Questions for final control (exam)
for medical students of IKBFU Medical Institute.
Discipline “Pathological anatomy, clinical pathological anatomy”
1.SUBJECT AND METHODS IN PATHOLOGICAL ANATOMY.
1. Definition and terminology of pathology.
2. Objects and methods, levels of research in pathology
3. Autopsy, aims, significance.
4. Biopsy, types.
5. The concept of molecular pathology.
1.
HISTORY OF PATHOLOGICAL ANATOMY.
1. The main stages of pathological anatomy development.
2. The role of K.Rokitansky , and R.Virchov in the development of pathology.
3. Moscow and St. Petersburg schools of pathologists (AI Abrikosov, AI Strukov, IV
Davydovsky, NI Anichkov).
4. Pediatric pathological anatomy (MA Skvortsov, VD Zinzerling, TE Ivanovskaya).
3. CELL PATHOLOGY
1. Pathology of the nucleus.
2. Mitotic disorders, chromosomal aberrations, chromosomal diseases.
3. Pathology of mitochondria, "mitochondrial diseases".
4. Pathology of lysosomes.
5. Cytoskeleton and cell pathology. "Diseases of the receptors."
4.ALTERATION.
1. Definition.
2. Types of alterations – reversible and irreversible. Degenerations and necrosis.
3. Mechanisms of cell and tissue injury
4. General characteristics of morphological changes.
5.Outcomess.
5. NECROSIS AND APOPTOSIS
1. Definition.
2. Morphogenesis of necrosis.
3. Macroscopic and microscopic signs of necrosis.
4. Local and systemic response to necrosis.
5. Apoptosis.
1. FORMS OF NECROSIS.
1. Etiological classification of necrosis. Clinico-morphological forms of necrosis.
2. Coagulation and liquefaction necrosis. Caseation necrosis.
3. Gangrene. Sequester.
4. Infarction, causes and types.
5. Outcomes of necrosis.
2. PARENHYMATOUS PROTEIN DEGENERATIONS.
1. Definition of parenchymal degenerations, classification.
2. General characteristics of parenchymal degenerations.
3. Hyaline-droplet degenerations.
4. Hydropic degenerations
5. Heperkeratinization.
3. PARENHYMATOUS LIPOID DEGENERATIONS.
1. Definition, causes and mechanism of development. Staining.
2. Lipoid degeneration of the heart, pathomorphology, outcomes.
3. Lipoid degeneration of the liver, outcomes.
4. Lipoid degeneration of the kidney.
5. Lipidosis.
4. PARENHYMATOUS CARBOHYDRATE DISORDERS.
1. Definition, reasons, methods of detection. Staining.
2. Disturbance of glycogen methabolism.
3. Glycogenoses.
4. Morphology of glycoprotein metabolism disorders.
5. Mucous degenerations.
5. STROMAL -VASCULAR PROTEIN DEGENERATIONS.
1. Definition, causes, mechanism of development.
2. Types of stromal-vascular protein degenerations.
3. Morphology of mucoid degeneration. Staining.
4. Fibrinoid degeneration. Staining.
5. Outcomes.
6. HYALINOSIS.
1. Definition, causes, mechanism of development.
2. Classification of hyalinosis.
3. Hyalinosis of blood vessels, types of vascular hyaline.
4. Hyalinosis of the connective tissue.
5. Outcomes of hyalinosis.
7. AMYLOIDOSIS.
1. Definition of amyloidosis, amyloid composition. .
2. Classification.
3. Staining for detecting amyloid.
4. Pathomorphology of amyloidosis.
5. Outcomes of amyloidosis.
8. STROMAL – VASCULAR LIPOID DEGENERATIONS.
1. Diisorders of neutral lipoids methabolism.
2. Classification.
3. Morphology of obesity.
4. Causes and general obesity development mechanisms.
5. Outcomes.
9. HEMOGLOBIN METABOLISM DISORDERS.
1. Stages of hemoglobin metabolism, hemoglobinogenic pigments.
2. General hemosiderosis, causes, pathomorphology.
3. Local hemosiderosis, examples.
4. Hemochromatosis, causes, pathological anatomy, complications.
5. Porphyria.
10. BILIRUBIN METABOLISM DISORDERS.
1. Stages of bilirubin metabolism.
2. Jaundice, types.
3. Pre-hepatic haemolitic jaundice. Bilirubin encephalopathy.
4. Hepatocellular jaundice.
5. Post-hepatic obstructive jaundice.
11. MELANIN METABOLISM DISORDERS.
1. Regulation and types of melanin metabolic disorders.
2. General hypermelanosis.
3. General hypomelanosis.
4. Local hypermelanosis.
5. Local hypermelanosis.
12. NUCLEOPROTEIN METABOLISM DISORDERS.
1. Types of disorders.
2. Etiology, pathogenesis of gout.
3. Pathological anatomy of gout, complications.
4. Urolithiasis.
5. Urinary infarction in newborns.
13. CALCIFICATIONS.
1. Calcium metabolism, regulation.
2. Calcifications, types, mechanisms of development.
3. Metastatic calcification.
4. Dystrophic calcification.
5. Example of diseases. Outcomes.
14. STONE FORMATION.
1. Definition, types of stones.
2. Causes and pathogenesis of stone formation.
3. Gall bladder stones.
4. Urinary stones.
5. Complications. Outcomes.
15. DISTURBANCES OF CIRCULATION. HYPEREMIA.
1. Definition, causes.
2. Arterial hyperemia.
3. Venous congestion.
4. Acute general venous congestion.
5. Local venous hyperemia.
16. CHRONIC GENERAL VENOUS CONGESTION.
1. Causes of development.
2. Pathogenesis, morphogenesis.
3. Changes in the liver and lungs.
5. Changes in kidneys, spleen, skin.
22. ISHEMIA.
1. Definitions. Ishemia. Anemia.
2. Types of ishemia.
3. Changes in tissue in acute ishemia.
4. Chronic ishemia, causes, morphological changes in organs.
5. Outcomes.
23. INFARCTION.
1. Definition.
2. Causes, types of infarctions.
3. Features of infarction in the heart and brain.
4. Causes and morphology of infarction in the kidneys, lungs and spleen.
5. The outcome and significance of infaction.
24. HEMORRHAGE. BLEEDING.
1. Definition. Types.
2. Hemorrhages due to rupture. Examples.
3. Hemorrhages due to erosion. Examples.
4. Hemorrhages due to erosion. Examples.
5. Significance and outcomes of bleeding and hemorrhage.
25. PLASMORRHAGIA.STASIS.
1. Plasmorrhagia, definition, causes.
2. Significance and outcome of plasmorrhagia.
3. Stasis, definition, causes.
4. Outcomes of stasis.
5. Sludge phenomenon.
26. EDEMA.
1. Edema, definition, mechanism of development, types.
2. Local edema. Examples.
2.
General edema. Examples.
4. Lymphedema. Lymphostasis, lymphorrhea. Elephantiasis.
.
5. Exicosis
27. THROMBOSIS.
1. Definition, causes. Mechanisms of thrombosis.
2. Types and morphology of thrombi, difference between thrombus and postmortem blood
clots.
3. Arterial and cardiac thrombosis.
3.
Trombosis in venous system.
5. Significance, outcomes of thrombosis.
28. EMBOLISM
1. Definition. Types of emboli.
2. Thromboembolism, causes, types and significance.
2. Air, gas, fat embolism.
3. Tissue and microbial embolism.
5. Significance and outcome of embolism.
29. THROMBOEMBOLISM.
1. Venous and arterial thromboembolism, causes.
2. Thromboembolism of the pulmonary artery, causes.
3. Significance and outcomes of pulmonary embolism.
4. Thromboembolic syndrome, definition and causes.
5. Pathological anatomy of thromboembolic syndrome.
30. DIC-SYNDROME
1. Definition.
2. Causes and mechanisms of development.
3. Stages of DIC-syndrome.
4. Pathological anatomy of DIC- syndrome.
5. Complications and outcomes.
31. SHOCK.
1. Definition.
2. Causes and types of shock.
3. General characteristics of the shock stages.
4. Lesions of the lungs, kidneys and liver in shock.
5. Complications and outcomes.
32. INFLAMMATION.
1. Definition.
2. The essence and biological significance of inflammation.
3. Causes of inflammation.
4. Terminology, classification.
5. Systemic manifestations of the inflammatory reaction.
33. PHASES OF INFLAMMATORY REACTION
1. Alteration.
2. Exudation phase. Inflammatory cells.
3. Phase of proliferation.
4. Clinical signs and symptoms of inflammation.
5. Outcomes.
34. SEROUS AND FIBRINOUS INFLAMMATION.
1. Types of exudative inflammation.
2. Causes, morphology, outcomes of serous inflammation. Examples.
3. Fibrinous inflammation, causes, mechanisms of development.
4.. Croupous inflammation, morphology, outcomes, examples.
5.Diphtheritic inflammation, morphology, outcomes, examples.
35. PURULENT
INFLAMMATION.
1. Definition, causes of development.
2. Purulent exudate, components, significance.
3. Acute and chronic abscess. Aposteme.
4. Phlegmon. Empyema.
5. Complications and outcomes of purulent inflammation.
36.HEMORRHAGIC, GANGRENOUS AND CATARRHAL INFLAMMATION.
1. Hemorrhagic inflammation, causes and mechanisms. Examples.
2. Significance and outcomes of hemorrhagic inflammation.
3. Gangrenous inflammation, causes, morphology, complications and outcomes.
4. Catarrhal inflammation. Examples.
5. Significance and outcomes of acute and chronic catarrhal inflammation.
37 .PROLIFERATIVE INFLAMMATION.
1. Definition, causes.
2. Types.
3. Interstitial inflammation, examples.
4. Granulomatous inflammation. Morphogenesis of granulomas.
5. Hyperplastic growths, types, morphology.
38.GRANULEMATOUS INFLAMMATION.
1. Definition, types of granulomas. Granulomatous diseases.
2. Morphology of tuberculosis granuloma.
3. Syphilitic granuloma.
4. Leprosy granuloma.
5. Significance, outcomes of granulomatous inflammation.
39. PATHOLOGY OF IMMUNE SYSTEM , LYMPHOID AND HEMATOPOIETIC
ORGANS.
1. Definition. Classification, types.
2. Hypersensitivity reactions. Definitions. Role in the disease.
3.Autoimmune diseases. General characteristics.
4.Immunodeficiency. General characteristics. Types.
5. Hemoblastosis. Definitions. Types.
40. HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTIONS.
1. Definition.
2. Classification, types.
3. Hypersensitivity reactions of type I and II, examples, morphology.
4. Type III hypersensitivity reactions, causes, morphology.
5. Hypersensitivity reactions of delayed type, types, morphology.
41. IMMUNOLOGICAL IMMUNODEFICIENCES. PRIMARY IMMUNODEFICIENCES.
1. Immunological insufficiency, definition, types.
2. Clinical and morphological characteristics.
3. Classification of immunodeficiences.
4. Primary immunodeficiences, causes and mechanisms of development. Types.
39. Pathological anatomy of primary immunodeficiences.
42. SECONDARY
IMMUNODEFICIENCES.
1. Definition, causes of development.
2. Classification of secondary immunodeficiencies. AIDS.
3. Clinical and morphological characteristics.
4. Accidental involution of thymus.
5. Comlications. Outcomes.
43. AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES.
1. Autoantigens, autoimmune reactions.
2. Autoimmune diseases, types.
3. Clinical and morphological characteristics of organ-specific autoimmune diseases. Examples.
4. Autoimmune lesions of the thyroid gland.
5. Organ-specific autoimmune diseases, examples.
44. ADAPTATION AND COMPENSATION.
1. Definition of adaptation, significance.
1. Types of adaptive processes.
2. Compensation, definition, examples.
3. Phases of compensatory process, morphology.
4. Pathological anatomy of compensation and decompensation.
45. HYPERTROPHY.
1. Definition.
2. Types of hypertrophy.
3. Hypertrophy of heart, causes and mechanisms of development.
4. Morphology of heart compensation stage.
5. Cardiac decompensation, pathological anatomy. Extracardiac manifestations.
46. HYPERPLASIA.
1. Definition.
2. Types, causes and mechanisms of development.
3. Hyperplasia of the endometrium, types, clinical and morphological characteristics.
4. Hyperplasia of the prostate gland.
5. Significance of hyperplasia.
47. METAPLASIA. DYSPLASIA.
1. Definition, types of metaplasia.
2. Metaplasia of bronchial epithelium.
3. Metaplasia of the epithelium of the esophagus and stomach, causes, morphology,
significance.
4. Dysplasia, definition, examples.
5. Degrees of dysplasia, morphological characteristics. Significance.
48. ATROPHY.
1. Definition.
2. Types of atrophy.
3. General atrophy - forms, causes, morphology. Brown atrophy of heart and liver.
4. Types of local atrophy. Examples.
5. Outcomes and significance.
49. REGENERATION
1. Definition.
2. Levels of regeneration.
3. Morphogenesis of the regeneration.
4. Physiological and reparative regeneration.
5. Pathological regeneration, mechanisms, examples.
50. HEALING OF WOUNDS
1. Types.
2. Healing by primary intension.
3. Secondary intension repair.
4. Granulation tissue, structure, significance.
5. Pathology of the healing of wounds.
51. SCLEROSIS.
1 Definition. Types of sclerotic processes.
2. Causes and mechanisms.
3. Morphogenesis of sclerosis.
4. Fibrosis, cirrhosis, definition.
5. Organization. Encapsulation.
52.TUMORS (NEOPLASIA).
1. Definition.
2. Etiology.
3. Theories of tumor development.
4. Molecular mechanisms of carcinogenesis.
5. Medical pathomorphosis of the tumors.
53.PRECANCEROUS PROCESSES. TUMOR DEVELOPMENT.
1. Background and precancerous processes.
2. Obligatory and facultative precancerous lesions. Examples.
3. Morphogenesis of the tumors, stages.
4. Invasion.
6. Metastasis, types. Recidivation.
54. TUMOR GROWTH AND MORPHOLOGY.
1. Types of tumor growth.
2. Structure of the tumor, macroscopic and microscopic characteristics.
3. Tumor atypism, types.
4. Grading and staging of the tumors.
4.
Cyto- and histogenesis of the tumor, examples.
55. TUMOR CLASSIFICATION.
1. Histogenetic classification of tumors.
2. Tumors of different organs and systems. Tumors of childhood.
3. Types of tumors in accordance with clinical and morphological manifestations.
4. Classification of malignant tumors on the basis of histological differentiation.
5. TNM-system.
56. BENIGN AND MALIGNANT TUMORS.
1. Clinico-morphological characteristics of benign tumors. Tumors with locally destructive
growth, examples.
2. Clinico-morphological characteristics of malignant tumors.
3. Local and general effects of the tumors.
4. Cancer cachexia. Paraneoplastic syndromes.
5. Antitumor immunity.
57. BENIGN EPITHELIAL TUMORS.
1. Types, localization.
2. Tumors from squamous epithelium, morphology, outcomes.
3. Tumors from transitional epithelium, morphology, outcomes.
4. Tumors from glandular epithelium, morphology, types, localization, significance.
5. Peculiarities of exo- and endocrine glands tumors, examples.
58. MALIGNANT EPITHELIAL TUMORS.
1. Definition, precancerous lesions.
2. Microscopic forms.
3. Carcinoma in situ, squamous cell carcinoma.
4. Adenocarcinoma.
5. Undifferentiated carcinomas. Types. Morphology.
59. TUMORS OF MESENCHIMAL ORIGIN.
1. Histogenesis, general characteristics and terminology of mesenchymal tumors.
2. Tumors of fibrous and muscular tissue.
3. Tumors of adipose tissue.
4. Tumors of blood vessels.
5. Tumors of cartilage and bones.
60. CARCINOMA OF THE LUNGS
1. Etiology and pathogenesis.
2. Precancerous lesions.
3. Central carcinoma of the lungs.
4. Peripheral carcinoma of the lungs.
5. Complications. Paraneoplastic reactions.
61. CARCINOMA OF STOMACH.
1. Precancerous lesions.
2. Classification.
3. Macroscopic types.
4. Histological types.
5. Regional and distant metastasis.
62. COLORECTAL CARCINOMA.
1. Precancerous processes and diseases.
2. Etiology and pathogenesis.
3. Macroscopic types.
4. Microscopic variants.
5. Complications and outcomes.
63. BREAST CANCER
1. Risk factors, precancerous leasions.
2. Classification.
3. Macroscopic and microscopic types.
4. Metastasis.
5. Principles of modern morphological diagnostics.
64. CERVICAL CANCER
1. Etiology, risk factors.
2. Precancerous conditions.
3. Macroscopic characteristic.
4. Histological types.
5. Metastasis.
65. CARCINOMA OF THE BODY OF UTERUS
1. Etiology, risk factors.
2. Precancerous conditions.
3. Macroscopic characteristic.
4. Histological types.
5. Metastasis.
66. NOSOLOGY. DISEASE. DIAGNOSIS.
1. Disease. Definition, stages.
2. Nomenclature, principles of disease classification.
3. International Classification of Diseases.
4. Diagnosis, types.
5. Structure of the diagnosis.
67. IYATROGENIYA. DIFFERENCE IN DIAGNOSES.
1. Definition of iatrogenia.
2. Classification of iatrogenias.
3. Types of iatrogenic pathology, examples.
4. Divergences of clinical and pathologo-anatomical diagnoses.
6. Causes of divergences in diagnoses.
68. ATHEROSCLEROSIS.
1. Arteriosclerosis, types.
2. Definition, etiology and pathogenesis.
3. Stages of morphogenesis of atherosclerosis. Ateroma.
4. Acute and chronic complications of atherosclerosis.
5. Chronic complications of atherosclerosis.
\
69. CLINICO-MORPHOLOGICAL FORMS OF ATHEROSCLEROSIS.
1. Atherosclerosis of aorta, types of aneurysms.
2. Atherosclerosis of cerebral vessels.
3. Atherosclerosis of the renal arteries.
4. Atherosclerosis of the intestine blood vessels.
5. Atherosclerosis of the extremities arteries.
70. HYPERTENSION.
1. Definition, types.
2. Symptomatic secondary hypertensions.
3. Hypertensive crisis, definition, morphology.
4. Morphological changes in blood vessels in hypertension.
5. Benign and malignant hypertension, clinical and morphological characteristics.
71. ESSENTIAL HYPERTENSION.
1. Definition, risk factors.
2. Causes and mechanisms of development.
3. Stages, pathological anatomy.
4. Clinico-morphological forms.
5. Complications and causes of death.
72. ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE (IHD).
1. Definition.
2. Etiology and pathogenesis, risk factors.
3. Angina pectoris. Sudden coronary death.
4. Myocardial infarction, definition, classification.
5. Stages of myocardial infarction, pathological anatomy, complications.
73. CHRONIC ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE.
1. Definition.
2. Morphological changes in the myocardium.
3. Cardiosclerosis, types.
4. Chronic aneurysm of the heart.
5. Complications and causes of death.
74. CARDIOMYOPATHIES.
1. Definition.
2. Classification.
3. Primary cardiomyopathies, types, morphology.
4. Secondary cardiomyopathies. Alcoholic cardiomyopathy.
5. Complications, causes of death.
75. ACQUIRED HEART VALVE DEFECTS.
1. Acquired heart valve diseases, causes, mechanism of formation.
2. Types of valve defects.
3. Defects of the mitral valve.
4. Defects of aortic valves.
5. Complications, outcomes.
76. RHEUMATIC FEVER.
1. Definition.
2. Etiology and pathogenesis.
3. Rheumatic granulomas, lesions of connective tissue.
4. Clinico-anatomical forms.
5. Cardiovascular form, morphology, complications, outcomes.
77. RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS.
1. Definition.
2. Etiology and pathogenesis.
3. Stages of rheumatoid synovitis, pathological anatomy.
4. Complications and causes of death.
5. Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis.
78. SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS
1. Definition.
2. Etiology and pathogenesis.
3. Clinico-morphological characteristics. Skin lesions.
4. Pathology of the heart, blood vessels and kidneys.
5. Complications and causes of death.
79. VASCULITIS.
1. Definition, types, classification.
2. Primary vasculitis, species, morphology.
3. Periarteritis nodosa, morphology.
4. Secondary vasculitis.
5. Complications.
80. ANEMIAS.
1. Definition, classification.
2. Post hemorrhagic anemias.
3. Iron deficiency anemia, causes, morphology.
4. Megaloblastic anemias. Morphology of pernicious anemia.
5. Hemolytic anemias. Sickle cell anemia.
81. ACUTE LEUKEMIA
1. Definition.
2. Etiology, pathogenesis.
3. Classification.
4. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia, pathological anatomy.
5. Acute myeloblastic leukemia.
82. CHRONIC LEUKEMIA
1. Definition.
2. Classification.
3. Chronic myelocytic leukemia, stages, pathological anatomy.
4. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia.
5. Paraproteinemiс leukemia, types. Myeloma disease.
83. LYMPHOMAS. HODGKIN`S LYMPHOMA.
1. Definition of lymphomas.
2. B-cell and T-cell lymphomas.
3. Hodgkin's lymphoma, etiology, pathogenesis.
4. Clinical and morphological stages.
5. Complications and outcomes.
84. ACUTE BRONCHITIS. BRONCHOPNEUMONIA.
1. Acute bronchitis, types, pathological anatomy.
2. Bronchopneumonia, definition.
3. Etiology and pathogenesis.
4. Classification.
5. Pathological anatomy of bronchopneumonia, features depending on the type of pathogen.
85. LOBAR PNEUMONIA.
1. Definition.
2. Etiology and pathogenesis of lobar pneumonia.
3. Stages, morphology.
4. Pulmonary and extrapulmonary complications.
5. Friedlander's pneumonia.
86. INTERSTITIAL PNEUMONIA.
1. Definition, types.
2. Etiology and pathogenesis.
3. Pathological anatomy.
4. Clinical and morphological peculiarities.
5. Complications and outcomes.
87. CHRONIC DIFFUSE PULMONARY DISEASES.
1. Definition, general characteristics.
2. Classification.
3. Chronic bronchitis.
4. Bronchiectasis and bronchiectatic diseases.
5. "Cor pulmonale", causes, mechanisms of development, morphology.
88. EMPHYSEMA OF THE LUNG.
1. Definition, classification.
2. Macroscopic characteristics.
3. Microscopic changes.
4. Chronic diffuse obstructive pulmonary emphysema. Mechanisms of development.
5. Complications and outcomes.
89. BRONCHIAL ASTHMA.
1. Definition, classification.
2. Etiology and pathogenesis.
3. Atopic bronchial asthma.
4. Pathological anatomy.
5. Complications, causes of death.
90. RESTRICTIVE DISEASES OF LUNGS. PNEUMOCONIOSIS.
1, Definition, classification of restrictive pulmonary diseases.
2. Fibrozing alveolitis, pathological anatomy.
3. Pneumoconiosis, definition, classification.
4. Silicosis. Asbestosis.
5. Anthracosis.
91. ACUTE AND CHRONIC GASTRITIS.
1. Etiology and pathogenesis.
2. Forms of acute gastritis, morphology.
3. Classification of chronic gastritis.
4. Morphology of chronic gastritis.
5. Complications and outcomes.
92. ACUTE AND CHRONIC PEPTIC ULCERS.
1. Definition.
2. Etiology and pathogenesis.
3. Acute stomach ulcers.
4. Morphology of chronic ulcer.
5. Complications of peptic ulcer.
93. ENTERITIS. MALABSORPTION.
1. Acute enteritis, causes, morphology, complications.
2. Causes and pathological anatomy of chronic enteritis.
3. Malabsorption, types.
4. Enteropathy. Examples.
5. Complications.
94.COLITIS
1. Acute colitis, causes, types.
2. Morphology of acute colitis.
3. Etiology, types of chronic colitis.
4. Pathological anatomy of chronic colitis.
5. Complications.
95. CHRONIC IDIOPATHIC COLITIS
1. Crohn's disease, definition, etiology and pathogenesis.
2. Pathological anatomy.
3. Nonspecific ulcerative colitis, definition, etiology and pathogenesis.
4. Pathological anatomy of nonspecific ulcerative colitis.
5. Complications and outcomes of Crohn's disease and nonspecific ulcerative colitis.
96. APPENDICITIS.
1. Definition. Etiology.
2. Pathogenesis.
3. Morphological forms of acute appendicitis.
4. Chronic appendicitis.
5. Complications.
97. LIVER DISEASES. HEPATOSIS.
1. Classification of the liver diseases.
2. Hepatoses, definition and types.
3. Massive progressive liver necrosis, etiology and pathogenesis.
4. Pathological anatomy of massive progressive necrosis of the liver, complications and
outcomes.
5. Steatosis of the liver, etiology and pathogenesis, pathological anatomy, outcomes.
98. ACUTE AND CHRONIC HEPATITIS.
1. Acute hepatitis, etiology, types.
2. Complications and outcomes of acute hepatitis.
3. Chronic hepatitis, definition, etiology, types.
4. Alcoholic hepatitis, pathological anatomy.
5. Autoimmune hepatitis.
99. VIRAL HEPATITIS.
1. Types of viral hepatitis.
2. Viral hepatitis A, clinical and morphological characteristics.
3. Viral hepatitis B, pathogenesis, forms of the disease.
4. Pathological anatomy, complications and outcomes of viral hepatitis B.
5. Viral hepatitis C, clinical and morphological features.
100. LIVER CIRRHOSIS.
1. Definition, etiology.
2. Classification.
3. Morphogenesis of liver cirrhosis.
4. Post necrotic and portal liver cirrhosis, pathological anatomy.
5. Complications and causes of death.
101. KIDNEY DISEASES.
1. Kidney diseases, general characteristics, classification.
2. Glomerulopathy. Causes and mechanisms of development, general characteristics.
3. Tubulopathy, types.
4. Intersitial renal diseases.
5. Congenital defects. Polycystic kidney disease
102. GLOMERULONEPHRITIS
1. Definition, classification.
2. Etiology and pathogenesis.
3. Acute glomerulonephritis, morphology, outcomes.
4. Subacute glomerulonephritis.
5. Chronic glomerulonephritis, types. Pathological anatomy, complications and outcomes.
103. NEPHROTIC SYNDROME. AMYLOIDOSIS OF KIDNEYS.
1. Nephrotic syndrome, definition, classification.
2. Lipoid nephrosis
3. Membranous nephropathy.
4. Focal segmental glomerular sclerosis/gyalinosis.
5. Amyloidosis of the kidneys, causes and stages, pathological anatomy. Complications and
outcomes.
104. ACUTE RENAL FAILURE
1. Definition of the syndrome, etiology.
2. Pathogenesis.
3. Stages.
4. Pathological anatomy.
5. Complications and outcomes.
105. PYELONEPHRITIS.
1. Definition.
2. Etiology and pathogenesis.
3. Acute pyelonephritis, pathological anatomy.
4. Chronic pyelonephritis, morphology.
5. Complications and outcomes.
106. NEPHROLITHIASIS. NEPHROSCLEROSIS.
1. Nephrolitiasis. Morphology. Complications.
2. Hydronephrosis.
3. Nephrosclerosis. Etiology. Types.
4. Pathological anatomy of nephrosclerosis.
5. Pathological anatomy of uremia.
107. DISEASES OF UTERUS.
1. Diseases of the cervix, general characteristics.
2. Cervicitis, cause, morphology.
3. Cervical erosions. Cervical ectopia.
4. Inflammatory diseases of the uterus body, fallopian tubes and ovaries.
5. Endometriosis.
108. DISEASES OF HYPOPHYSIS AND ADRENAL GLANDS.
1. General characteristics of the endocrine system diseases.
2. Diseases of hypophysis.
3. Cushing’s disease and syndrome.
4. Addison's disease.
5. Tumors of the adrenal glands.
109. DISEASES OF THE THYROID GLAND.
1. Goiter, definition and types, pathological anatomy.
2. Thyrotoxicosis and myxedema.
3. Endemic and sporadic goiter. Diffuse toxic goiter, Grave’s disease.
4. Thyroiditis, types, pathological anatomy.
5. Tumors of the thyroid gland.
110. DIABETES MELLITUS.
1. Definition, classification.
2. Etiology and pathogenesis.
3. Morphological changes in the pancreas, extrapancreatic changes.
4. Macro- and microangiopathy. Kidney pathology.
5. Complications and causes of death.
111. DISEASES OF THE BONES.
1. Diseases of the bones, general characteristics.
2. Osteopetrosis.
3. Paget's disease.
4. Parathyroid osteodystrophy.
5. Osteomyelitis, types, pathomorphology.
112. OSTEOPOROSIS. RICKETS.
1. Osteoporosis, definition, classification.
2. Pathological anatomy of osteoporosis, complications.
3. Rickets, causes and mechanisms of development.
4.Morphology of rickets.
5. Osteomalacia.
113. CEREBROVASCULAR AND INFLAMATTORY DISEASES OF CENTRAL
NERVOUS SYSTEM. TUMORS.
1. Cerebrovascular diseases, causes and types.
2. Ischemic damage, types, pathological anatomy, outcomes.
3. Intracranial hemorrhages.
4. Meningitis and encephalitis, causes, pathological anatomy.
5. Tumors of the central nervous system.
114. SLOW VIRAL AND DENERATIVE DISEASES OF CENTRAL NERVOUS
SYSTEM.
1. Slow viral diseases: General characteristics.
2. eukoencephalopathy, spongiform encephalopathy.
3. Degenerative diseases. Alzheimer’s disease.
4. Parkinson’s disease.
5. Multiple sclerosis.
115. PATHOLOGY OF PREGNANCY.
1. Diseases of pregnancy and the postpartum period. General characteristics.
2. Missed pregnancy, causes, types.
3. Spontaneous abortion, types, morphological diagnostics.
4. Trophoblastic deseases. Hydatidiform and invasive mole.
5. Chorioncarcinoma.
116. GESTOSIS.
1. Definition.
2. Classification.
3. Etiology and pathogenesis of gestosis.
4. Preeclampsia. Eclampsia, pathological anatomy.
5. Complications and causes of death.
117. PATHOLOGY OF PLACENTA.
1. Pathology in the mother-placenta-fetus system.
2. Defects of placenta development.
3. Implantation disorders.
4. Circulatory disorders in the placenta. Placenta insufficiency.
5. Inflammation in placenta.
118.CONGENITAL ANOMALIES.
1. Teratology, critical periods of development, teratogenic termination period.
2. Gametopathy.
3. Blastopathy and embryopathy.
4. Congenital defects, classification.
5. Fetopathies, types, examples.
119. PERINATAL PATHOLOGY.
1. Diseases of the perinatal period, general characteristics.
2. Prematurity.
3. Macro- and microsomia, retardation of fetus development.
4. Asphyxia of the fetus and newborn. Pneumopathy.
5. Intracranial hemorrhage. Hypoxic-ischemic brain damage.
120. VIRAL INFECTIONS.
1. Features of viral infection.
2. The relationship of the virus with target cells.
3. Viral respiratory infections - etiology, pathogenesis.
4. Morphology of various forms of influenza.
5. Complications and outcomes of influenza.
121. PARA-INFLUENZA. ADENOVIRUS INFECTION. RESPIRATORY SYNCTICAL
INFECTION.
1. Viral respiratory infections, general characteristics, types.
2. Para-influenza, pathological anatomy.
3. Adenovirus infection, clinical and morphological features.
4. Respiratory syncytial infection.
5. Complications and outcomes.
122. HIV INFECTION.
1. Etiology, pathogenesis.
2. Periods of the disease, clinico-morphological characteristics.
3. Opportunistic infections.
4. Malignant tumors.
5. Clinical types of AIDS, causes of death.
123. TYPHOID FEVER.
1. Typhoid fever, etiology and pathogenesis
2. General changes.
3. Local changes in the gut.
4. Stages. Morphology.
5. Complications.
124. BACILLARY
DYSENTERY.
1. Definition, epidemiology.
2. Etiology and pathogenesis.
3. Pathological anatomy of stages.
4. Complications, outcomes.
5. Amebiasis.
125. CHOLERA.
1. Definition.
2. Epidemiology.
3. Etiology and pathogenesis.
4. Stages. Pathological anatomy.
5. Complications, causes of death.
126. MEASLES.
1. Definition, etiology and pathogenesis.
2. Stages of the disease.
3. Enanthema, exanthema.
4. Pathological anatomy of measles.
5. Complications and outcomes.
127. DIPHTHERIA.
1. Definition, etiology.
2. Pathogenesis.
3. Diphtheria of the fauces.
4. Diphtheria of the respiratory tract.
5.Complications, causes of death.
128. SCARLET FEVER.
1. Definition, etiology and pathogenesis.
2. Local and general changes in scarlet fever.
3. Forms of the disease, pathological anatomy.
4. Periods of scarlet fever.
5. Complications and outcomes.
129. MENINGOCOCCAL INFECTION
1. Etiology and pathogenesis.
2. Classification.
3. Pathomorphology of meningococcemia.
4. Meningococcal meningitis.
5. Complications and causes of death.
130. PLAGUE.
1. Etiology, epidemiology.
2. Pathogenesis.
3. Bubonic form of the disease.
4. Primary pulmonary and primary septic plague.
4. Outcomes, complications and causes of death.
131. ANTHRAX.
1. Etiology, epidemiology.
2. Pathogenesis.
3. Morphology of cutaneous form, anthrax carbuncle.
4. Intestinal, primary pulmonary and primary septic forms of the disease.
5. Outcomes, complications and causes of death
132. TUBERCULOSIS.
1. Etiology, pathogenesis.
2. Immunity.
3. Hypersensitivity reactions. Tissue appearances.
4. Tuberculous granuloma.
5. Progression of infection. Complications.
133. PRIMARY TUBERCULOSIS.
1. Etiology, pathogenesis.
2. Morphology of the primary tuberculosis complex in the lungs, intestines.
3. Healing of the primary complex.
4. Forms of progression of primary tuberculosis.
5. Complications.
134. HEMATOGENEOUS TUBERCULOSIS.
1. Definition. Differences between hematogenous and primary tuberculosis.
2. Forms of hematogenous tuberculosis.
3. Morphology of generalized hematogenous tuberculosis.
4. Hematogenous pulmonary tuberculosis.
5. Hematogenic extrapulmonary tuberculosis.
135. SECONDARY TUBERCULOSIS.
1. Features of the disease. Form-phases of the disease.
3. Acute focal, fibrous-focal tuberculosis.
3. Infiltrative tuberculosis.
4. Tuberculoma.
5. Caseous pneumonia.
136. SECONDARY TUBERCULOSIS. PATHOMORPHOSIS.
1. Acute cavernous tuberculosis.
2. Fibrous-cavernous tuberculosis.
3. Cirrhotic tuberculosis.
4. Complications and causes of death.
5. Pathomorphosis of tuberculosis.
137. SYPHILIS.
1. Etiology and pathogenesis.
2. Pathological anatomy of the primary syphilis.
3. Pathomorphology of the secondary syphilis.
4. Tertiary syphilis. Syphilistic granulema
5. Congenital syphilis.
138. SEPSIS. SEPTICEMIA.
1. Definition, features of infection.
2. Pathogenesis of sepsis. Syndrome of systemic inflammatory response.
3. Local and general pathological changes in sepsis.
4. Classification of sepsis.
5. Definition and pathological anatomy of septicemia. Complications. Outcomes.
139. SEPSIS. SEPTICOPIEMIA.
1. Definition.
2. Pathogenesis.
3. Morphology. Inflammatory changes.
4. Changes of lymphoid tissues and organs. Septic spleen.
5. Complications. Outcomes.
140. SEPTIC ENDOCARDITIS
1. Definition.
2. Etiology and pathogenesis.
3. Acute bacterial endocarditis.
4. Subacute bacterial endocarditis.
5.Extracardiac manifestations. Complications and outcomes.