24/09/2019 Introduction to System Thinking & System Approach Introduction to Industrial & System Engineering Week 5 Odd Semester 2019/2020 Prof. Dr. Ir. Budisantoso Wirjodirdjo, M. Eng. Nurhadi Siswanto, S.T., M.S.I.E., Ph.D. SYSTEM THINKING? 1 24/09/2019 System? “System is defined as a collection or set of elements (things, entities, people) that relate to each other and work in cooperation to achieve certain goals or performance.” Donella H. Meadows, Thinking in Systems: A Primer (Chelsea Green Publishing, 2008) 11 System Identity ELEMENTS INTERRELATIONSHIP GOAL PERFORMANCE ENVIRONMENT 2 24/09/2019 Examples Social Community Digestive System Hydrology System System Integrity • Cutting a cow into two pieces does not produce two smaller cows. • Splitting one big system in two does not make it two smaller systems. In fact, they are no longer the same system. 3 24/09/2019 Do we really need system thinking? Real world problem can be seen from many perspectives Conclusions and solutions will differ based on what perspective we choose to look from, what kind of situation we perceive, and what experienced we have had in the past. System Thinking Comprehensiveness An approach to view real-world problems as a whole holistic view Mutual Interaction Multidiscplinary Behavior Anasynthesis Mindset A collection of mutual interactions between one part of another Seeing the behavior of the real world in a broad & multidisciplinary context and its implications Combination of ANALYSIS & SYNTHESIS mindset in understanding a problem 4 24/09/2019 System Complexity & Boundary What is Complexity? W.R. Ashby defined complexity as the quantity of information required to describe something. Complexity is subjective depending on the eye of the beholder brain case the most we know about something, the more complex we see it. Complexity is thus in the eye of the beholder. 5 24/09/2019 What is Complexity? System complexity is a primary function of two factors: Interdependencies between elements so that each element affects other elements. Variability in element behavior that produces uncertainty. System Boundary The separation between the system and its environment means that there is a boundary. In fact, boundary selection is the most critical aspect of systems thinking. The purpose of viewing something as a system affects what aspects should be included as part of the system and what aspects are more appropriately placed into the relevant environment; in other words, where to place the boundary of the system. 6 24/09/2019 Hierarchy In most cases, a system is a part of a larger system. This nesting of systems within systems within systems is referred to as a hierarchy of systems 7 24/09/2019 Complex System “GLOBAL Carbon Cycle Program” System Input & Output Desirable Controllable Input Observed System Output Undesirable Uncontrollable Control Management 8 24/09/2019 Unplanned & Counterintuitive Outcomes Action A will cause the desired outcome B to be realized, but in addition to B the decision also causes C, D, and E. Some of these outcomes are unintended and unpredicted. Counterintuitive what happens appeared at first glance to contradict what common sense and intuition tell us should occur. What do you want to learn? What you are studying now: Industrial Engineering SYSTEM Why? Is INDUSTRY defined as a SYSTEM ? 9 24/09/2019 Industry is a System, Why? 1 2 3 Consists of many elements/variables Let’s say in a manufacturing industry, there will be: • Man • Machinery • Raw Materials • …..... • ....... Those will function together and have interdependencies If one of machines has breakdown time and no available materials being processed, then there will be no operation in plant. Wants to achieve a certain goal, which is ... To maximize profit as much as possible Industrial System Framework 10 24/09/2019 SYSTEM APPROACH? The context within which the problem occurs. It is the sum or aggregate of all aspects that can or may affect or shape the problem or issue of concern. Problem Identification Problem situation is not a system model. A system model is a representation of all essential parts of a system 11 24/09/2019 Six Elements of a Problem The decision maker The decision maker’s objectives The associated decision criterion The performance measure The control inputs or alternative courses of action The context in which the problem occurs Example My version of going to campus Six Elements of the problem: 1. The decision maker: Rani 2. The decision maker’s objectives: To choose the best way to get campus 3. The associated decision criterion: Fast and cheap 4. The performance measure: time required and cost in rupiah 5. The control inputs or alternative courses of action: combination of route, tools/vehicles, and departure time. 6. The context in which the problem occurs: explained in the graph 12 24/09/2019 The Aids to depict a System Diagrammatic aids to depict a system: Mind maps Rich picture diagrams Cognitive maps Causal Loop Diagram Material/Information Flowchart Influence Diagram Fishbone Diagram Etc. Mind Map & Rich Picture Diagram Rich Picture Diagram Mind Maps 13 24/09/2019 Causal Loop Diagram Influence Diagram 14 24/09/2019 Material/Information Flowchart Fishbone/Spray Diagram 15 24/09/2019 THANK YOU... 16