the civil war
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popular election of the president
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newcomers
Supreme Order of the Star-Spangled Banner
free African Americans
planters
poor whites
the frontier
American Indian removal
Reforming Society (POL)
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temperance; WCTU
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asylum movement
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penitentiaries
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public school movement
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abolitionism; William Lloyd Garrison editor of
newspaper “The Liberator” founder of
American Anti-slavery society
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utopian communities
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Romanticism
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Transcendentalism
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feminism; Seneca Falls Convention First
women’s right convention, the women met
while campaigning for abolition for TX
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Second Great Awakening series of religious
revivals starting in 1801, based on Methodism
and Baptism. Stressed a religious philosophy
of salvation through good deeds
Period 5 (1844-1877): As the nation expanded and its population grew, regional tensions, especially over slavery, led to a civil war—the
course and aftermath of which transformed American society.
Expanding Economy (WXT)
 industrial technology the use of engineering and
manufacturing technology to make production
faster, simpler and more efficient
 Elias Howe patented the first ever lockstitch
sewing machine in the world in 1846
 Samuel Morse American painter and inventor who
developed an electric telegraph
 Railroads
 Panic of 1857 was a financial panic in the United
States caused by the declining international
economy and over-expansion of the domestic
economy.
 Greenbacks was an American political party with
an anti-monopoly ideology which was active
between 1874 and 1889
 Morrill Tariff Act (1861) an increased
import tariff in the United States, adopted on
March 2, 1861, during the administration of
President James Buchanan, a Democrat.
 Morrill Land Grant Act (1862) An act donating
public lands to the several states territories which
may provide colleges for the benefit of agriculture
 Pacific Railway Act (1862) were a series
of acts of Congress that promoted the construction
of a "transcontinental railroad
Westward Migration (NAT, MIG, GEO)
 manifest destiny the 19th-century doctrine or belief
that the expansion of the US throughout the
American continents was both justified and
inevitable.
 “Great American Desert” was used in the 19th
century to describe the western part of
the Great Plains east of the Rocky Mountains in
North America to about the 100th meridian.
 Far West
 overland trails
 mining frontier discovery of gold in CA in 2848
caused the first flood of newcomers to the west
 gold rush; silver rush began in 1848 when James
Marshall discovered gold on his land
 federal land grants
 Homestead Act (1862)
Expansion Politics (POL)
 John Tyler
 Oregon territory
Military and Diplomatic Expansion (WOR)
 Texas; Stephen F. Austin convinced numerous
American settlers to move to Texas, and by
1825 Austin had brought the first 300 American
families into the territory. Throughout the
1820s, Austin sought to maintain good relations
with the Mexican government, and he helped
suppress the Fredonian Rebellion
 The Alamo fought between the Republic of Texas
and Mexico from February 23, 1836 to March 6,
1836. It took place at a fort in San Antonio, Texas
called the Alamo. The Mexicans won the battle,
killing all of the Texan soldiers inside the fort.
 Aroostook War
 Webster-Ashburton Treaty (1842)
 Mexican War was fought due to annexation of
Texas
 Zachary Taylor Whig slave holder. 12th president
 Winfield Scott an American military commander
and political candidate
 John C. Fremont
 California; Bear Flag Republic
 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848)
 Mexican Cession the region in the modern-day
southwestern US that Mexico ceded to the US in the
treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
 Gadsden Purchase (1853)
 Matthew C. Perry; Japan
Slavery (POL)
 Fugitive Slave Law gave slavery a legal protection
by the federal government
 Underground Railroad; Harriet Tubman this was a
loose illegal network of transporting runaway slaves
to the free north
 Dred Scott v. Sanford Blacks were not citizens and
therefore could not sue in federal courts
 Lincoln-Douglas debates argued that the important
issues of like popular sovereignty
 “House Divided” speech “this country cannot be
half slave and half free”
 Freeport Doctrine stated that exclusion of slavery in
a territory could be determined by the refusal of the
voters to enact any laws that would protect slave
property
Equality (NAT, POL)
Compromising (POL)
 popular sovereignty; Lewis Cass notion
that the sovereign people of a given
territory should decide whether to allow
slavery
 Henry Clay
 Compromise of 1850 slavery becomes
outlawed in Washington D.C. Cali
admitted as a free state, Utah and new
Mexico with determine through popular
sovereignty
 Stephen A. Douglas wrote KansaNebraska-Act and the Freeport Doctrine
 Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854) suspended
Missouri compromise and left it to voters
in Kansas and Nebraska to determine the
status of slavery
 Crittenden Compromise
Civil War (POL, GEO, CUL)
 Fort Sumter a fort in SE south Carolina
guarding Charleston harbor. First action
of the civil war
 Bull Run first major battle of the war
south came out victorious proved the war
would be longer than everyone thought
 Stonewall Jackson
 Winfield Scott; Anaconda Plan was the
blockade of southern ports and the
eventual capture of the Mississippi river
 Robert E. Lee was defeated in Antietam
in 1862 when he retreated across the
Potomac
 George McClellan was a union leader that
proved to be better at organizing and
preparing troops then actually fighting
 Ulysses S. Grant was commanding
general of the union army during the civil
war
 Antietam allowed president Lincoln to
sign the emancipation proclamation.
Bloodiest single day battle in American
history
 Fredericksburg
 Monitor vs. Merrimac Two ironclad
Period 5 (1844-1877): As the nation expanded and its population grew, regional tensions, especially over slavery, led to a civil war—the
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“Fifty-four Forty or Fight!”
James K. Polk democratic candidate in the election
of 1844 and the 11th president of the united states
Wilmot Proviso Proposal to prohibit slavery in any
land acquired in the Mexican War. It failed
Franklin Pierce committed to expanding American
to Hawaii and Cuba
Ostend Manifesto (1852)
Reconstruction (POL, CUL)
 presidential Reconstruction
 Wade-Davis Bill (1864) reuried 50 percent of
voters in state to take a loyalty oath and permitted
only non-confederated to vote for a new state
constitution
 Andrew Johnson he opposed radical republicans
who passed reconstruction acts over his veto
 Freedmen’s Bureau acted as an early welfare
agency of sorts providing food shelter and medical
aid for those made destitute by the war
 Black Codes
 Congressional (Radical) Reconstruction
 Reconstruction Acts (1867) divided the
confederate states except Tennessee into five
military districts
 Tenure of Office Act (1867) limited the presidents
power from removing civil officers w/0 senate
consent
 scalawags and carpetbaggers displaced veterans
who quickly became a drag on society exconfederates who supported reconstruction
 sharecropping
 Ku Klux Klan; redeemers a group of mostly
southerners who were extremely racist against AA
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Civil Rights Act of 1866 pronounced all African
Americans to be US citizens and attempted to
provide a legal shield against black codes
14th Amendment; “equal protection,” “due
process” citizenship for AA, repeal of 3/5
compromise
15th Amendment suffrage given back to black
males
Civil Rights Act of 1875
1870s Politics (POL)
 Credit Mobilier a scandal that formed when a group
of union Pacific railroads insiders formed the credit
mobilier
 Boss Tweed head of Tammy Hall, NYC’s powerful
democratic political machine in 1868
 spoilsmen
 patronage
 Thomas Nast
 Panic of 1873 economic crash caused by inpouring
cali gold. The demands of the Crimean War overstimulated grain growth and land speculation
 greenbacks
 Rutherford B. Hayes 19th president was famous for
being part of the Hayes-Tilden election
 Compromise of 1877 settled the election of 1878
troops were remoed from Louisiana and South
Carolina
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warships which fought off the Virginia
coast
Shiloh
Gettysburg ended in union victory, set
doom for the confederacy
Vicksburg Grant defeated 2 confederate
armies and destroyed the city
Sherman’s March to the Sea he and his
army applied a total warfare scorched
earth policy that led over a million dollars
and crushed the south
Appomattox Court House the end of the
civil war came sudder when Northern
troops cornered Lee
War Politics, Diplomacy, and Law (POL, WOR)
 Abraham Lincoln won election of 1860
1st successful republican
 Jefferson Davis was the president of the
southern confederate states, struggled to
form a solid government
 Alexander Stephens
 border states
 executive power
 habeas corpus
 Confiscation Acts
 Emancipation Proclamation announced
that slaves in all rebelling states would be
free
 13th Amendment freed all slaves without
compensation to the slave owners.
Legally forbid slavery in the united states
 Ex Parte Milligan
 draft riots
 Copperheads Democrats who opposed the
Civil War
 Trent Affair
Period 6 (1865-1898): The transformation of the United States from an agricultural to an increasingly industrialized and urbanized society
brought about significant economic, political, diplomatic, social, environmental, and cultural changes.
Transportation (WXT)

Cornelius Vanderbilt American businessman who
controlled the New York Central railroad; made a
fortune in the railroad buisness

transcontinental railroads

Union and Central Pacific railroad that started in
Omaha and connected with the central pacific
railroad

speculation and overbuilding

rebates and pools

bankruptcy of railroads

Panic of 1893 serious economic depression
beginning in 1893, began due to rail road
companies over-extending themselves causing
bank failures
Large Scale Industry (WXT)

Andrew Carnegie; U.S. Steel A business man that
increased his power by gaining control of the many
different businesses that make up all phases of steel
production development

vertical integration Practice where a single entity
controls the entire process of a product

John D. Rockefeller; Standard Oil Trust Established
the standard oil company, the greatest, wisest, and
meanest monopoly known in history

horizontal integration A technique used by John D
Rockefeller. An act of joining or consolidation with
ones competitors to create a monopoly

J.P. Morgan An influential banker and businessman
who bought and reorganized companies
Role of Government in the Economy (WXT)

federal land grants and loans

Interstate Commerce Act (1886) law that
prohibited rebates and pool and required the
railroads to publish their rates openly

Sherman Anti-Trust Act (1890) First federal action
against monopolies, it was signed into law by
Harrison and was extensively used by Theodore
Roosevelt

“hard money” vs. “soft money”

1890s tariff policy

“Billion Dollar Congress”

government regulation

Republican dominance

Silver Purchase Act
Organized Labor (WXT)

causes of labor discontent

“iron law of wages”

anti-union tactics

Great Railroad Strike of 1877 A violent but
ultimately unsuccessful interstate strike, which
resulted in extensive property damage and many
deaths

Knights of Labor; Haymarket bombing 1st effort to
create National union. Open to everyone but lawyers
and bankers

American Federation of Labor; Samuel Gompers
sought better wages, hours, working conditions;
skilled laborers, arose out of dissatisfaction with the
Knights of Labor

Pullman Strike pullman cut wages but refused to
lower rents in “company town”, Eugene Debs had
American Railway Union refuse to use Pullman cars

Eugene V. Debs American union leader, one of the
founders of the international Labor Union and the
Industrial Workers of the World
The Last West (MIG, GEO, WOR)

Great Plains

buffalo herds

mineral resources

mining frontier; boomtowns

cattle drives

barbed wire

Homestead Act (1862) It was one of the most
violent strikes in U.S history, it was against the
Homestead steel works

dry farming

Frederick Jackson Turner; Frontier Thesis the
significance of the frontier in American history

census of 1890
The New South (WXT, MIG, POL)

steel, lumber, tobacco

integrated rail network
American Indians (MIG, POL)

federal treaty policies

causes of Indian Wars

Little Big Horn the last major battle between the
Union and the Native Americans

assimilationists

Helen Hunt Jackson “A century of Dishonor” led to
some American sympathy towards indians

Dawes Act of 1887 law that took away communal
ownership of land; it divided land up in reservation
and distributed them to families, encouraging them
to farm
Technology (WXT)

Second Industrial Revolution

Bessemer process

transatlantic cable

Alexander Graham Bell; telephone invented
the telephone, led to network of
communication throughout the US

Thomas Edison; Menlo Park research lab
invented the phonograph mimeograph, and
the moving picture. Perfected the lightbulb
in 1879
Ideas and Beliefs (CUL)

“Puritan Ethic”

Adam Smith; laissez-faire capitalism
Economic liberalism that believes in
unrestricted private enterprise and no
government interference in the economy

concentration of wealth

Social Darwinism; Herbert Spencer the
application of ideas about evolution and
“survival of the fittest”

survival of the fittest

Gospel of Wealth described the
responsibility of the rich to be
philanthropists

Horatio Alger rags to riches stories

“self-made man”
Conservation Movement (GEO)

deforestation

National Parks; Yellowstone, Yosemite

Department of the Interior

Forest Reserve Act of 1891

Forest Management Act of 1897

John Muir; Sierra Club
Immigration (MIG, POL)

old/new immigrants

Statue of Liberty

Chinese Exclusion Act (1882) Denied any
additional Chinese laborers to enter the
county while allowing students and
merchants to immigrate

American Protective Association nativist
group created in 1887 that lobbies for
exclusion of immigrants

Ellis Island

melting pot vs. cultural diversity
Period 6 (1865-1898): The transformation of the United States from an agricultural to an increasingly industrialized and urbanized society











agriculture’s dominance
sharecropping; tenant farming A system used on
southern farms after the civil war in which farmers
worked land owned by someone else in return for
a small portion of the crops
George Washington Carver
Booker T. Washington; Tuskegee Institute
founded Tuskegee institute encouraged African
Americans to learn trades and become
economically self-sufficient
Civil Rights Cases of 1883
Plessy v. Ferguson (1893) legalized state ordered
segregation so long as the facilities for blacks an
whites were equal
Jim Crow laws state laws in the south that
legalized segregation
literacy tests, poll taxes, grandfather clauses
white primaries, white juries
lynching putting a person to death by mob action
without due process of law
Ida B. Wells part of the anti[lynching movement
AA journalist published stats abouts lynching


Ghost Dance movement A cult that tried to call the
sprits of past warriors to inspire the young braves to
fight.
Indian Reorganization Act of 1934
Farm Protests Movement (POL)

crop price deflation

National Grange Movement former by famers to
make life better for farmers by sharing information
about crops, prices, and supplies

railroads and middlemen

cooperatives

Munn v. Illinois

Wabash v. Illinois

Interstate Commerce Commission

Populism; William Jennings Bryan made up of
farmers whose platform demanded inflation through
coinage of silver and gold.
Arts, Writing, and Culture (CUL)

realism

Mark Twain author who wrote several books that
caught the spirt of the Gilded age. His works
combined real depth with comic genius

Jack London young cali writer and adventurer who
portrayed the conflict between nature and civilization
in his novels

impressionism

Ashcan School

abstract art

growth of leisure time

vaudeville

spectator sports
City Growth

causes of migration

steel-framed buildings

tenements; poverty

ethnic neighborhoods

political machines; bosses; Tammany Hall
corrupt organized groups that controlled
political parties in the cities. a boss leads the
machine and attempts to grab more votes for
his party

settlement houses

Social Gospel emphasized charity and social
responsibility as a means of salvation

Salvation Army welfare organization that
came to the US from England in 1880 and
sought to provide food shelter and
employment to the urban poor

Frank Lloyd Wright

Louis Sullivan
Period 7 (1890-1945): An increasingly pluralistic United States faced profound domestic and global challenges, debated the proper degree of
government activism, and sought to define its international role.
Overseas Involvement (WOR)

William Seward

Monroe Doctrine United states would not
interfere in the internal affairs of or the wars
between European Powers, US recognized and
would not interfere with existing colonies

French in Mexico

Alaska Purchase (1867) The US reached an
agreement to buy Alaska from Russia for a price
of $7.2million

Pan-American Conference (1889)

Venezuela boundary dispute

Hawaii, Pearl Harbor, Liliuokalani

international Darwinism competition among
nations was justified, survival of the fittest

business and imperialist competitors

spreading science and religion

Josiah Strong, Alfred Thayer Mahan Naval
officer who believed a strong navy was
necessary for assertion global power and
protection overseas interests

Spanish-American War (1898)

Teller Amendment, Platt Amendment

Philippines War

spheres of influence

Open Door Policy

Big Stick Diplomacy

Dollar Diplomacy Form of American foreign
policy to further its aims in Latin American and
East Asia through use of its economic power by
guaranteeing loans

Great White Fleet

Moral Diplomacy

Tampico Incident
Progressive Movement (CUL)

urban middle class

William James, pragmatism

Frederick Taylor, scientific management

John Dewey, education pragmatic philosopher
who advocated progressive education

Muckrakers progressive era journalist who wrote
articles exposing corruption in government and
industry
City and State Reforms (POL)

municipal reform

commission plan, city manager plan

initiative, A procedure by which voters can
propose a law or a constitutional amendment
Civil Liberties During World War I (POL)

Committee on Public Information

George Creel

anti-German hysteria

Espionage Act (1917) German-American weren’t
allowed to hinder the military

Sedition Act (1918) could not talk poorly of the
government

Eugene Debs nicknamed “Wobblies” is an
international, racial labor union that was founded in
1905

Schenck v. United States case that declared first
amendment rights could be suspended under the
Espionage Act
Debate Over the War and the Treaty (WOR, POL)

preparedness

“He kept us out of war,” Election of 1916

Zimmermann telegram Message from the German
foreign secretary that got intercepted by the English.

Sussex pledge, Lusitania

Russian Revolution

propaganda

Woodrow Wilson, Fourteen Points a series of
proposals which outlined a plan for achieving a lasting
peace after WW1

League of Nations intergovernmental organization
founded as a result of the paris peace conference that
ended the 1st world war

Henry Cabot Lodge, Irreconcilables After WW1,
Senators who voted against the League of Nations wot
hot without reservations

rejection of treaty

Red Scare, period marked by a widespread fear of
bolshevism and anarchism, due to events such as
Russian Revolution as well ad the publicly stated gol
of worldwide communist revolutionPalmer Raids
federal marshals raided the homes of suspected
radicals and the headquarters of radical organization
in 32 cities
African American Identity (CUL, NAT)

racial segregation

Booker T. Washington

W.E.B. Du Bois, NAACP cofounder of the National
Association for the advancement of colored people

National Urban League

northern migration

Harlem Renaissance Literary and artistic movement in
the 1920s in which black writers and artists described
Hoover Administration (POL, WXT)

Black Tuesday, stock market crash

buying on margin Helped lead to the 1929 Stock
Market crash, the purchasing of stocks by paying
only a small percentage of the price and borrowing
the rest

Federal Reserve

bank failures

gross national product

self-reliance

Hawley-Smoot Tariff

debt moratorium

Reconstruction Finance Corporation

bonus march Unemployed veterans from ww1
marched to Washington dc demanding the payment
of bonuses promised to them at a later date
New Deal (POL)

Franklin D. Roosevelt

relief, recovery, reform

Hundred Days

bank holiday

fireside chats

John Maynard Keynes

FDIC, Government agency created by president
Roosevelt that regulates banks and insures bank
deposits AAA, FDR program: attempted to regulate
agricultural production through farm subsidies
CCC, FDR New Deal program that saw young men
from 18 to 25 were employed to build parks,
playgrounds, clear trails, build dams, and plant trees
TVA, NLRB, WPA, NRA FDR program:
established a system if industrial codes to control
production, prices, labor relations, and trade
practices.

Social Security Provided federal financial assistance
to the problems of old age and unemployment.

Huey Long, Louisiana governor and U.S senator
who supported redistribution of wealth from the
rich to the poor Francis Townsend, Charles
Coughlin Roman Catholic priest who issued his
radio program to attack FDR.

court-packing Roosevelt unsuccessfully attempted
to add new members to the Supreme Court

minimum wage
Responses to Axis Aggression (WOR)

isolationism American foreign policy in 1920s1930s up until World War begins with Nazi
invasion of poland
Period 7 (1890-1945): An increasingly pluralistic United States faced profound domestic and global challenges, debated the proper degree of



referendum, A legislative act is referred for final
approval to a popular vote by the electorate
recall Popular vote for the removal of officials
from office before the end of their term
direct primary
Robert LaFollette
regulatory commissions
Women’s Movement (NAT, POL)

Carrie Chapman Catt

Alice Paul Born Quaker social worker earned a
doctoral degree in political science.

National Woman’s Party a militant feminist
group led by Alice Paul that argued thr 19th
amendment was not adequate enough to protect
womens rights

Nineteenth Amendment

League of Women Voters

Margaret Sanger



African American life
Countee Cullen, Langston Hughes, Duke Ellington,
Louis Armstrong, Bessie Smith jazz trumpet player
and singer from New Orleans who played a pivotal
role in popularizing jazz
Marcus Garvey, “Back to Africa”
black pride
1920s Economy (WXT)

business prosperity

standard of living

scientific management

Henry Ford, assembly line

open shop

welfare capitalism

consumerism

electric appliances

impact of the automobile









Nye Committee
Neutrality Acts A series of laws making it illegal for
Americans to get involved with nations at war
America First Committee
Quarantine Speech
cash and carry
Lend-Lease Law passed by congress in 940
providing that any country whose security was vital
to US interests could receive arms and equipment
from the US
Four Freedoms speech
oil and steel embargo
selective service
Wartime Diplomacy (WOR)

Big Three

Casablanca Conference

unconditional surrender

Tehran, Yalta, meeting between FDR, Winston
Churchill, and joseph Stalin to discuss the final
defeat of the Axis power Potsdam

United Nations

atomic bomb Japanese cities hit with atomic bombs
dropped by the US ending WW2
Period 8 (1945-1980): After World War II, the United States grappled with prosperity and unfamiliar international responsibilities while
struggling to live up to its ideals.
Postwar Society (WXT, CUL)

GI Bill of Rights (1944)

baby boom

suburban growth

Levittown

Council of Economic Advisers

inflation and labor unions

Committee on Civil Rights

Taft-Hartley Act (1947)
Origins of the Cold War (WOR)

Soviet Union

Joseph Stalin

United Nations, Security Council

World Bank

Communist satellites

iron curtain
Containment (WOR)

George Kennan

Truman Doctrine

Marshall Plan

Berlin Airlift

East/West Germany

NATO, Warsaw Pact

nuclear arms race

Douglas MacArthur

Chinese civil war

Mao Zedong

Korean War

Kim Il-Sung

38th parallel

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

escalation of troops in Vietnam

Tet Offensive

Vietnamization
1950s Culture (CUL)

homogeneity

television

rock and roll

consumer culture

fast food

credit cards

conglomerates

social critics

beatniks
Civil Rights (POL, NAT)

Jackie Robinson

NAACP

desegregation

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

Thurgood Marshall

Earl Warren

Little Rock Nine

Rosa Parks, Montgomery bus boycott

Martin Luther King, Jr., SCLC

sit-in movement

James Meredith

George Wallace

March on Washington (1963)

Selma to Montgomery March

Black Muslims

Malcolm X

SNCC

Congress of Racial Equality

Black Panthers

Watts riot
U.S.-Soviet Relations (WOR)

atoms for peace

open-skies

Nikita Khrushchev

Hungarian revolt

Sputnik

U-2 incident

Fidel Castro, Cuba

military-industrial complex

Bay of Pigs

Berlin Wall

Cuban missile crisis (1962)

Nuclear Test Ban Treaty

détente

SALT treaties
Domestic Programs (POL, WXT)

Lyndon Johnson, Great Society

War on Poverty

The Other America

Barry Goldwater

Medicare, Medicaid

Immigration Act (1965)

Ralph Nader
American Identities (NAT, MIG)

cultural pluralism

Cesar Chavez

American Indian movement

Indian Self-Determination Act (1975)

gay liberation movement
Environmental Movement (GEO)

Rachel Carson, Silent Spring

Earth Day

Exxon Valdez oil spill

Three Mile Island

Chernobyl meltdown

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

Clean Air Act (1970)

Clean Water Act (1972)

Endangered Species Act (1973)
1970s Presidencies (POL, WOR)

New Federalism

OPEC oil embargo

Roe v. Wade

off the gold standard

stagflation

Watergate cover-up

“plumbers”

U.S. v. Nixon

War Powers Resolution (1973)

resignation of Nixon

fall of Saigon

Panama Canal Treaty (1978)

Camp David Accords (1978)

Iran hostage crisis

Soviet invasion of Afghanistan
Period 9 (1980-2016): As the United States transitioned to a new century filled with challenges and possibilities, it experienced renewed
ideological and cultural debates, sought to redefine its foreign policy, and adapted to economic globalization and revolutionary changes in
science and technology.
Reagan Revolution (POL, CUL, WXT)
 election of 1980
 supply-side economics (Reaganomics)
 business deregulation
 Sandra Day O’Connor
 growth of upper incomes
 budget deficits
 Milton Friedman
 political action committees (PACs)
 religious fundamentalism, Moral
Majority
End of the Cold War (WOR)
 Strategic Defense Initiative (Star Wars)
 Nicaragua, Sandinistas and Contras
 Iran-Contra Affair
 “evil empire” speech
 Mikhail Gorbachev
 Soviet satellites
 “tear down this wall” speech
 Tiananmen Square riot (1989)
 Berlin Wall falls (1989)
 Boris Yeltsin
 Yugoslavian civil war
Clinton-Era Politics (POL, WXT)
 “don’t ask, don’t tell”
 NAFTA
 Brady Bill
 Newt Gingrich, Contract with America
 government shutdown
 Oklahoma City bombing
 welfare reform
 Clinton impeachment
Globalization (WOR)
 European Union, Euro
 World Trade Organization
 World Bank, G-8
 effects on jobs
2008 Recession (WXT)
 securitization
 liquidity crisis
 Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac
 Troubled Assets Relief Program (TARP)
 poor regulation of financial institutions
 2009 stimulus bill
 Dodd-Frank Act
Obama Administration (POL)
 Election of 2008
 Hillary Clinton
 Affordable Care Act
 budget deficits
 Tea Party
 Super PACs
 sequestration
Contemporary American Society (WXT,
NAT)
 prosperity of the 1990s, Internet
boom
 Immigration Act of 1986
 “Graying of America”
 single-parent families
 freedom vs. security
War on Terrorism (WOR)
 Colin Powell
 Islamic roots of anti-Americanism
 Al-Qaeda, Osama bin Laden
 bombing of U.S. embassies
 U.S.S. Cole
 World Trade Center bombings
 September 11, 2001
 Taliban, Afghanistan
 Hamid Karzai
 Homeland Security Department
 “Axis of Evil”
 weapons of mass destruction
 unilateralist approach
 Saddam Hussein
 Sunnis vs. Shiites
 2007 troops surge
 Arab Spring
 Islamic State (ISIS)