SPEECH AND CLEFT.
RHINOLALIA.
DEFINITION OF RHINOLALIA

Rhinolalia is a violation of the voice timbre and
sound reproduction caused by anatomical and
physiological defects of the speech
apparatus.The combination of disorders of
articulation of sounds with disorders of voice
timbre makes it possible to differentiate
rhinolalia from dyslalia and rhinophonia .
Rhinophonia—violation of tone of voice during
normal articulation of speech sounds.The term
"rhinolalia" is appropriate only in cases where
there are other violations of articulation of
sounds. In other cases, the term "rhinophonia“.
Classification of rhinolalia
RHINOLALIA
OPEN TYPE
Functional
type
CLOSED TYPE
Organic
type
Functio
nal type
ACQUIRED
CONGENITAL
Organic
type
COMBINED TYPE
 Closed
pathology
 With a closed type of violation of the
nasal resonance below the norm - this
can be seen at the time when a person
makes sounds. The exhalation is always
directed through the mouth, regardless
of the sounds that the patient
pronounces. Speech in this type of
rhinolalia is especially attracted by the
peculiarities of the sound of the nasal
sounds, since without resonance they
turn into oral sounds.
CLOSED TYPE RHINOLALIA.
 In
children, it is most often the
result of large adenoid growths,
occasionally nasopharyngeal polyps,
fibroids or other nasopharyngeal
tumors.
 it occurs with chronic hypertrophy
of the nasal mucosa, mainly the
posterior parts of the lower shells,
with polyps in the nasal cavity, with
a curvature of the nasal septum and
with tumors of the nasal cavity.
Open type
 As follows from medical practice, open rhinolalia is
much more often closed. Usually the pathological
condition can be explained by a violation of the
separation of the cavities of the mouth and nose. The
air passes by a rather weak stream, when speaking at
the same time it goes out through the mouth and
through the nose. This leads to a change in the tone of
the spoken, a resonance is formed. Nasal sounds are
especially pronounced in sound.
 There is a possibility of congenital disorders, if the
patient has a cleft in the lip above, pathology of the
sky. There may be an acquired form of the disorder
associated with injuries, muscle paralysis, and a
tumor process. Rhinolalia can be caused by scar
formation, paresis.

 Open
rhinolalia can be organic and
functional.
 Organic open rhinolalia can be congenital
or acquired.
 The most common cause of the congenital
form is the splitting of the soft and hard
palate.
COMBINED TYPE
 Sometimes
sounds emitted during rhinolalia
allow to suspect a mixed form of pathology. It
is diagnosed if factors are present that cause
signs of both a closed type of pathology and an
open one. Speech disorders are determined by
which disturbance is dominant. With the
combined type, the air is partially "lost"
through the nasal cavity. Along with this, the
resonance is less than normal, which causes
the acoustic parameters of the spoken to be
violated, the articulation is lost, the voice
timbre changes.
Palatine crevices and children's age
 In the predominant majority of cases, the facial,
palatine defects observed in a child from birth are
explained by exogenous or endogenous factors that
affected the embryo during the period of its prenatal
development. Pathogenic factors are possible. The
most important are those that influenced the gestation
period from 7th to 9th week - it was during this period
that the jaw system and face were formed.

CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES
 Studies have shown that the appearance of
palatine and labial crevices depends largely on
biological factors. The relationship with the
transferred flu. Rubella and malaria can play a
role. There is a possibility of rhinolalia in a
child, if the mother had toxoplasmosis,
parotitis, paratyphoid during pregnancy.
 Chemical aggression can play a role. Toxic
chemicals, acids and phenolic substances, as
well as formaldehydes and nitric oxides are
dangerous. From year to year, the negative
impact of the environment is increasing, due to
air pollution. The deterioration of the
environment leads to an increase in the birth
rate of children with defects. This is largely due
to radiation exposure.

 Features
of treatment
 With congenital rhinolalia, corrective
measures begin with surgery. Currently,
there is no consensus as to what time
frame for an intervention is optimal. In
general, the practice is such that
scientists are trying to identify the
earliest possible dates of correction, while
seeking to minimize undesirable
consequences. So, too early surgical
intervention can cause a very narrow jaw
on top or a violation of the structure of
the rows of teeth.

When forming a cleft on the lip, the child is
prescribed an operation at 2-3 months of life, if there
are no contraindications. Interventions in the sky are
organized at different times, much depends on what
kind of operation needs to be done. Usually surgeons
take patients 2-3 years old, if the teeth are out, the
roots are in place. After the rehabilitation period, the
child is referred to a speech therapist for classes.
Rinolalia is corrected in a comprehensive manner,
the doctor’s intervention alone is often not enough to
rule out a defect.
 When
forming a cleft on the lip, the child is
prescribed an operation at 2-3 months of life,
if there are no contraindications.
Interventions in the sky are organized at
different times, much depends on what kind
of operation needs to be done. Usually
surgeons take patients 2-3 years old, if the
teeth are out, the roots are in place. After the
rehabilitation period, the child is referred to a
speech therapist for classes. Rinolalia is
corrected in a comprehensive manner, the
doctor’s intervention alone is often not
enough to rule out a defect.

CORRECTION: WHAT ARE THE APPROACHES?
 If
rhinolalia is detected, it is worth contacting a
speech therapist. Sometimes psychologists come
to the rescue. A specialist with pedagogical
education works with the child, helping him to
create the right patterns of speaking based on
the characteristics of the deviation. In addition, a
dentist may be involved in work.
 Respiratory gymnastics in getting rid of
rhinolalia proved itself long and well. This
approach is used by both doctors of our country
and foreign specialists. Due to dynamic exercises,
it is possible to eliminate not only rhinolalia, but
also asthma, relieve ischemia and get rid of
stuttering.
1.
2.
3.
Answer questions :
What is rhinolalia?
What types of rhinolalia are there?
At what age do rhinolalia surgeries
usually take place?

5
CROSSWORD PUZZLE
6
3
4
2
1
7
Translate these terms into english:
1.Ринофония,
2. наблюдение, 3. дислалия, 4. ринолалия,
2. 5. коррекция, 6. патология,
7. артикуляция
The topic of the next lesson is “Stuttering”.
1. Read and translate the text.
 2. Answer questions on the text.
 3. Write the key terms of the text in a notebook
