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CHAPTER I
The Problem and Its Setting
1.1 Introduction
At present, electricity has become a lifeline for human population. Its demand is increasing
day by day. Modern technology needs a huge amount of electrical power for its various operations.
Electricity production is one of the largest sources of pollution in the whole world. At one hand,
rising concern about the gap between demand and supply of electricity for masses has highlighted
the exploration of alternate sources of energy and its sustainable use. On the other hand, human
population all over the world and hence energy demand is increasing day by day linearly.
Accordingly, it is an objective of the present invention to provide a method of electrical power
generation from this ever increasing human population that does not negatively affect the
environment.
The cell phone has become an important communication tools that is used by people all over
the world to keep in contact with each other at any time. Modern cell phones are capable of much
more than just sending and receiving phone calls. Mobile phones used in today’s world allow users
to send and receive text messages, emails, photos and video as well as access the Internet, play
games, listen to music, use GPS (Global Positioning Systems) and more.
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The demand of it is increasing day by day. And it is also upgrading massively. But one of
the problems that users experiencing nowadays is the battery draining. That is why our group is
proposing a system and preferably be implemented that whenever we walk it will be converted to
and it will produce electricity. We are introducing a new way to overcome the increasing demand
of energy. We are utilizing human force.
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1.2 Background of the Study
Energy surrounds us in all aspects of life, it’s up to us whether we use it constructively for
the benefit of mankind or we use it destructively to harm others. Alternative energy resources are
not based on fossils fuels or atom distribution. The alternatives are: Solar energy, Wind power,
Geothermal, Hydroelectric, and Nuclear.
Our feet are excellent examples of a simple machine which can be compared to a lever. Each
time we move to take a step forward we effortlessly lift our entire body on our toes and then restore
it back on the ground, we continue to do this as long as we walk, with absolutely no trouble at all.
This becomes possible due to the extremely efficient design of our ankle bone mechanism
which is able to implement the work so efficiently that we hardly understand the amount of work
we are able to carry out so many times throughout the day. In our walking action, our feet are able
to lift our body very efficiently due to the lever mechanism of the ankle joint, and while releasing
the body weight the gravity becomes responsible for restoring the mass back on the ground.
There are almost as many cell-phone subscriptions (6.8 billion) as there are people on this
earth (seven billion)—and it took a little more than 20 years for that to happen. In 2013, there were
some 96 cell-phone service subscriptions for every 100 people in the world. Although they started
off as quite bulky devices they are now very sleek, small and portable, comfortably fitting in a user
pocket and surviving for hours on end thanks to a rechargeable battery.
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According to Jalen William from his research entitled’ Ring! Ring!’. Cell phone designs are
constantly evolving to incorporate the new needs and desires of users. Some of these new functions
include space for memory cards, flip screens, cameras, touch screens, USB ports etc. Modern mobile
phones also have wireless capability in the form of infrared, Bluetooth and other wireless protocols.
Some of the larger manufacturers of cell phones include Nokia, Samsung, Motorola, Sony Ericsson
and Apple. Applications that cell phone owners can take advantage of include word processing,
calendars, mobile banking, web surfing, alarms, memos, video streaming, games and much more.
In 1880, Jacques and Pierre Curie discovered an unusual characteristic of certain crystalline
minerals: when subjected to a mechanical force, the crystals became electrically polarized. These
behaviors were labeled the “piezoelectric effect” and the inverse piezoelectric effect, respectively,
from the Greek word “PIEZEIN”, meaning to press or squeeze.
Piezoelectric effect is the ability of certain materials to generate an electric charge in
response to applied mechanical stress.
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1.3 Statement of the Problem
General Problem
The general problem is to develop the microcontroller-based battery charging generation
system for mobile phones using human footsteps.
Specific Problem

Electricity deregulation and the shutdown of some power plants for maintenance
have been blamed for the crisis.

Draining of battery

No source of electricity in some area

Overpopulation- human need and use the energy to do work or more to a place and
well-being ever since existed millions years ago, and the demand and supply is a
rising concern.

Unexplored renewable energy option

Human Obesity- a new form of malnutrition, has surfaced as an urgent challenge
affecting several countries.

Energy wasted- many resources have been wasted with impurity
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1.3 Objective of the Study
To develop an alternative source of power generation to charge phones by developing a
microcontroller-based battery charging generation system for mobile phones using human
footsteps. That aims to harvest the kinetic energy from the footsteps and convert to electricity
that can charge phones or tablet.
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1.4 Significance of the Study
This microcontroller based battery charging generation system for mobile phones using
human footstep offers a lot of benefits to the following:
 Nature
It will help decrease the shortage of electricity, reduction of waste energy and it is
an eco-friendly project.
 Mobile Users
Increase the satisfaction of mobile user, by having portable charger anytime.
 Future Researchers
For further improvements, and can be used as basis of future students or researchers.
 School
This project will make the school boost its popularity because of its success .
 Proponents
While making the system it will give us experience, teach us and will give us more
self-confidence.
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1.6 Scope and Delimitations
Scope
The microcontroller based battery charging generation system for mobile phones using human
footstep proposed by the proponents will cover only the following:

Display the voltage produced in the battery

Display and count the footstep

Charge any phones and tablets only

Alternative power supply to charge phones and tables

Can be use anywhere and anytime

Can be used in different shoes

No side effect on human body
Delimitation

Has limited power handling capabilities that range to 3.5 to 5 volts.

Current limit stable with temperature.

It only supply for a single device at a time.

It is not water proof.

Lifespan of the battery

Only power banks are allowed to charge
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CHAPTER II
Conceptual Framework
2.1 Related Concepts/ Literature
2.1.1 Foreign Literature
The piezoelectricity describes an approach to harvest electrical energy from
mechanically excited piezoelectric elements. In the wake of depleting fossil fuels and the
damage it inflicts on mother earth, makes it a compelling case for a renewable and
sustainable source of energy. It is a step in that direction. The basic idea is to put back into
use the energy expended by us in daily course of life. Specifically, the attempted to convert
pressure exerted on the ground by individuals while walking or by vehicles travelling on the
road to excite piezoelectric elements. While the phenomenon of piezoelectricity is well
known for decades, to harness its potential we have come about with a novel methodology
of connecting piezoelectric elements with an apt circuitry to yield maximum power.
The Piezoelectric sensor which gives voltage on the application of pressure is
unregulated DC Voltage. The DC Voltage obtained is passed through a power conditioning
source and then given to a storage source (rechargeable Lithium-Ion battery). The rate at
which the storage source gets charged is where our module stands out as an efficient and
innovative module to harness the plenteous potential energy. There is a paucity of power
generated from a single Piezo-Electric transducer.
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There has developed a prototype wherein we connect a couple hundreds of
Piezoelectric sensors followed by a combination of well designed circuitry that involves
efficiently designed DC-DC converters, (schottky) diodes, charging circuit. In this paper we
have given a unique scheme of harnessing and taking this iota of power and converting it
into a substantial amount of power which in-turn will charge a Lithium Ion battery in couple
of hours. This makes our innovation industrially relevant particularly in remote areas where
it is uneconomical to transmit electricity by traditional means. Cellular phone towers located
in the remote areas is a case in point. (Energy Systems and Applications, 2015)
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2.1.2 Local Literature
Renewable energy accounted for 26.44% of the Philippines' total electrical energy needs in
2013. In terms of gigawatt-hours, renewable energy sources provided the Philippines with 19,903
gigawatt-hours of electrical energy out of a total need of 75,266 gigawatt-hours in 2013. In the
Philippines, five main types of renewable energy are used.
These are hydropower, geothermal power, wind power, solar power and biomass power. In
recent years, there has been a drive to increase the Philippines' usage of renewable energy sources.
Reasons include the disadvantages of using fossil fuels, such as pollution, accelerated climate
change and fluctuating prices.
The Philippine Government has responded to the increased demand for renewable energy
by enacting certain laws. In 2001, the Philippine Congress enacted the Electric Power Industry
Reform act, which promotes the use of local and sustainable energy sources, as opposed to imported
fossil fuel sources. In 2006, Congress passed the Biofuels Act, which promotes the use of biomass
fuels. In 2008, the Renewable Energy Act was passed, which further encouraged the development
and usage of renewable energy in the Philippines. In 2009, the Climate Change act was passed,
which provided a legal basis for the tackling of climate change through sustainable development
The laws enacted by Congress has resulted in a significant degree of cooperation from
private companies producing renewable energy, hundreds of whom have contracts with the
Philippine Government. (Wikiwordbook.info,2015-2016)
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2.2 Related Studies/ System
2.2.1 Foreign Studies/ System
The Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting The piezoelectric effect converts mechanical strain
into electrical current or voltage. This strain can come from many different sources. Human motion,
low-frequency seismic vibrations, and acoustic noise are everyday examples. Except in rare
instances the piezoelectric effect operates in AC requiring time-varying inputs at mechanical
resonance to be efficient.
Most piezoelectric electricity sources produce power on the order of mill watts, too small
for system application, but enough for hand-held devices such as some commercially-available selfwinding wristwatches. One proposal is that they are used for micro-scale devices, such as in a device
harvesting micro-hydraulic energy. In this device, the flow of pressurized hydraulic fluid drives a
reciprocating piston supported by three piezoelectric elements which convert the pressure
fluctuations into an alternating current.
As piezo energy harvesting has been investigated only since the late '90s, it remains an
emerging technology. Nevertheless, some interesting improvements were done with the self
powered electronic switch at INSA school of engineering, implemented by the spin-off Arveni. In
2006, the proof of concept of battery less wireless doorbell push button was done, and recently, a
demonstrator show that classical TV infra-red remote control can be powered by piezo harvester.
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Piezoelectric systems can convert motion from the human body into electrical power.
DARPA has funded efforts to harness energy from leg and arm motion, shoe impacts, and blood
pressure for low level power to implantable or wearable sensors. The Nano brushes of Dr. Zhong
Lin Wang are another example of a piezoelectric energy harvester. They can be integrated into
clothing. Careful design is needed to minimize user discomfort. These energy harvesting sources
by association have an impact on the body. the Vibration Energy Scavenging Project is another
project that is set up to try to scavenge electrical energy from environmental vibrations and
movements.
The use of piezoelectric materials to harvest power has already become popular.
Piezoelectric materials have the ability to transform mechanical strain energy into electrical charge.
Piezo elements are being embedded in walkways to recover the "people energy" of footsteps. They
can also be embedded in shoes to recover "walking energy”. (Sensors (Basel). 2014 Mar))
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2.2.2 Local Studies/ System
A review of Philippines Studies about Biofuel by Divine Grace M. Convento, Joel
P. Abacan and Finesse M. Acio from Mapua Institute of Technology in July 2007. Efforts
have been made in many countries, like Brazil, India and US, to search for suitable
alternative fuels. Likewise, several researches had long been conducted in the Philippines in
order to resolve pollution and the depletion of oil reserves. In 2006, the Biofuel Act was
implemented as part of the President’s energy independence program. However, the success
of utilizing indigenous and renewable fuels can be hindered with regard to its reliability,
which arises mainly from the issue as to what extent of improvement, must be undertaken
and what cost-effective technologies must be used in both biodiesel and bioethanol
applications. In this study, an in-depth review of literatures/studies done in the Philippines
on biofuels (bioethanol and biodiesel) was conducted.
Significantly, product/blending, technological and scientific as well as their
sustainable (social, economic and environmental) aspects were presented. Topics for
research were also identified and listed at the end of this paper. It will serve as a good
reference tool for the succeeding studies on biofuels to the engineer’s field. Finally, this
study will help in the planning of future research activities and the prevention of duplication
of literatures in the country as well as better understanding of biofuel characteristics and
applications
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2.2 Local Related Conceptual Literature
According to Tom P. Hough in his research ‘Trends in Solar Energy’." Energy derived
ultimately from the sun. It can be divided into direct and indirect categories. Most energy sources
on Earth are forms of indirect solar energy, although we usually don't think of them in that way.
Coal, oil and natural gas derive from ancient biological material which took its energy from the sun
(via plant photosynthesis) millions of years ago. All the energy in wood and foodstuffs also comes
from the sun.
Movement of the wind (which causes waves at sea), and the evaporation of water to form
rainfall which accumulates in rivers and lakes, are also powered by the sun. Therefore, hydroelectric
power and wind and wave power are forms of indirect solar energy. Direct solar energy is what we
usually mean when we speak of solar power - it is the use of sunlight for heating or generating
electricity."
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2.3 Foreign Studies/ Systems
From a study they entitled ‘Crowd Farm’ that converts footsteps into Electricity. According
to the study of two MIT students have found the next new source of energy: YOU.
A new technology developed by the graduate students would take the energy generated by
human movement, such as walking or jumping, in crowded settings and turn it into electricity. The
so-called "Crowd Farm" would work something like this: A responsive sub-flooring system would
be placed under, say, the platform of a subway terminal.
The blocks that make up the system would depress slightly under the force of human
footsteps. As the blocks slipped against each other, they would generate power in the form of an
electric current. That electric current could be used, among other things, to light up signs about the
energy created by the pedestrians, the creators say. "We want people to understand the direct
relationship between their movement and the energy produced," said co-creator Thaddeus Jusczyk.
While the Crowd Farm wouldn't work in the home (a single human step generates only
enough power to light two 60-watt light bulbs for one second), it could really draw some power
from a crowd producing thousands of steps. Some 28,527 steps, for example, could power an entire
moving train for a second. The Crowd Farm could also be used to harness the head-bashing energy
at a rock concert. "Greater movement of people could make the music louder," said Jusczyk. The
students' creation was presented at the Holcim Foundation's Sustainable Construction competition
earlier this year, where it took first place.
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2.4 Local Studies/ Systems
A study conducted by John Christopher M. Hung, Misael Heino A. Rilles and Kelvin
B. Monillas entitled” Power Generation for Remote Areas Utilizing Piezoelectric
Transducers Harnessing Wind and Wave Energy” in 2011. Aims to harvest energy by
means of piezoelectric transducers and provide simple lighting on remote areas. The
energy carriers in the form of wind and wave energies are harvested by a prototype. The
prototype would then do power regulation techniques which covers harvesting and
storing. The prototype would use supercapacitors in the power regulation and ultimately
transfer the energy to a rechargeable battery.
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2.5 Research Paradigm/ Conceptual Framework
INPUT
Data Gathered from the Internet
Studying Related Literature
PROCESS
OUTPUT
Identifying needed equipment and tools for
the design
Piezo Technology
Knowledge Requirements
Identifying Design
*Basic Electronics
*Arduino Technology
Hardware Requirements
*Piezoelectric Transducer
*Rechargable Battery
*LCD
*Arduino
*Diodes
*Capacitor
*Resistor
Prototyping
Microcontroller-Based Battery Charging
Generation System for Mobile Phones
using Human Footsteps
Testing the design
Software Requirements
*Arduino Programming Language
Evaluation
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2.6 Definition of Terms
 Energy Harvesting - refers to the generation of energy from sources such as ambient
temperature, vibration or air flow.
 Microcontroller – is a computer present in a single integrated circuit which is
dedicated to perform one task and execute one specific application. It contains
memory, programmable input/output peripherals as well a processor.
 Piezoelectricity- translates to “electricity from pressure.” The prefix piezo in Greek
means to press or squeeze
 Generation System- a two-stage process for installing or updating and chargeable
systems derived from them.
 Energy Deregulation- the reason that you can shop for an energy provider in the
first place. It gives you the power to switch your electricity or natural gas supplier
and ultimately affects how much you will pay for your energy.
 Wasted Energy- is an energy which is transformed without significant use.
 AC Current - the flow of electric charge periodically reverses direction. Piezo
elements produce these currents.
 DC Current - the flow of electric charge is only in one direction. Batteries produce
these currents.
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CHAPTER III
Methodology
3.1 Source of Data
This section discusses and presents how we plan the project and what we did in research.
The researchers used the method of prototyping method which contains several steps; the
preliminary investigation, analysis, design prototype, construct prototype, construct production
system, complete system components, and install.
The Prototyping Model is a systems development method (SDM) in which a prototype (an
early approximation of a final system or product) is built, tested, and then reworked as necessary
until an acceptable prototype is finally achieved from which the complete system or product can
now be developed. This model works best in scenarios where not all of the project requirements are
known in detail ahead of time. It is an iterative, trial-and-error process that takes place between the
developers and the users. (http://searchcio.techtarget.com/definition/Prototyping-Model)
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3.2 Project Development
To generate electrical power using footsteps using piezo, one step will be enough at
this level to produced electrical energy but to sustain the power produce for charging the
battery is quite time consuming to figure how. Troubleshooting and testing are considered
to be the hardest part of making of this project.
To minimize time while making this project these are the following steps that will
guide you to create a microcontroller-based battery charging system for mobile phone using
human footsteps.
Hardware:
1. Cut a foot-shape like in a rubber mat, you need at least 2-5mm. If your
material is too thick, the piezo elements will break due to too much flexing.
If your material is too thin, the piezo element won't bend at all thus converting
less power. The plate will act as the primary mount of the piezoelectric discs/
elements.
2. After getting a fix preview of the setup, get a marker and trace the piezo discs.
3. Now surround the rubber plate with three piezo discs. How do I know where
the center is? The "center" is the area where all the pressure is withdrawn by
your foot, your sole.
4.
Use your compass to draw smaller circles in our project we use 25cents to
trace it, about 2mm smaller in radius. The 2mm spacing will act as your
margin.
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5. In this step, grinding is required to bore/ drill holes. Since we don't have large
drill bits we've thought of way to cleanly cut the holes and that's by using a
cutter then we used sand paper to sharpen the edges.
6. Using a double-sided tape, stick each piezo on the holes. Tape a small piece
of foam on the very center of each piezo disc. These foams will act as
pushers. These foams will squeeze the piezo discs inwards while walking.
7. For the casing, build a case made out of fiber plastic with the dimension 10cm
by 6.5cm by 4.5cm.
8. For the strap to hold the whole case, we recycle a waist belt strap. The length
of the strap depends on your legs size.
9. Once you are through in building all the hardware parts, you can now proceed
to the circuit part.
Circuit for Piezoelectric Transducer to Battery:
1. In this project we are using 12 piezoelectric ceramic transducer. For every 3
piezoelectric ceramic transducer, connect it in a series-parallel.
2.
In every series-parallel circuit, connect a bridge diode out of it.
3. Combine and connect all the positive in each bridge diode, so as the negative.
4. Solder it carefully, cut the excess wires of the components being soldered.
Check all the components if it is all inserted and soldered to its proper places.
5. Connect and solder the positive and negative wire from the bridge diode to
470 uF capacitor, then connect and solder it in the powerbank.
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Connection for Arduino and LCD:
1. Connect the wires according to the following pins below:
In LCD connect and solder pin3 to Voo
ARDUINO
LCD

Positiv

2,15

GND

1,5,16

12

4

11

6

5

11

4

12

3

13

2

14
2. Solder it carefully, Check all the wires if it is all inserted and soldered well
to its proper places.
3. Create a new sketch in Arduino, compile and upload the source code.
4. Test your Arduino.
Combining hardware and circuit:
1. Slip the insole generator between the shoe and the insole.
2. Strap the belt on your legs.
3. Now you are ready to use it.
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3.3 Project Description
12 Piezo electric crystals are placed on a sole, all connected in series-parallel with respect
to each other, the output of the piezoelectric material is not a steady one. So the two output
terminals are connected to a bridge rectifier, with a capacitor to store the charge. The output dc
voltage is then stored in a rechargeable battery. It will then be passed through an Arduino to bring
the LCD the voltage value of the battery and the number of steps the user made.
This presents what are the features of our proposed project compared to the existing.
Microcontroller based Phone
Force activated,
Charging Generation System
piezoelectric, electricity
using Human Footstep
generation, storage,
conditioning and supply
apparatus and methods
(PROPOSED TOPIC)
Claim
(EXISTING PROJECT)
- offers a lot of benefits for users
- A method for producing
and to the nature.
electrical power,
-It is eco- friendly and one way to
Providing at least one
conserve electrical energy.
piezoelectric element
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comprising lead-magnesium-
Features
-It is a renewable energy sources.
niobate lead titanate.
- has LCD that displays the
-Rectifiers are shown to
Battery level.
rectify the output to a single
-Display and count the footstep.
Polarity
- Filtering, regulation and
other conditioning
components are also shown
Functions
- produce an alternative source of
- producing electrical power
power generation to charge
Phones. Reduction of waste
energy produced by human body.
Specification
-LCD
- piezoelectric element
-piezoelectric element
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3.4 Project Design
This section discusses and presents all of the figures and diagrams of different
electronics parts, system, and devices of what the researchers did.
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Work Flow Diagram
FOOTSTEPS
PIEZOELECTRIC
TRANSDUCER
RECTIFIER BRIDGE DIODE
LOAD
BATTERY
LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY
ARDUINO
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Data Flow Diagram
START
MECHANICAL
ENERGY
PRODUCED
( FOOTSTEPS)
MECHANICAL ENERGY
CONVERTED TO
ELECTRICAL ENERGY
( PIEZOELECTRIC
TRANSDUCER)
NO
BRIDGE RECTIFIER
DIODE
DOES THE
PHONE
CHARGE
YES
END
NO
ELECTRICAL
ENERGY STORED
TO BATTERY
DOES THE
BATTERY
CHARGE
YES
THE MICROCONTROLLER
ACTIVATES THE LCD
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THE LCD DISPLAY
THE NUMBER OF
FOOTSTEPS &
THE BATTERY
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Bridge Rectifier
Due to the vibrations, a piezoelectric crystal generates the electrical power. The
produced output voltage is in the form of AC. Then it can be converted to DC by passing
it through rectifier circuit. The converted DC voltage can be fed into Boost converter. As
shown in the figure, the bridge rectifier circuit is working in positive half cycle.
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Schematic Diagram (Bridge Diode)
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Breadboard Diagram (Piezo connected to bridge diodes)
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Schematic Diagram (Piezo connected to bridge diodes)
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Schematic of Guidizmo mini AT328
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PCB Diagram
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Breadboard Diagram (Gizduino mini AT32 and LCD)
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Schematic Diagram (Gizduino mini AT32 and LCD)
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3.5 Project Specification
3.5.1 Hardware Specification
Piezoelectric Transducer
Rated voltage: 15Vac
Current rating: 1.5mA
Body color: metal
Weight: 0.11oz
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Diode (1N4007)
Peak Repetitive Reverse Voltage: 50V
Average Rectified Forward Current: 1A
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GizDuino mini328(ATMEGA328) &
USB UART (Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter)
Power Input:
1.8V-5.5V
Clock Frequency:
8MHz (ATMEGA8L)
16MHz (ATMEGA 88,168,328
Programming Ports:
Arduino & ICSP
Board Dimension:
51L x 23W
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LCD or Liquid Crystal Display(16x2)
A screen is an electronic display module and find a wide range of applications.
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Li-Ion (Lithium Ion) Battery
Capacity: 400mAh
Voltage: 3.7V
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100k ohms Resistor
100k Ohm, 1/6th Watt
+/- 5% tolerance PTH resistors
10k ohms Resistor
10k Ohm,1/6th Watt
+/- 5% tolerance PTH resistors
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Other Hardware Specification

Sand paper

9v Battery

Rubber mat

Wires/ Connecting wires

Cutter

Push Button

Soldering Iron

Double-sided tape

Lead

Fiber plastic

Soldering paste

Pin Header

Switch

Printed Circuit Board
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3.5.2 Software Specification
Arduino is an open-source electronics platform based on easy-to-use
hardware and software. Arduino boards are able to read inputs - light on a sensor,
a finger on a button, or a Twitter message - and turn it into an output - activating a
motor, turning on an LED, publishing something online. You can tell your board
what to do by sending a set of instructions to the microcontroller on the board. To
do so you use the Arduino programming language (based on Wiring), and the
Arduino Software (IDE), based on Processing.
(https://www.arduino.cc/en/Guide/Introduction)
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Fritzing is an open-source hardware initiative that makes electronics accessible as
a creative material for anyone. We offer a software tool, a community website and services
in the spirit of Processing and Arduino, fostering a creative ecosystem that allows users to
document their prototypes, share them with others, teach electronics in a classroom, and
layout and manufacture professional pcbs. (http://fritzing.org/home/)
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3.6 Operation and Testing Procedures
First step is by proper arrangement of electrical components and equipment which
transforms the mechanical energy into electrical energy. The output of the piezoelectric
material is not a steady one. So a bridge circuit is used to convert this variable voltage into
a linear one. As the power output from a single piezo-film was extremely
low,
combination of few piezo was investigated. Two possible connections were tested the
parallel and series connections. The parallel connection did not show significant increase
in the output voltage but with the series connection, additional piezo-film results in
increased of output voltage but not in linear proportion.
So here a combination of both parallel and series connection is employed for
producing with the range of 9 – 15 volts output. The output dc voltage is then stored in a
rechargeable battery. From battery provisions are provided to connect dc load. The
output battery level and the number of steps made across the tile can be seen in a LCD.
For this purpose microcontroller mini AT328 is being used.
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3.8 Project Development Cost
The table below shows the components of the project and their prices.
Price(php) per unit
Quantity
Total
Amount(php)
Guidizmo Mini 328WP
389
1
389
USB to UART
250
1
250
Piezoelectric
15
12
180
Diode(1N4007)
1.50
16
24
Soldering paste
35.00
1
35
Solid Wires #22
5.00
4
20
Stranded Wires #22
5.00
4
20
Glue gun
85.00
1
85
Glue stick
3.00
2
6
Lead
10.00
3
30
Rubber mat(1meter)
160.00
1
160
Double sided tape
23.00
1
23
9V alkaline Battery
57.50
2
115
Pin header
16
1
16
PCB
10
2
20
Connecting wires
3.75
7
26.25
Breadboard
130
1
130
Description
Total:
1,529.25
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Gantt Chart
Start
End
Duration
(days)
Gathering information from Internet
11/5/2016
11/12/2016
7
Identifying needed equipment and tools
for the design
11/16/2016 11/18/2016
2
Bought tools and equipment
11/18/2016 1/18/2017
61
Identifying design
11/21/2016 1/21/2017
61
Testing design
11/21/2016 1/21/2017
61
Quick Design
11/21/2016 12/22/2016
31
Making prototype
1/30/2017
3/6/2017
35
Designing interface of the program
1/30/2017
2/6/2017
7
Development of the system program
1/30/2017
3/13/2017
42
Combining hardware and software
1/5/2017
3/13/2017
67
Troubleshooting
1/30/2017
3/13/2017
42
Documentation
11/5/2016
3/13/2017
128
Task Name
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CHAPTER IV
Results and Discussion
4.1 Development and Testing
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In one piezo it produces a minimum of 0.4 voltage and the following table
presents how many trial and test we’ve made, and what is our final circuit design.
No. of Trial
Design of circuit
First Trial
Parallel circuit composed
of 4 piezo
Voltage Output
9-12 volts but the voltage
didn’t stable and the
current can’t charge the
battery
Second Trial
Parallel circuit composed
of 15 piezo
9-12 volts but the voltage
didn’t stable and the
current can’t charge the
battery
Third Trial
Series circuit composed of
15 piezo
Fourth Trial
Series circuit composed of
.5-2 volts and can’t charge
the battery
No voltage produce at all
15 piezo with a bridge
diode
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Fifth Trial
Parallel circuit composed
9-12 volts but the voltage
of 12 piezo with bridge
didn’t stable and it can’t
diode
Sixth Trial
charge the battery
Parallel circuit composed
9-12 volts but the capacitor
of 12 piezo with bridge
drains the produce fast and
diode and a 470uf/25v
still can’t charge battery
capacitor
Seventh Trial
Series-Parallel circuit
composed of 12 piezo with
a bridge diode and a
470uf/25v capacitor
Eighth Trial
Series-Parallel circuit
composed of 12 piezo with
a bridge diode and a
3-6 volts and it can charge
the battery but the
capacitor drains the voltage
fast
5 volts and it can charge
the battery but the voltage
produces drain still fast
voltage regulator
Ninth Trial
Series-Parallel circuit
No voltage produces
composed of 12 piezo with
because the capacitor
a bridge diode, a voltage
drains the produce voltage
regulator and a 470uf/25v
capacitor
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Tenth Trial
Series-Parallel circuit
Every step it produces
composed of 12 Piezo,
.4volts and for every 5
every 3 piezo it is
seconds of rest it loses
connected to a bridge diode .01volts only and it can
and connected to
charge phones.
470uf/25v capacitor
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CHAPTER V
Summary of Findings, Conclusion and Recommendations
5.1 Project Evaluation
In this process, the combination of hardware and software will happen and ready to
implement. The working of microcontroller-based battery charging generation system for
mobile phones using human footsteps involves four distinct phases. First is the sensor
interface and transducing where the kinetic energy is converted into electrical energy.
Processing in this stage the generated degraded vibrating voltage will be fed to different
blocks of circuit element to get a proper output. Second is the storage phase, where the
resultant output will be stored in a rechargeable battery. Third is charging of mobile phones
and last phase is the displaying, where the voltage battery level and the number of footsteps
made will be display in a LCD.
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5.1.1 Evaluation Criteria
These are the results in voltmeter:
o Pressing By Hand = 10 volts to 20volts (2mA)
o Walking By Foot = 15 volts to 25volts (5mA)
o Running By Foot = 25 to 35 volts (11mA)
Trial #
Gender
1
Male
2
Male
3
Male
4
Female
5
Female
6
Female
Medium of
using the
project
Time
5'11ft.
Walking
5 minutes
5'11ft.
Jogging
5 minutes
5'11ft.
Running
5 minutes
5'2ft.
Walking
5 minutes
5'2ft.
Jogging
5 minutes
5'2ft.
Running
5 minutes
User's User's
Weight Height
60
kilos
60
kilos
60
kilos
60
kilos
60
kilos
60
kilos
Voltage
Produced
Ranges 5-15
volts
Ranges 15-25
volts
Ranges 25-30
volts
Ranges 7-15
volts
Ranges 18-28
volts
Ranges 28-34
volts
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5.1.2 Interpretation of Results
Results:

The output power is directly proportional to the pressure applied.

No constant output is seen unless a high frequency of stepping on it and off it is
present.

It has certain dis-advantages of heavyweights or loads.

When the area of the cells are increased the power output is also increased.
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5.2 Summary
The main purpose of this study is to convert kinetic energy created by the footsteps
to electricity and store it to a battery. This study has conducted testing on a certain students
in Baliwag Polytechnic College to determine if the device is working properly. The main
component of the project is the Piezoelectric ceramic transducer which converts the
mechanical energy from the footsteps to electrical energy. The diode bridge rectifier
rectifies the output of the ceramic piezo that allows storage to a battery. After this battery
is charged, the energy stored is used to charge mobile phones. The Arduino controls the
LCD to display the number of footsteps being done and the battery level.
The study helps promote the use of renewable energy to possibly reduce the use of
coal fuels that have bad effects in the environment. The total cost of the project design is
Php 1,529.25, prices of the materials may change depending on the availability of the
materials in the market.
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5.3 Conclusions
The microcontroller-based battery charging generation system for mobile phones
using human footsteps is an inexhaustible, pollution-free and most important it is
renewable energy device. It is not just only applied in offices, schools, and shopping malls
but also at home when human can use it for exercise. The objectives of this thesis are met
after looking at the principle of the piezoelectric. The prototype designed in this thesis can
contribute to the energy saving and meet the energy efficiency guideline. It operates
efficiently and can be used in order to save the energy consumption. As millions of people
are on the move, the significant amount of electricity can be generated to charge phones
where people walk every day. It encourages the people to join the new energy generation
and recovery of environmentally friendly. Furthermore, the people will learn and aware
about the power electronic components which are available in the market nowadays.
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5.4 Recommendations
However, the project is also open to be upgraded and to expand its usage and to be
installed in a busy area where many people are passing by for best results and higher
outputs, we recommend the following:

Embedding this device to floors will make it more ideal to the design.

It is also recommended that the Arduino and the load will be in one power
source only.

It is also recommended that a durable casing for this project be constructed.

The following components of the device may be changed according to the
preferences of the owner:
o Battery
o Casing
o Switch
o Load
o LCD
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Bibliographies

Energy Systems and Applications, 2015

Jalen William from his research entitled’ Ring! Ring!’

Wikiwordbook.info,2015-2016

Sensors (Basel). 2014 Mar)

Tom P. Hough in his research ‘Trends in Solar Energy’

John Christopher M. Hung, Misael Heino A. Rilles and Kelvin B. Monillas
entitled” Power Generation for Remote Areas Utilizing Piezoelectric
Transducers Harnessing Wind and Wave Energy” in 2011

Handley, Kevin. “Energy Harvester: Converts Low-Level Vibrations into
Usable Energy.” Ferro Solutions Corp.

Shenck, Nathan S. and Joseph A. Paradiso. Energy Scavenging with ShoeMounted Piezoelectric. MIT Media Laboratory, Responsive Environments
Group.

International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research Volume 2, Issue 5,
May-2011

[5] Generation of Electrical Power through Foot steps

K.Ramakrishna, Guruswamy Revana and Venu Madhav Gopaka International
Journal of Multidisciplinary and Current Research 20 Sept 2014, Vol.2

http://searchcio.techtarget.com/definition/Prototyping-Model
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APPENDIX A
Project Team Composition
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Team Name:
Team
Member's
Name:
Lemuel D.S
Pineda
Sharmaine D.
Zervoulakos
Justine R.
Trinidad
Tristan Jay
D.R Cruz
Team Loyalty
Project Task
E-mail Address
Contact Number
lemuelpineda.lp@gmail.com
(+63)9154800461
Documenter/
Researcher
sharmaine_z31@yahoo.com
(+63)9061430590
Hardware Analyst
kimnjustine@gmail.com
(+63)9066051208
Hardware
Designer
tristanjay10@yahoo.com
(+63)9261724379
Project Manager
Technical Adviser:
Engr. Ma. Cecilia Simbulan-Mendoza
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APPENDIX B
Relevant Source Code
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float vPow = 4.7;
float r1 = 100000;
float r2 = 10000;
#include <LiquidCrystal.h>
LiquidCrystal lcd(12, 11, 5, 4, 3, 2);
// set up a constant for the tilt switchPin
const int switchPin = 6;
int hits = 0;
// variable to hold the value of the switchPin
int switchState = 0;
// variable to hold previous value of the switchpin
int prevSwitchState = 0;
void setup() {
lcd.begin(16, 2);
lcd.setCursor(0, 1);
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Serial.begin(9600);
//
Send
ANSI
terminal
codes
Serial.print("\x1B");
Serial.print("[2J");
Serial.print("\x1B"); Serial.println("[H"); // End ANSI terminal codes
Serial.println("--------------------");
lcd.setCursor(0, 0);
Serial.print((int)(vPow / (r2 / (r1 + r2))));
Serial.println("V");
Serial.println("--------------------");
Serial.println("");
delay(2000);
//for steps!
pinMode(switchPin, INPUT);
lcd.setCursor(0, 1);
lcd.print("Start Running!");
}
void loop() {
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float v = (analogRead(0) * vPow) / 1024.0;
float v2 = v / (r2 / (r1 + r2));
// Send ANSI terminal codes Serial.print("\x1B");
// Serial.print("[1A"); // End ANSI terminal codes
lcd.setCursor(0, 0);
lcd.print("Volts! :");
0 ; Serial.println(v2);
lcd.setCursor(8, 0);
lcd.print(v2);
delay(100);
// check the status of the switch
switchState = digitalRead(switchPin);
// compare the switchState to its previous state
if (switchState != prevSwitchState) {
if (switchState == LOW) {
lcd.clear();
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hits = hits + 1;
lcd.setCursor(0, 1);
lcd.print("Steps:");
lcd.setCursor(6, 1);
lcd.print(hits);
}
}
// save the current switch state as the last state
prevSwitchState = switchState;
}
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APPENDIX B
Sample Input/ Output
Reports
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In one piezo it produces a minimum of 0.4 voltage and the following table presents how
many trial and test we’ve made, and what is our final circuit design.
No. of Trial
Design of circuit
First Trial
Parallel circuit composed
of 4 piezo
Voltage Output
9-12 volts but the voltage
didn’t stable and the
current can’t charge the
battery
Second Trial
Parallel circuit composed
of 15 piezo
9-12 volts but the voltage
didn’t stable and the
current can’t charge the
battery
Third Trial
Series circuit composed of
15 piezo
Fourth Trial
Series circuit composed of
.5-2 volts and can’t charge
the battery
No voltage produce at all
15 piezo with a bridge
diode
Fifth Trial
Parallel circuit composed
9-12 volts but the voltage
of 12 piezo with bridge
didn’t stable and it can’t
diode
charge the battery
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Sixth Trial
Parallel circuit composed
9-12 volts but the capacitor
of 12 piezo with bridge
drains the produce fast and
diode and a 470uf/25v
still can’t charge battery
capacitor
Seventh Trial
Series-Parallel circuit
composed of 12 piezo with
a bridge diode and a
470uf/25v capacitor
Eighth Trial
Series-Parallel circuit
composed of 12 piezo with
a bridge diode and a
3-6 volts and it can charge
the battery but the
capacitor drains the voltage
fast
5 volts and it can charge
the battery but the voltage
produces drain still fast
voltage regulator
Ninth Trial
Series-Parallel circuit
No voltage produces
composed of 12 piezo with
because the capacitor
a bridge diode, a voltage
drains the produce voltage
regulator and a 470uf/25v
capacitor
Tenth Trial
Series-Parallel circuit
Every step it produces
composed of 12
.4volts and for every 5
piezo,every 3 piezo it is
seconds of rest it loses
connected to a bridge diode
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and connected to
470uf/25v capacitor
.01volts only and it can
charge phones.
Project trial:
Trial #
Medium of
using the
project
Time
5'11ft.
Walking
5 minutes
5'11ft.
Jogging
5 minutes
5'11ft.
Running
5 minutes
5'2ft.
Walking
5 minutes
5'2ft.
Jogging
5 minutes
5'2ft.
Running
5 minutes
User's User's
Gender
Weight Height
1
Male
2
Male
3
Male
4
Female
5
Female
6
Female
60
kilos
60
kilos
60
kilos
60
kilos
60
kilos
60
kilos
Voltage
Produced
Ranges 5-15
volts
Ranges 15-25
volts
Ranges 25-30
volts
Ranges 7-15
volts
Ranges 18-28
volts
Ranges 28-34
volts
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APPENDIX C
Users Guide
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APPENDIX D
Other Relevant Documents
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APPENDIX E
One-page Curriculum Vitae
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