Electronics Principles & Applications Sixth Edition Charles A. Schuler Chapter 1 Introduction (student version) ©2003 Glencoe/McGraw-Hill INTRODUCTION • History • Digital or Analog • Analog Functions • Circuits with Both DC and AC • Trends Dear Student: This presentation is arranged in segments. Each segment is preceded by a Concept Preview slide and is followed by a Concept Review slide. When you reach a Concept Review slide, you can return to the beginning of that segment by clicking on the Repeat Segment button. This will allow you to view that segment again, if you want to. History • • • • • • • • 1899 1901 1906 1943 1947 1958 1971 1982 Discovery of the Electron Radio Vacuum Tube First Computer Transistor Integrated Circuit Microprocessor Single Chip DSP Concept Preview • The world of electronics can be divided into digital or analog. • Analog signals come from nature and from physical systems. • Analog signals have an infinite variety of levels. • Digital signals usually have only two levels. • Digital signals are often represented as binary numbers. • A/D and D/A conversions are commonplace. An infinite number of levels ANALOG 2 levels DIGITAL ANALOG (non-linear) Binary numbers Analog in … digital out A/D converter 01101110 11001000 11000010 01101110 00001110 00001001 01101110 Digital in … analog out 01101110 11001000 11000010 01101110 00001110 00001001 01101110 D/A converter 00000000 11111111 10000000 D/A converter Electronic Circuit Quiz The output of a typical digital circuit has _________ states or levels. two The output of a typical analog circuit has ________ states or levels. infinite Linear electronic circuits are in the category called ____________. analog An analog circuit with some distortion can be called ________. non-linear An analog signal can be changed to a numerical format by an ____________. A/D converter Concept Review • The world of electronics can be divided into digital or analog. • Analog signals come from nature and from physical systems. • Analog signals have an infinite variety of levels. • Digital signals usually have only two levels. • Digital signals are often represented as binary numbers. • A/D and D/A conversions are commonplace. Repeat Segment ANALOG ELECTRONIC FUNCTIONS Oscillator Controller Divider Adder Switch Clipper Amplifier Detector Mixer Filter Subtractor Comparator Converter Regulator Attenuator Rectifier Multiplier Concept Preview • Many circuits and signals have both ac and dc components. • Capacitors can couple ac signals from one point to another. • Coupling capacitors have low reactance at the signal frequency. • Capacitors block dc since they have infinite reactance at 0 Hz. • Bypass capacitors remove the ac component. • Bypass capacitors have one lead grounded. Many circuits are a mix of ac and dc. 10 V 10 V 10 kW 3.3 kW 1 mF 10 VP-P 10 kHz 0V 1 mF 10 kW 10 kW +5 V 0V 10 V 10 kW 3.3 kW 1 mF 10 VP-P 10 kHz -5 V 1 mF 10 kW 10 kW Note the loss in ac amplitude due to the drop across the 3.3 kW resistor. 10 V 0V 10 kW 3.3 kW 1 mF 10 VP-P 10 kHz 1 mF 10 kW 10 kW Note the combined dc and ac. +5 V 0V 10 V 10 kW 3.3 kW 1 mF 10 VP-P 10 kHz 1 mF 10 kW 10 kW Note that the dc signal is blocked by the capacitor. 0V 10 V 10 kW 3.3 kW 1 mF 10 VP-P 10 kHz 1 mF 10 kW 10 kW Bypass capacitors are used to eliminate the ac component. +5 V 0V 10 V 10 kW 3.3 kW 1 mF 10 VP-P 10 kHz 10 kW 1 mF Bypass capacitor Capacitor/Resistor Quiz A node in an electronic circuit can have both dc and ac _________. components Capacitors support the flow of ac but block ________. dc Resistors provide equal opposition to both ____________. dc and ac When a capacitor is used to eliminate ac at a node it is called a ________. bypass A blocking capacitor is used to eliminate ________ at a circuit node. dc Concept Review • Many circuits and signals have both ac and dc components. • Capacitors can couple ac signals from one point to another. • Coupling capacitors have low reactance at the signal frequency. • Capacitors block dc since they have infinite reactance at 0 Hz. • Bypass capacitors remove the ac component. • Bypass capacitors have one lead grounded. Repeat Segment Insertion Technology Device leads pass through holes in the circuit board. Solder Surface Mount Technology Solder SOT-223 Chip resistor Devices placed by automatic equipment Circuit boards cost less (fewer holes) Higher connection density Smaller and less expensive products Difficult to repair Probing fine-pitch ICs is difficult without the right tools! The “Wedge” probe from Agilent makes it possible to safely connect to fine-pitch SMT integrated circuits. Photograph courtesy of Agilent Technologies REVIEW • History • Digital or Analog • Analog Functions • Circuits with Both DC and AC • Trends
