Republic of the Philippines MARIKINA POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE #2 Mayor Chanyungco St., Sta. Elena, Marikina City GE 4 – PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION FIRST SEMESTER, S.Y. 2019 – 2020 Prepared by: Ms. Lois Ruth Monica R. Respito CHAPTER 1 COMMUNICATION PROCESS, PRINCIPLES AND ETHICS OVERVIEW: The first chapter presents the different definitions of communication, the communication process and its elements, the key principles of communication and ethics in communication LEARNING OBJECTIVES: At the end of the lesson, the learners must be able to: 1. Give the meaning of communication and explain why it is a complicated process; 2. Recall the elements of communication and identify them in different texts; 3. Name and interpret the principles of communication; and 4. Discuss the ethical issues in communication LECTURE A. Definition of Communication 1. Chase & Shamo (2013): commun – “something in common”+ ication – “understanding = communication – “a common understanding of something” 2. Seiler & Beall (1999): the simultaneous sharing and creating of meaning through human symbolic interaction 3. Wood (2004): a systemic process in which individuals interact with and through symbols to create and interpret meanings Therefore, communication is the process of creating and sharing meaning by using verbal and nonverbal symbols in varied contexts; and effective communication results when both verbal and nonverbal symbols are understood in much the same way by both communicators. B. The Communication Process Source Message Feedback Encoding Receiver Message CONTEXT Message Channel Decoding Message Figure 1. The Commuication Process (Adapated from Effective Communication Process, 2010) 1. Source. The sender of the message. 2. Message. The information you want to convey. 1 3. Encoding. The process of converting your idea or thoughts of the information into verbal and/or nonverbal symbols that can be understood by the receiver of the message. 4. Channel. The manner in which your message or information is conveyed. 5. Decoding. The receiver’s mental processing of your message into the meaning suggested by the verbal and/or nonverbal symbols you use as sender. 6. Receiver. The person or group of people who will get your message. 7. Feedback. The receiver’s response to your message. 8. Context. The situation in which the communication takes place. It includes a) the environment – the location, time of the day, temperature; b) the relationship between the communicators; c) their respective cultural backgrounds and past experiences; and d) the topic/subject of their communication. C. The Elements of Communication 1. Sender (who the source is) 2. Message (what the idea being communicated says) 3. Channel (through what medium the message is relayed) 4. Receiver (to whom it is directed) 5. Effect (what the desired result of the communication is) D. The Key Principles of Communication 1. Interpersonal communication is inescapable. It is not possible for humans not to communicate. You communicate through both words and behavior. You always communicate and receive communication from others not only through words but also through voice tone, gesture, posture, bodily movement, facial expression, clothes worn, and so on. 2. Interpersonal communication is irreversible. Once you have uttered something, you can never take it back, and its effect remains. Words are powerful; they can either heal or harm others. 3. Interpersonal communication is complicated. Whenever you communicate with anyone, you simultaneously interpret both his verbal and nonverbal language, and that is often both confounding and demanding. Whenever you communicate, there are actually at least six “people” involved: a. The person whom you think you are b. The person whom you think the person is c. The person whom you think the other person thinks you are d. The person whom you think the other person think he is e. The person whom the other person thinks you think you are f. The person whom the other person thinks you think he is 4. Interpersonal communication is contextual. Communication is affected by several factors; it does not happen in isolation. There are many things that need to be considered, such as the ones given below (King, 2000). a. Psychological context: who you are and what you bring to the interaction – needs, desires, values, beliefs, personality, and son on b. Relational context: your reactions to the other person based on relationships c. Situational context: deals with the psycho-social “where” you are communicating d. Environmental context: deals with the physical “where” you are communicating e. Cultural context: includes all the learned behaviors and rules that affect the interaction. If you come from a culture where it is considered rude to make long, direct eye contact, you will out of politeness avoid eye contact. 2 E. Ethics in Communication Difference Between Morals and Ethics Morals Personal codes These are our own set of rules – so others are neither expected nor required to follow them Ethics Societal codes These are rules accepted and approved by society, so they are imposed upon everyone. Ten Ethics is Communication (Johnston, D.D., 1994) 1. Mutuality. Pay attention to the needs of others, as well as yours. 2. Individual dignity. Do not cause another person embarrassment or a loss of dignity. 3. Accuracy. Ensure that others have accurate information. Tell them everything for they have a right and need to know, not just what is true. 4. Access to information. Never bolster the impact of your communication by preventing people from communicating with one another or by hindering access to the supporting information. 5. Accountability. Be responsible and accountable for the consequences of your relationships and communication. 6. Audience. As audience or receiver of the information, you also have ethical responsibilities. A good rule of thumb is the “200% rule” where both the sender and receiver have full or 100% responsibility to ensure that the message is understood, and that ethics are followed. This is a 100/100 rule, not a 50/50 rule. 7. Relative truth. As either sender or receiver of information, remember that your own point of view may not be shared by others, and that your conclusions are relative to your perspective, so allow others to respectfully disagree or see it differently. 8. Ends vs. means. Be sure that the end goal of your communication and the means of getting to that end are both ethical although no rule can be applied without reservation to any situation. 9. Use of power. In situations where you have more power than others (e.g. a teacher with a student, a boss with a subordinate, a parent with a child), you also have more responsibility for the outcome. 10. Rights vs responsibilities. Balance your rights against your responsibilities even if you live in a wonderful society where your rights are protected by law; not everything you have a right to do is ethical. REFERENCE: Padilla, M., Dagdag, L. and Roxas, F. (2018). Communicate & connect! Purposive communication. Malabon City: Mutya Publishing House, Inc. 3 ILLUSTRATIONS ILLUSTRATION 1: DO NOT DISTURB (2017) I teach at a university. During a test I was administering, I noticed that one of my adult students, who was pregnant, kept rubbing her side. After class I asked if she was OK. “Oh, I’m fine,” she answered. “The baby was pushing his foot against my ribs, and it hurts a little.” I was happy to hear her reply until she continued, “It’s strange. He normally sleeps during your class.” ILLUSTRATION 2: SEASON’S TREATINGS (Newton, 2017) A customer at the pet-food store where I work went to the bulk flavor-treat bin and picked out all the green and red bone-shaped biscuits. There weren’t enough, so I opened another box and asked if her dog liked only those flavors. “Oh, no,’ she replied. “I’m making him a Christmas wreath.” ILLUSTRATION 3: IN THE LINE OF FIRE (Buzek, 2017) The line at our local post office was out the door, and, seeing that only one postal worker was on duty, the customers were getting testy. To help hurry things along, a customer called out, “How can I help you go faster?” The postal worker yelled back, “Go home!” ILLUSTRATION 4: MORALS: GOOD (ETHICAL) OR BAD (UNETHICAL)? 1. Since many classmates of John don’t see anything wrong with cheating on tests, he cheats, too. 2. A boy who did not know how to swim died because he saved his friend from drowning. 3. Mary reported to the librarian that Luz tore some pages of a library book even if Luz was her friend. 4. To feed his hungry baby sister, Larry stole a can of milk from a store. 5. Upon knowing that the cashier gave her too much change, Julie left the store in a hurry. ILLUSTRATION 5: UNETHICAL BEHAVIORS IN BUSINESS MEETINGS (Morley, 2017) 1. A manager and an employee become friendly, and the employee asks the manager to report her part of the project as finished even though she still has several days left to go. 2. An employee on probation offers to take on extra work if the manager adjusts his number of sales. 3. Business people make jokes or remarks that may be offensive to some, and they don’t give each person the right to voice his opinion. 4. A concern about employee safety is raised at a business meeting, but the issue is not immediately assessed. When the concern is validated, employees are not immediately informed, and they are not removed from the dangerous area to address the situation. ILLUSTRATION 6: UNETHICAL BEHAVIORS IN THE WORKPLACE (Duff, 2017) 1. Your sales manager calls you into his office and threatens to fire you unless you sell 50 large toasters. You know the large toasters are inferior products, so you have been selling the small toasters to your customers. To keep your job, you must violate your conscience and recommend that your customers buy the large toasters. 2. Your boss promises you can extra day off if you rush out an important project by a certain date. You work late hours and finish the project before the deadline. Ready for your day off, you mention it to your boss who responds, “No, we have too much work to do.” 3. An employee pads an expense account with nonbusiness expenses, raids the supply cabinet to take home pens and notebooks, and passes around unregistered or counterfeit software. 4 Republic of the Philippines MARIKINA POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE #2 Mayor Chanyungco St., Sta. Elena, Marikina City GE 4 – PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION FIRST SEMESTER, S.Y. 2019 – 2020 QUIZ #1 NAME ________________________ SECTION ____________ DATE ________ A. Directions: Write C if the statement is correct and IC if it is incorrect. Write your answer on the space before each number. _____ 1. Since ours is a democratic society and our rights are guaranteed, it is ethical for us to do anything we want as long as we have the right to do so. _____ 2. It is all right for us to prevent people from communicating with one another. _____ 3. Anyone is allowed to do whatever it takes to achieve his goal even if someone or something is affected in the process. _____ 4. Both speaker and listener are highly accountable for ascertaining that the message is mutually understood and ethics is observed. _____ 5. It is ethical to give priority to your own needs rather than your listener’s. B. Directions: Specify the five elements of communication in each text. Next, identify the effect of the communication and the probable reason for that kind of effect. Write your answers on the blanks provided. 1. Milking It (Kowalchuk, 2017) My daughter was enjoying a bedtime snuggle with her three-year-old son, Luka. Making conversation, she asked him, “What makes you happy?” He eagerly responded, “Chocolate milk!” “And what makes you sad?” my daughter continued. Luka replied, somberly and quietly, “The other kind.” Element: ____________________________________________________________ Effect: ____________________________________________________________ Reason: ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 2. First-Class Joke (Slayden, 2017) I was buying plane tickets when my eight-year-old son asked, “Can a baby be considered carry-on?” Before I could respond, my husband mumbled, “Well, it can definitely be considered baggage.” Element: ____________________________________________________________ Effect: ____________________________________________________________ Reason: ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 3. Advanced Dietary Maths (Barrett, 2017) My brother was having a tough time losing weight. Our sister thought he should cut back gradually, so one day she asked, “Mike, would you like to split a doughnut with me?” Mike answered, “Want to split two?” Element: ____________________________________________________________ Effect: ____________________________________________________________ Reason: ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 5