Unit 4 – Unit and Diversity of Organisms
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Appreciate the historical background and contributions to the taxonomic system of classification
Understand and use the taxonomic approach to organizing living things
Explain and use binomial nomenclature
Recognize that taxonomy is dynamic and subject to changes and research development
Express several principles on which taxonomy is based
Illustrate taxonomic relationships using recognized criteria
Introduction to Taxonomy
Why do humans develop groups and categories?
Taxonomy: ___________________________________________________________________________
Who is Carolus Linnaeus?
Binomial Nomenclature: _______________________________________________________________
Genus species
= scientific name or biological name
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Always italic, based on latin root words
E1 Concept Check-Up Questions
1. Define Taxonomy
2. Use the scientific name of humans to explain binomial nomenclature
3. List three advantages of using Latin as the language of taxonomy
______________________________________________________________________________
E1. Discussion Questions
1. Is it possible for two organisms to have the same species name but be in different genra?
2. Investigate the genus Homo. Are there any other species of that genus.
b. What is human’s closest relative?
E2. The Taxonomic System
Taxon:______________________________________________________________________
Make a graphic organizer below by combining the two images on p. 50 and annotate from the
textbook
Why is Taxonomy advantageous to biologists?
What about viruses?
E2 Concept Check Up
3. Would a dog’s “order” contain a greater or fewer members that its “class”? Explain
b. Are there more orders of mammals or more families of mammals? Explain.
3.
4. What Kingdoms are in the Domain Eukarya?__________________________________________
5. List the three ways organisms get nutrients. Name an example of an organim that uses each strategy
a. ____________________________________eg_______________________
b. ____________________________________ eg_______________________
c. ____________________________________ eg_______________________
6. Determine the correct Kingdom for each of the following organisms and use the criteria for each kingdom to
explain your choice each time
a. Mushroom ______________________________ because_________________________
________________________________________________________________________
b. Sunflower ______________________________ because_________________________
________________________________________________________________________
c. Sea star ______________________________ because_________________________
________________________________________________________________________
d. Amoeba ______________________________ because_________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Discussion Questions
1. a. determine another member of the cat family besides Felis
b. are dogs and wolves members of the same species?
2. b. Which taxa do both apes and humans have in common
3. Into what kingdom would you place a photosynthetic organism that spends part of its life cycle as a one-celled
swimming organism and part of its life cycle as a multi-cellular creature? Explain your reasoning.
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E3 Principles of Taxonomy
Fossil records etc. provide evidence for evolutionary relationships BUT Genetics provides further data for classifying
organisms. Explain:_______________________________________________________________________________
Genetic Distance: ________________________________________________________________________________
The greater the number of differences = ____________________________________________________________
Humans are ____________% the same as chimpanzees
Taxonomically, the shorter the genetic distance ______________________________________________________
Embryology: ____________________________________________________________________________________
Ever organism that results from sexual reproduction has ________________________________________
_______________________________________________________provides further insight for classifying
Symmetry: _______________________________________________________________________________________
Early development of all Vertebrates
have:
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__________________
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__________________
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__________________
Embryonic development is controlled by ______________________
Anatomy: Comparing anatomy can also tell us about relatedness. Ex limbs of Pentadactyl animals
Homology: _______________________________________________________________________________
Homologous structures ______________________________________________________________
Analogous structures:______________________________________________________________________
***Use of analogous structures for classification is not based on relatedness. Explain
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
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E3 Concept Check-Up Questions:
1. In one sentence each summarize what is meant by the following taxonomic relationships:
a. Evolution ____________________________________________________________________________
b. Biochemistry _________________________________________________________________________
c. Embryology __________________________________________________________________________
d. Homology ___________________________________________________________________________
2. What is the difference between homologous and analogous structures?
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
Discussion:
1. How does the taxonomic system of classification reflect genetic distance? ______________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
2. Develop your own examples of homologous structures and analogous structures – one from the animal kingdom
and one from the plant kingdom
Analogous
Homologous
Animal
Plant
E4 Development of the current Taxonomic Scheme
Taxonomy is very dynamic. Why? ______________________________________________________________________
One of the first systems included the following 3 Kingdoms: ________________, ___________________, ___________
Which Kingdom was added in the 1900’s to make the new 3 Kingdoms _____________, ______________, __________
Why was the Kingdom Monera added? ________________________________________________________________
Outline the 4 Kingdom system:
Why was the 5th Kingdom Fungi added? _________________________________________________________________
Describe Kingdom Protista in the 5 Kingdom system:_______________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
Why did the 5 Kingdom system change to 3 domain 6 Kingdom system? _______________________________________
Where do algae fit in to this new system? __________________________________
E4 Concept Check Up Questions
1. Historically when there were only two kingdoms of living organisms, in what Kingdom were:
a. Mushrooms placed? ______________________Suggest a criterion for moving them to their own
kingdom _____________________________________________________________________________
b. Seaweed placed? ________________________Suggest a criterion fro moving them into a different
kingdom _____________________________________________________________________________
2. Why was Kingdom Monera subdivided?___________________________________________________________
3. What are the three modes of nutrition in Protista? __________________________________________________
a. How does this compare to other Kingdoms in Domain Eukarya? _________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
Discussion:
1. If you could recommend a further change to the current taxonomic scheme, what would it be and why?
Kingdom
Bacteria
Archaebacteria
Protista
Plantae
Fungi
Animalia
Type of Cell
Number of
Cells
Obtain Energy
Mode of
Nutrition
Type of
Reproduction
Other