Year 8 Geography Knowledge Organisers Autumn Term 1 Year 7 Unit 1. Geography Knowledge Organiser – Planet Earth Planet Earth – The Physical World including structure of the earth/continents/ice caps/cryosphere/Geology etc. Base of core knowledge of the planet. 1. 2. The Earth has 4 spheres, Atmosphere; the gasses that surround Earth (the air). Hydrosphere; water found on, under and over the surface of the Earth. Lithosphere; the solid earth e.g. rocks, and Biosphere; all life on Earth. The Earth consists of four concentric layers: inner core, outer core, mantle and crust. The crust is made up of tectonic plates, which are in constant motion. Earthquakes and volcanoes are most likely to occur at plate boundaries. Keywords 1. Atmosphere 2. climatology 3. Troposphere 4. topography 5. geomorphology 6. biosphere 7. pedosphere 8. hydrosphere 9. lithosphere Definition An atmosphere (from Greek ἀτμός (atmos), meaning 'vapour', and σφαῖρα (sphaira), meaning 'sphere') is a layer or a set of layers of gases surrounding a planet or other material body, that is held in place by the gravity of that body. the scientific study of climate the lowest region of the atmosphere, extending from the earth's surface to a height of about 6–10 km (the lower boundary of the stratosphere). the arrangement of the natural and artificial physical features of an area. the study of the physical features of the surface of the earth and their relation to its geological structures. the biosphere is the global ecological system integrating all living beings and their relationships, including their interaction with the elements of the lithosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere. The pedosphere (from Greek πέδον pedon "soil" or "earth" and σφαῖρα sphaira "sphere") is the outermost layer of the Earth that is composed of soil and subject to soil formation processes. It exists at the interface of the lithosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere and biosphere. The hydrosphere is the liquid water component of the Earth. It includes the oceans, seas, lakes, ponds, rivers and streams. The hydrosphere covers about 70% of the surface of the Earth and is the home for many plants and animals. the rigid outer part of the earth, consisting of the crust and upper mantle. Continent Asia Africa Oceania North America South America Antarctica Europe Ocean Atlantic Ocean Southern Ocean Indian Ocean Pacific Ocean Arctic Ocean Mediterranean Sea Adriatic Sea Planet Earth – The Physical World including structure of the earth/continents/ice caps/cryosphere/Geology etc. Base of core knowledge of the planet. Keywords 10. Palaeozoic Geological time: The Earth is thought to be 4,600 million years old. Life is believed to have become dominant on earth 542 million years ago. Chart showing the major geological periods The geological periods relate to events which have happened in the Earth's history. For example, during the carboniferous period there were tropical weather conditions in the UK and coal and limestone were formed. The most recent period in geological time is called the quaternary, when the Ice Age occurred. Rocks are formed at different times, and are a result of the environment present during that time. For example, chalk is formed in the cretaceous period, as this is when warm tropical seas were present around the shores of the UK. 11. Cambrian/ 12. Carboniferous 13. Mesozoic 14. cretaceous 15. Jurassic 16. Triassic 17. Cenozoic 18. Crust Pangaea 19. Pangaea 20. Continental Drift 21. Metamorphic Rock 22. Sedimentary Rock 23. Igneous Rock Definition The Paleozoic Era, which ran from about 542 million years ago to 251 million years ago, was a time of great change on Earth. The era began with the breakup of one supercontinent and the formation of another. Plants became widespread. And the first vertebrate animals colonized land. The Cambrian Period is the first geological time period of the Paleozoic Era (the “time of ancient life”). This period lasted about 53 million years and marked a dramatic burst of evolutionary changes in life on Earth, known as the "Cambrian Explosion." Among the animals that evolved during this period were the chordates — animals with a dorsal nerve cord; hard-bodied brachiopods, which resembled clams; and arthropods — ancestors of spiders, insects and crustaceans. During the Mesozoic, or "Middle Life" Era, life diversified rapidly and giant reptiles, dinosaurs and other monstrous beasts roamed the Earth. The period, which spans from about 252 million years ago to about 66 million years ago, was also known as the age of reptiles or the age of dinosaurs. The Cretaceous Period was the last and longest segment of the Mesozoic Era. The Jurassic Period was the second segment of the Mesozoic Era. It occurred from 199.6 to 145.5 million years ago, following the Triassic Period and preceding the Cretaceous Period. During the Jurassic Period, the supercontinent Pangaea split apart. The Triassic Period was the first period of the Mesozoic Era and occurred between 251 million and 199 million years ago. The Cenozoic Era, which began about 65 million years ago and continues into the present, is the third documented era in the history of Earth. The current locations of the continents and their modern-day inhabitants, including humans, can be traced to this period. The crust is the outermost layer of a planet. The crust of the Earth is composed of a great variety of igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary rocks. A supercontinent that existed during the late Paleozoic and early Mesozoic eras. Continental drift is the movement of the Earth's continents relative to each other. A metamorphic rock is a result of a transformation of a preexisting rock. The original rock is subjected to very high heat and pressure, which cause obvious physical and/or chemical changes. Examples of these rock types include marble, slate Sedimentary rocks are types of rock that are formed by the deposition and subsequent cementation of that material at the Earth's surface and within bodies of water. e.g. iron ore Extrusive igneous rocks cool and solidify quicker than intrusive igneous rocks. They are formed by the cooling of molten magma on the earth's surface. E.g. basalt Wave-Cut Platform Headland and Bay Formation Headlands are formed when the sea attacks a section of coast with alternating bands of hard and soft rock. The bands of soft rock, such as sand and clay, erode more quickly than those of more resistant rock, such as chalk. This leaves a section of land jutting out into the sea called a headland. The areas where the soft rock has eroded away, next to the headland, are called bays Long Shore Drift 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Weather weakens the top of the cliff. The sea attacks the base of the cliff forming a wave-cut notch. The notch increases in size causing the cliff to collapse. The backwash carries the rubble towards the sea forming a wave-cut platform. The process repeats and the cliff continues to retreat. 4 types of Erosion Hydraulic action. Air may become trapped in joints and cracks on a cliff face. When a wave breaks, the trapped air is compressed which weakens the cliff and causes erosion. Abrasion. Bits of rock and sand in waves grind down cliff surfaces like sandpaper. Attrition. Waves smash rocks and pebbles on the shore into each other, and they break and become smoother. Solution. Acids contained in sea water will dissolve some types of rock such as chalk or limestone. Dunes Waves can approach the coast at an angle because of the direction of the prevailing wind. The swash of the waves carries material up the beach at an angle. The backwash then flows back to the sea in a straight line at 90°. This movement of material is called longshore drift and occurs in a zigzag Coasts Knowledge organiser Constructive Waves They are created in calm weather and are less powerful than destructive waves. They break on the shore and deposit material, building up beaches. They have a swash that is stronger than the backwash. They have a long wavelength, and are low in height. Destructive Waves are created in storm conditions. They are created from big, strong waves when the wind is powerful and has been blowing for a long time. They occur when wave energy is high and the wave has travelled over a long fetch. They tend to erode the coast. They have a stronger backwash than swash.. Spits A spit is an extended stretch of beach material that projects out to sea and is joined to the mainland at one end. Spits are formed where the prevailing wind blows at an angle to the coastline, resulting in longshore drift. Caves, Arches, Stacks and Stumps Ice Ages Formation of a Corrie (Cirque) There have been many ice ages during the last 2.6 million years but when people talk about the Ice Age, they are often referring to the most recent glacial period, which peaked about 21,000 years ago and ended about 11,500 years ago. What causes ice ages is not completely understood. The composition of the atmosphere, changes in the position of our planet around the Sun, and changes in ocean currents are some of the important factors that control the climate Erratic's Hanging Valley Glacial System Glaciation Knowledge organiser A glacier is a system. There is a zone of accumulation where snow is added. This is normally at the start of a glacier in a highland area. As more and more snow falls, it is compacted so the bottom layers become ice. Glacial Erosion Plucking occurs when rocks and stones become frozen to the base or sides of the glacier and are plucked from the ground or rock face as the glacier moves. It leaves behind a jagged landscape. Abrasion occurs when rocks and stones become embedded in the base and sides of the glacier. These are then rubbed against the bedrock (at the bottom of the glacier) and rock faces (at the sides of the glacier) as the glacier moves. This causes the wearing away of the landscape as the glacier behaves like sandpaper. It leaves behind smooth polished surfaces which may have scratches in them called striations. Striations are carved out by angular debris embedded in the base of the glacier. Glacial Transportation Supraglacial (on top of the ice) and englacial (within the ice) sediments that slide off the melting front of a stationary glacier can form a ridge of unsorted sediments called an end moraine. The end moraine that represents the farthest advance of the glacier is a terminal moraine. Sediments transported and deposited by glacial ice are known as till. Subglacial sediment (e.g., lodgement till) is material that has been eroded from the underlying rock by the ice, and is moved by the ice. Glacial landforms Drainage basins A river basin or drainage basin is an area of land drained by a river and its tributaries. The edge of the drainage basin is known as the watershed. V- Shaped Valley As the river moves through the upper course it cuts downwards. The gradient here is steep and the river channel is narrow. Vertical erosion in this highland part of the river helps to create steepsided V-shaped valleys, interlocking spurs, rapids, waterfalls and gorges Erosion Deposition Erosion involves the wearing away of rock and soil found along the river bed and banks. Erosion also involves the breaking down of the rock particles being carried downstream by the river. When a river loses energy, it will drop or deposit some of the material it is carrying. Deposition may take place when a river enters an area of shallow water or when the volume of water decreases - for example, after a flood or during times of drought. 4 types of Erosion Hydraulic action - the force of the river against the banks can cause air to be trapped in cracks and crevices. The pressure weakens the banks and gradually wears it away. Abrasion - rocks carried along by the river wear down the river bed and banks. Attrition - rocks being carried by the river smash together and break into smaller, smoother and rounder particles. Solution - soluble particles are dissolved into the river. The hydrological cycle Describes the continuous movement of water on, above and below the surface of the Earth. Meander formation Rivers Knowledge organiser Bradshaw Model Hjulström curve Formation of fold mountains The cool nights and hot days always cause things to expand and contract. That movement can cause rocks to crack and break apart. Roots and plants also push into the rocks and break them apart. They act like wedges and push the rocks apart. Little animals also help by burrowing and digging through the ground. Biological Freeze-thaw weathering occurs when the water inside of rocks freezes and expands. That expansion cracks the rocks from the inside and eventually breaks them apart. The freeze-thaw cycle happens over and over again and the break finally happens. Biological weathering would include the effect of animals and plants on the landscape. This is more than roots digging in and wedging rocks. There are things called lichens (combinations of fungi and algae) which live on rocks. Lichens slowly eat away at the surface of rocks. The amount of biological activity that breaks down minerals depends on how much life is in that area. Chemical Mechanical Weathering Reactions such as oxidation, hydrolysis, and acidification can happen when all of the elements are together. Oxidation makes rocks softer. Hydrolysis usually causes rocks to expand and then mechanical weathering can begin. These chemical reactions are happening all of the time. When you see rocks next to each other that are different colors (often shades of red) then you know chemical reactions have taken place. 1.Where an area of sea separates two plates, sediments settle on the sea floor in depressions called geosynclines. These sediments gradually become compressed into sedimentary rock. 2.When the two plates move towards each other again, the layers of sedimentary rock on the sea floor become crumpled and folded. 3.Eventually the sedimentary rock appears above sea level as a range of fold mountains. Where the rocks are folded upwards, they are called anticlines. Where the rocks are folded downwards, they are called synclines. Severely folded and faulted rocks are called nappes. Mountains Knowledge organiser Mass Movements Rockfall is the rapid, free-fall of rock from a steep cliff face. Rock fragments fall from the face of the cliff because of the action of gravity. This is made worse by freeze-thaw action loosening the rock. Bare, well-jointed rock is very vulnerable to rockfall - water enters the joint, freezes and expands, cracking the rock. A scree slope of fallen rock is formed at the bottom of the cliff.. Soil creep is a very slow movement, occurring on very gentle slopes because of the way soil particles repeatedly expand and contract in wet and dry periods. When wet, soil particles increase in size and weight, and expand at right angles. When the soil dries out, it contracts vertically. As a result, the soil slowly moves downslope. Landslips or land slumps are occasional, rapid movements of a mass of earth or rock sliding along a concave plane. They can occur after periods of heavy rain, when the water saturates overlying rock, making it heavy and liable to slide. Undercutting of a steep slope by river or sea erosion weakens the rock above, also making a slump likely. Mudflow occurs on steep slopes over 10°. It's a rapid sudden movement which occurs after periods of heavy rain. When there is not enough vegetation to hold the soil in place, saturated soil flows over impermeable sub soil, causing great devastation and endangering lives. How high is a mountain? The recognized threshold for when a hill becomes a mountain is 609.6m (2,000ft) Rivers Hydraulic action Mountains the force of the river against the banks can cause air to be trapped in cracks and crevices. The pressure weakens the banks and gradually wears it away. Abrasion rocks carried along by the river wear down the river bed and banks. Attrition rocks being carried by the river smash together and break into smaller, smoother and rounder particles. Solution soluble particles are dissolved into the river. Erosion Erosion involves the wearing away of rock and soil found along the river bed and banks. Deposition When a river loses energy, it will drop or deposit some of the material it is carrying. Drainage Basin A river basin or drainage basin is an area of land drained by a river and its tributaries. Glaciation is the rapid, free-fall of rock from a steep cliff face. Landslips or land slumps are occasional, rapid movements of a mass of earth or rock sliding along a concave plane. Soil creep is a very slow movement, occurring on very gentle slopes because the soil particles repeatedly expand and contract. Mudflow occurs on steep slopes over 10°. It's a rapid sudden movement which occurs after periods of heavy rain. Mechanical The cool nights and hot days always cause rocks to expand weathering and contract. Rocks to crack and break apart. Freeze-thaw occurs when the water inside of rocks freezes and expands. That expansion cracks the rocks and breaks them would include the effect of animals and plants on the Biological weathering landscape. More than roots digging in and wedging rocks. Chemical 1. the erosion or disintegration of rocks, building materials, weathering etc., caused by chemical reaction. Coasts Plucking Occurs when rocks and stones become frozen to the base or sides of the glacier and are plucked from the ground or rock face. Abrasion Occurs when rocks and stones become embedded in the base and sides of the glacier and are then rubbed against the bottom. Striations smooth polished surfaces which may have scratches in them. Striations are carved out by angular debris embedded in the base of the glacier. Supraglacial Sediment on top of the ice. englacial Rockfall Sediments within the ice. end moraine A ridge formed of unsorted sediments that slide off the melting front of a stationary glacier. terminal moraine The end moraine that represents the farthest advance of the glacier till Sediments transported and deposited by glacial ice Hydraulic action. Attrition. Abrasion. Solution. Constructive Waves Destructive waves Longshore Drift Spit Air may become trapped in joints and cracks on a cliff face. Trapped air is compressed and causes erosion. Waves smash rocks and pebbles on the shore into each other, and they break and become smoother. Bits of rock and sand in waves grind down cliff surfaces like sandpaper. Acids contained in sea water will dissolve some types of rock such as chalk or limestone. They have a swash that is stronger than the backwash. They have a long wave length and are low in height. They tend to erode the coast. They have a stronger backwash than swash. the movement of material along a coast by waves in a zig zag pattern. an extended stretch of beach material that projects out to sea and is joined to the mainland at one end. Knowledge Organiser KS3 Year 7- Weather & Climate Key terms 1. Meteorology 1. The study of the weather. 2. Precipitation 2. Water in any form falls to earth (rain, snow, sleet and hail). 3. Microclimate 3. The climate of a small area. 4. Convectional Rainfall 5. Frontal rainfall 6. Anticyclone 7. Depression 8. Relief rainfall 9. Hurricane 10. Monsoons 4. Rain that is produced when air rises after being warmed by a ground. 5. When warm air has to rise over cold air in a depression. 6. A weather system with high pressure at its centre. 7. A weather system with low pressure at its centre. 8. Rain caused by air being forced to rise over hills and mountains. 9. A violent wind that has a circular movement, especially in the West Atlantic Ocean 10. A seasonal shift in the prevailing wind direction, that usually brings with it a different kind of weather. Websites https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/ http://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/ks3/geography Extended Learning Opportunity Compare the UK with another country. Think about why different Biomes occur and why they are where they are in the world. Why is there a need to measure weather? Who does it help? Key questions 1. What is Climate? 2. What is Weather? 3. What is the link between Weather and Climate? 4. Does Extreme Weather happen in the UK? 5. What are Weather Hazards? 6. How is Weather measured? 7. How did Hurricane Katrina cause so much damage? Weather is the state of the atmosphere around us. It can change from hour to hour. An example of the weather are rain in the morning and sunshine in the afternoon. Climate is the average weather in a place, over a long period of time. Climate is a measure of the average rainfall and temperature. Examples would be a desert climate, a tropical climate and a temperate climate (such as the UK). Reasons for temperature differences across Britain. 1. Wind direction – This is where the air comes from; a North wind will be colder, a West wind will be wetter. 2. Ocean currents - In winter a warm ocean current coming across the Atlantic from the Caribbean, called the North Atlantic Drift, warms west of the UK. 3. Latitude – The further north or south from the equator, the cooler the temperatures will be because of the decreased intensity of the sun’s rays. Therefore the north of the UK is cooler than the south. 4. Altitude – The height above sea level will affect temperatures due to the lower air pressure and fewer air molecules. Temperatures decrease by about 1 ͦ C for every 100m in height. Measuring and Recording the Weather Weather Type Measured in… 1 2 3 4 5 Temperature Precipitation Air Pressure Wind Speed Wind Direction Instrument used A thermometer A rain gauge A barometer An anemometer A wind vane 6 Cloud Cover Eyes Oktas (sixteenths) 7 Hurricane A rain gauge A barometer An anemometer Saffir-Simpson Scale ͦC Mm or cm mb Mph Compass directions Key terms Knowledge Organiser KS3 Year 7- Climate ChangeKey questions 1. What Was Hurricane Katrina? Tropical Storms 2. What types of Climate are there? 3. What is meteorology? 4. What is the water cycle? 5. Is Climate change just happening now? 6. Can we prevent Climate Change? 7. What is Global Atmospheric Circulation? Websites http://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/ks3/geography Extended Learning Opportunity Climate is the average weather in a place, over a long period of time. Climate is a measure of the average rainfall and temperature. Examples would be a desert climate, a tropical climate and a temperate climate (such as the UK). Climate Change Microclimate A microclimate is when the climate in a small area is different from the general surroundings. Factors affecting microclimates: 1. Physical feature - Trees provide shade, water, such as a lake, have cooling effect. 2. Buildings - Buildings give off heat, temperatures around buildings will be higher, buildings change wind speeds and the wind direction. 3. Shelter - Trees, hedges, walls, buildings and hills provide shelter from the wind. 4. Surface - The colour of the ground surface affects warming; dark surfaces such as tarmac will become warmer. Aspect - The direction in which a place is facing. In Britain South-facing places are usually warmer. Hurricane Katrina- A Case Study Hurricane Katrina was a devastating storm that hit the area around New Orleans, USA, on 25 August 2005. It had social, economic and environmental impacts: What is an ecosystem? Example of a Food Web 1. An ecosystem is a natural system made up of plants, animals and the environment. 2. They contain Abiotic and Biotic components 3. Abiotic – Non-Living e.g. climate, water temperature, soil and light 4. Biotic – Living – plants, mammals, fish, fungi Ecosystems can be identified at different scales: - A local small-scale ecosystem can be a pond, hedgerow or woodland. - A global-scale ecosystem can be a tropical rainforest or deciduous woodland. These global ecosystems are called biomes. Impacts of change on an ecosystem 1. Natural changes - Climate change, weather events e.g. drought, - Droughts can be devastating to ponds and lakes - They could dry up in places. Plants will dry out and die.Fish, starved of oxygen, might not survive. 2. Human changes Global ecosystems-map - Agricultural fertiliser, draining of ponds, deforestation, water pollution - Avington Park – restoration, 2014 desilting and redefining lake, creating new waterside habitats The distribution of global ecosystems Large-scale scale ecosystems are known as global ecosystems or biomes. Global ecosystems form broad belts across the world from west to east. This is because the climate and the characteristics of ecosystems are deremined by global atmospheric circluation. Variations in these east to west belts of vegetation are due to factors such as: - Ocean currents,winds and the distribution of land and sea Global ecosystems 1. Tropical rainforest- found near the Equator. The climate is hot and humid and many different species can be found here. 2. Desert-found near the Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn. Conditions here are very hot and dry. Plants and animals are specially adapted to survive in the harsh conditions. 3. Polar- Arctic and Antarctic, north and south pole, very low temperature and dry conditions. Temperature can fall below -50°C. 4. Decidious and coniferous forests- roughly 50-60° north of the Equator. Decidious trees shed their leaves in winter. Coinferous trees are cone-bearing evergreens. The UK’s natural vegetation is decidious forest. 5. Temperate grassland- found in Hungary, South Africa, Argentina and the USA. Consists of grass and trees that thrive in a temperate continental climate of moderate rainfall and mild conditions. 6. Meditrranean-roughly 40-45° north of the Equator, Hot, sunny and dry summers with mild winters. Other part of the world have similar climate, California (USA), South Africa and part of Austarlia 7. Tropical grassland (savanna)- between 15-30° north and south of the Equator, wet and dry seasons. Often with wild fires and and violent thunderstorms. 8. Tundra- found near the North and South poles. Very few plants and animals can survive here. A fresh water pond ecosystem Where are tropical rainforest found? Central and South America South East Asia - Central Africa - Northern Australia What is the climate like? 1. Temperature- is high and constant throughout year. The powerful Sun is overhead for most of the time. 2. The rainfall-is high. The global atmospheric circulation causes an area of low pressure to form at the Equator. The rising air creates clouds and triggers heavy rain. 3. Rainfall varies throughout the yeara distinct wet season lasting about 6 months, when the equatorial low pressure area is directly overhead. What animals are there? Only a small percentage of the animals live on the forest floor. Many live in the trees. It is thought that in the Amazon rainforest there are over 2,000 species of birds and 1,500 species of fish. There is also thought to be 50,000 kinds of insects in a single square mile. What are the soils like? Infertile soils Most nutrients are found at the surface, where dead leaves decompose rapidly in the hot and humid conditions. Many trees and plants have shallow roots to absorb these nutrients. Fungi growing on the roots transfer nutrients straight from the air. Heavy rainfall can quickly dissolve and carry away nutrients. This is called leaching. It leaves behind an infertile red, iron-rich soil called latosol. How have plants adapted to rainforests? Many leaves have flexible bases so that they can turn to face the Sun Many leaves have a “drip tips” to allow the heavy rain to drip off the leaf Lianas- woody creepers rooted to the ground but carried by the trees into the canopy where they have their leaves and flowers Thin, smooth bark on trees to allow water to flow down easily Buttresses-massive ridges help support the base of the tall trees and help transport water. Vocabulary- Ecosystems Abiotic Relating to non-living things. Biotic Relating to living things. Consumer Creature that eats animals and/or plant matter. Decomposer An organism such as a bacterium or fungus, that breaks down dead tissue, which is then recycled to the environment. Ecosystem A community of plants and animals that interact with each other and their physical environment. Food chain The connections between different organisms (plants and animals) that rely on one another as their source of food. Causes of deforestation in Malaysia - Malaysia is a country in South East Asia - It is made up of Peninsular Malaysia and East Malaysia, which is part of the island of Borneo. - The natural vegetation in Malaysia is tropical rainforest. - 67 per cent of Malaysia is covered by rainforest Food web A complex hierarchy of plants and animals relying on each other for food. Nutrient cycling A set of processes whereby organisms extract minerals necessary for growth from soil or water, before passing them on through the food chain - and ultimately back to the soil and water. Global ecosystem Very large ecological areas on the earth’s surface (or biomes), with fauna and flora (animals and plants) adapting to their environment. Examples include tropical rainforest and hot desert. Producer An organism or plant that is able to absorb energy from the sun through photosynthesis. Deforestation is the cutting down of trees, often on a very large scale. - The timber is a highly valued export - The rate of deforestation in Malaysia is increasing faster than in any tropical country in the world. What are the threats to Malaysia’s rainforests? 1. Logging - Malaysia became the world’s largest exporter of tropical wood in the 1980s. - Clear felling was very common and this led to the total destruction of forest habitats. 2. Road building - Road are constructed to provide access to mining area, new settlements and energy projects - Logging requires road construction to bring in 3. Energy development - In 2011, the controversial Bakun Dam started to generate electricity - The dam supplies energy for industrialised Peninsular Malaysia 4. Mineral extraction - Mining (mainly tin and smelting) is common here - Rainforest has been cleared for mining and road construction - Drilling for oil and gas has recently started on Borneo - Clear felling has largely been replaced by selective logging, where only fullygrown trees are cut down. 5. Population pressure - In the past, poor urban people were encouraged by the government to move into the countryside from the rapidly growing cities - This is called transmigration - Hectares of rainforest was felled for settlers, many then set up plantations 1. Soil erosion - Soil takes thousands of years to form - Removal of soil by wind and rain is called soil erosion - The roots of trees and plants bind the soil together - Deforestation means that soil can easily become loose and erode away machinery and take away the timber - The dam’s reservoir flooded over 700km² of forests and farmland 6. Commercial farming - Malaysia is the largest exporter of palm oil in the world - During 1970s, large areas of land were converted to palm oil plantations 7. Subsistence farming - Tribal people living in the rainforest practise subsistence farming - One method of clearing land is “slash and burn.” This involves the use of fire to clear land. The burning creates valuable nutrients that help plants grow. These fires can grow out of control, destroying large areas of forest Impacts of deforestation in Malaysia 2. Loss of biodiversity - Biodiversity is a measure of the variety of plants and animals in a particular ecosystem - Deforestation destroys the ecosystem and the many habitats that exist on the ground and in the trees - This reduces the biodiversity 3. Contribution to climate change - Deforestation can have an impact on local and global climates - During photosynthesis, trees absorb CO₂ and emit oxygen - By absorbing CO₂ trees store the carbon (the greenhouse gas that is partly responsible for global warming) and help to reduce the rate of global warming 4. Economic development - Gains (mining and farming creates jobs, hydro-electric power is cheap, improved infrastructure, companies pay taxes which lead to improved education or water supply) - Losses ( pollution of water, , fires, plants used for medicines become extinct, climate change, decreasing number of tourists Why should tropical rainforests be protected? 1. Biodiversity - Tropical rainforests contain half of all the plants and animals in the world 2. Climate change - Rainforests absorb and store carbon dioxide, a gas that is partly responsible for climate change 3. Climate - Known as the “lungs of the world”,28 per cent of the world’s oxygen comes from the rainforests 4. Medicine - Around 25 per cent of all medicines come from rainforest plants - More than 2000 tropical forest plants have anti-cancer properties - Some plants may become extinct before they have been discovered 5. Resources - Tropical rainforests trees provide valuable hardwoods as well as nuts, fruit and rubber - 6. Water - Rainforests are important sources of clear water - 20 per cent of the world’s water comes from the Amazon Basin They prevent the climate from becoming too hot and dry 7. People - Indigenous tribes live in harmony in the world’s rainforests making use of the forest’s resources without causing any long-term harm How can rainforests be managed sustainabily? 1. Selective logging and replanting - The most damaging form of deforestation is clear felling, this completely destroys ecosystem - More sustainable approach to logging involves selective logging 2. Conservation and education - Rainforests can be preserved in conservation areas, such as national parks or nature reserve - These areas can be used for education, scientific research and tourism 3. Ecotourism - Ecotourism aims to introduce people to the natural world, to benefit local communities and protect the environment for the future - Tourists generate income 4. International agreements - Rainforests are now understood to be of global importance - International agreements have been made to help protect rainforests 5. Hardwood forestry - The Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) tries to educate manufacturers and consumers about the need to buy sustainable hardwood Vocabulary- Tropical Rainforests 6. Debt reduction - Some donor countries have reduced debts in return for agreement that rainforests will not be deforested (“debt-for-nature swapping”) Biodiversity The variety of life in the world or a particular habitat. Commercial farming Farming to sell produce for a profit to retailers or food processing companies. Debt reduction Countries are relieved of some of their debt in return for protecting their rainforests. Deforestation The chopping down and removal of trees to clear an area of forest. Ecotourism Responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the environment, sustains the wellbeing of the local people, and may involve education. It is usually carried out in small groups and has minimal impact on the local ecosystem. Logging The business of cutting down trees and transporting the logs to sawmills. Mineral extraction The removal of solid mineral resources from the earth. These resources include ores, which contain commercially valuable amounts of metals, such as iron and aluminium; precious stones, such as diamonds; building stones, such as granite; and solid fuels, such as coal and oil shale. Selective logging The cutting out of trees which are mature or inferior, to encourage the growth of the remaining trees in a forest or wood. Soil erosion Removal of topsoil faster than it can be replaced, due to natural (water and wind action), animal, and human activity. Topsoil is the top layer of soil and is the most fertile because it contains the most organic, nutrient-rich materials. Subsistence farming A type of agriculture producing food and materials for the benefit only of the farmer and his family. Sustainability Actions and forms of progress that meet the needs of the present without reducing the ability of future generations to meet their needs. What are hot deserts like? A desert is an area that receives less than 250mm of rainfall per year. This resulting dryness or aridity is the main factor controlling life in a desert Where are hot deserts found? Deserts are mostly found in dry continental interiors away from coasts, in a belt approximately 30ºN and 30ºS There are some coastal desert like Atacama Desert in South America What plants and animals are found in a hot desert? Hot deserts are home to a surprisingly diversity of plants, animals and birds Plants tend to have very thin leaves or spines to refuse water loss Some plants have very long roots to reach deep underground water How have plants and animals adapted? Many rodents are nocturnal, surviving the extremely hot temperatures by living in burrows underground and only venturing out during the cooler nights Snakes and lizards retain water by having waterproof skin and producing only tiny amounts of urine Cactus A) store water in their roots, stems, leaves or fruit (succulent), B) Small leaves, spines, glossy and waxy leaves all help reduce water loss C) Some have long taproots (7-10metres long) to reach groundwater D) Seeds can stay dormant for years, but can germinate quickly when it rains What is the climate like? There are three factors which form desert areas: 1. the presence of high pressure, creating cloud-free conditions 2. cold ocean currents 3. mountain ranges to create rain shadows Opportunities for development in hot deserts Where is Thar Desert? The Thar desert is one of the major hot deserts of the world It is the most densely populated desert in the world Mineral extraction The desert region has valuable reserves of minerals Gypsum for making plaster for construction and cement Feldspar used to make ceramics Phospherite used for making fertilisers Tourism Thar Desert has become a popular tourist destination Desert safaris on camel have become very popular with foreigners An annual Desert Festival held reach winter is very popular - It stretches across north-south India into Pakistan - The Thar desert is slightly smaller than the whole of the UK Energy The Thar Desert is a rich energy source Coal Oil Wind- renewable form of energy Solar- ideal conditions for solar power generation Farming Most of the people are involved in subsistence farming They graze animals on the grassy areas and cultivate vegetables and fruit tree Commercial farming has been made possible by irrigation (the - Limestone Marble - Local people benefit by providing food and accommodation They also act as guides or rearing and looking after the camels - Indira Ghandi Canal constructed in 1958) Wheat and cotton now thrive Challenges of development in hot deserts Water supply Accessibility As the population has grown and farming and Due to extreme weather and the presence of industry have developed, demand for water vast barren areas there is a limited road has increased network What are the water sources The high temperatures can cause the tarmac 1. Traditionally, drinking water for people and to melt and the strong winds often blow sand animals is stored in ponds (natural and over the roads manmade) Many places are accessible only by a camel 2. There are few rivers and streams that flow Public transport often involves seriously through the desert, these are intermittent and overladen busses flow only after rainfall. Most settlements are found alongside rivers 3. Some water can be obtained from underground sources (aquifers) using wells but this water is salty and not very good quality The Indira Ghandi Canal – the main form of irrigation in the canal. This source of fresh water has transformed an extensive area of the desert and has revolutionised farming. 1. Constructed in 1958 the canal has a total length of 650km 2. Commercial farming, growing crops such as wheat and cotton, now flourishes 3. The canal provides drinking water to many people in the desert Causes of deforestation in hot desert What is desertification? What causes desertification? Desertification happens where land is gradually turned into a desert, usually Desertification can be caused by natural events, such as on the edges of an existing desert droughts, as well as poor land management This can occur when land is overgrazed by livestock or stripped of vegetation The areas close to deserts are ecologically very fragile by people collecting firewood Slight changes in temperature and rainfall associated with Once exposed to the weather, it will crack and break up. It will then be eroded climate change can have serious impacts by wind and water This makes these semi-deserts areas even more prone to Desertification affects rich countries as well as poorer one (Sahara desert) overgrazing or over-cultivation It is a significant problem in parts of the USA, Europe (especially Spain) and Australia Extreme temperatures The Thar desert suffers from extremely high temperatures, sometimes exceeding 50º C in the summer Working outside can be very hard for farmers High rates of evaporation lead to water shortages Plants and animals have to adapt to survive in the extreme heat Some animals are nocturnal , hibernating in the cooler ground during day time Livestock, such as cattle and goats, need shade to protect them from the intense sun 1. In some regions, such as the Sahel on the southern fringes of the Sahara desert, climate change is resulting in drier conditions and 2. Soil erosion is often linked to desertification. When vegetation has been destroyed the soil is exposed to the wind and the rain making it vulnerable to erosion 3. Population pressure can result in land close to existing deserts being overgrazed. This means that there are too many animals to be supported unreliable rainfall. On average it now rains less than it did 50 years ago 4. Over-cultivation resulting from the need to produce more food can lead to the soil becoming exhausted. It will turn to dust and become infertile. - - by the limited vegetation. When the vegetation has been destroyed the land will turn to desert. 5. Population growth is also increasing the demand for fuelwood. Trees are stripped of their branches and eventually die. Reducing desertification in hot desert Land at risk of deforestation needs to be managed sustainably so that people can live and prosper without damaging the environment 1. Water and soil management 2. National parks Commercial farming in hot deserts often involves irrigation. Water from underground In some parts of the world, hot desert areas at risk of sources or from rivers and canals can be sprayed onto crops or used to flood fields desertification have been protected by making them into national parks Too much irrigation can cause problems leading to a process called salinisation. The high rate of evaporation in hot deserts leads to a build-up of salts on the The Desert National Park in the Thar Desert, India was surface. This reduces soil fertility and kills plants created in 1992 In Australia local farmers are encouraged to use the following methods to prevent The Zion National Park was established in 1919 to protect soil erosion a desert canyon near Las Vegas a) Ponding banks- areas of land enclosed by low walls to store water b) Contour traps- embankments built along the contours of slopes to prevent soil from being washed down during heavy rainfall 3. Tree planting 4. Appropriate technology Tree planting is an important way of reducing erosion Many people living on the edges of deserts are poor Tree roots bind the soil together and the leaves and Appropriate technology involves using methods and materials that are appropriate to branches provide shade, grazing for animals and fuelwood their level of development, they may not have access to expensive machinery Sustainable approaches have to be practical and appropriate Vocabulary- hot deserts Appropriate technology (Also called Intermediate technology): Technology that is suited to the needs, skills, knowledge and wealth of local people in the environment in which they live. It usually combines simple ideas with cheap and readily available materials, especially for use in poorer countries, and is environmentally friendly. Biodiversity: The variety of life in the world or a particular habitat. Desertification: The process by which land becomes drier and degraded, as a result of climate change or human activities, or both. Hot desert Parts of the world that have high average temperatures and very low precipitation. Irrigation: Artificial application of water to land or soil. Mineral extraction: The removal of solid mineral resources from the earth. These resources include ores, which contain commercially valuable amounts of metals, such as iron and aluminium; precious stones, such as diamonds; building stones, such as granite; and solid fuels, such as coal and oil shale. Over-cultivation: Exhausting the soil by over-cropping the land. Overgrazing: Grazing too many livestock for too long on the land, so it is unable to recover its vegetation. Salinisation: occurs when the water in soils evaporates in high temperatures, drawing salts from the soil to the surface. These salts are toxic to many plants and make the land unusable. This has consequences such as low yields, poor profits and even starvation. Irrigation of land - when water is brought to land that is naturally dry - can cause salinisation on desert margins. What are cold environments? Cold environments experience temperatures that are at or below zero degrees Celcius for long periods of time. Examples of cold environments 1. Antarctica 2. Greenland 3. Canada 4. Northern Alaska 5. Parts of Iceland 6. Norwegian islands- Svalbard Characteristics of cold environments Polar Tundra 1. Climate 1. Climate - Winter temperatures often fall - The climate is less extreme, below -50° C winter temperature may drop - These areas have low to -20° C precipitation (snow) totals - The brief summers can be 2. Soils quite warm - Permanently covered by ice so - Amounts of precipitation soils are permanently frozen (mainly snow) can be high in 3. Plants coastal regions 2. Soils - Some plants such as mosses and lichens are found on the - Soils are frozen (permafrost) fringes of the ice but in summer will melt closer 4. Animals to surface - Polar bears are well adapted - Soils are generally infertile. (to retain heat they have thick Water draining through soils fur, an insulating layer of fat removes nutrients. 3. Plants and foot pads to absorb sunshine) - Low-growing flowering plants - In the Antarctic, penguins lay such as Arctic moss. their eggs on land and bring up - Low bushes and small trees their young before returning to may grow in warmer regions 4. Animals the ocean. - More animals live here such as Arctic fox and Arctic hare How does vegetation adapt to cold environments? Few plants, if any, are found in polar region, but a wide variety of plants live in tundra environments. The plants evolved a number of special adaptations: - Flowering and seed formation happens in a short time, so reproduction take place during the short summers - Plant are low-growing and cushion-like to protect and insulate them from the strong dry winds - Hairy stems help to keep plants warm - Thin and waxy leaves reduce water loss Opportunities for development in Svalbard 1. Mineral Extraction - Svalbard has rich reserves of coal (main economic activity) 2. Tourism - Many people seek to explore extreme natural environments 3. Energy - The most likely future source is geothermal energy, tapping into the heat of the earth and using it to generate electricity 4. Fishing - The cold water of Barents Sea south of Svalbard are one of the richest fishing grounds in the world Challenges for development in Svalbard 1. Extreme Temperatures - Winter temperatures can fall below -30° C. - Such extreme temperatures make it dangerous to work outside, with a serious risk of frostbite. 2. Construction - There are many forms of constructions (building houses, shops, constructing roads, harbours and mining operations to extract coal) - Most construction work is carried out during the brief summers (limited light during the winter) 3. Services - Include water, electricity and sanitation - Overground heated water - and sewage pipes (the need to be kept off the ground to prevent them causing any possible thawing of the permafrost and allow easy maintenance) 4. Accessibility - Svalbard is located in a remote part of Europe and can only be reached by plane or ship. - Most people use snowmobiles. Vocabulary Cold environments Biodiversity The variety of life in the world or a particular habitat. Fragile environment An environment that is both easily disturbed and difficult to restore if disturbed Plant communities in fragile areas have evolved in highly specialised ways to deal with challenging conditions. As a result, they cannot tolerate environmental changes. Infrastructure The basic equipment and structures (such as roads, utilities, water supply and sewage) that are needed for a country or region to function properly. Mineral extraction The removal of solid mineral resources from the earth. These resources include ores, which contain commercially valuable amounts of metals, such as iron and aluminium; precious stones, such as diamonds; building stones, such as granite; and solid fuels, such as coal and oil shale. Permafrost Permanently frozen ground, found in polar and tundra regions. Polar The regions of Earth surrounding the North and South Poles. These regions are dominated by Earth's polar ice caps, the northern resting on the Arctic Ocean and the southern on the continent of Antarctica. Tundra The flat, treeless Arctic regions of Europe, Asia and North America, where the ground is permanently frozen. Lichen, moss, grasses and dwarf shrubs can grow here. Wilderness area A natural environment that has not been significantly modified by human activity. Wilderness areas are the most intact, undisturbed areas left on Earth –places that humans do not control and have not developed. Sustainable development Development that meets the needs of the present without limiting the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Cold environments under threat 1. Why are cold environments fragile? - Cold environments are extremely fragile and the can be easily damaged by human activities. - Tundra is a fragile environment and can take a very long time to recover from any damage that is done by human activity. Managing cold environments 1. How can the risk to cold environments be reduced? - Cold environments offer many opportunities for economic development. To ensure they don’t suffer any long-term damage, they need to be managed sustainably. This can be done through: a) Use of technology - In 1969 oil was discovered on the north coast of Alaska. Winter sea ice in the Arctic Ocean prevented oil being transported by tanker - In 1974 the trans-Alaskan pipeline was opened - Technology has been used to reduce its impact on the environment 2. Off-road vehicle damage in Alaska - Off -road vehicle driving is a popular tourist activity in the Alaskan wilderness (hunting for animals, fishing) - It will take many years-possibly decades- for land to recover from damage b) Role of governments The United States government has been involved in the protection of Alaska since oil was discovered in many different ways: - The National Environmental Policy Act- companies to protect the natural environment and recognise the rights of native people - The Western Arctic Reserve- a 9 million-hectare protected wilderness, home to many animals. Drilling for oil is kept away from sensitive areas. - The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration- oversees sustainable fisheries and protect marine habitats c) International agreements - In 1959 the Antarctic Treaty was signed by countries with territorial claims to Antarctica - The Treaty recognises the importance of the continent for scientific research, particularly into climate change and controls tourism 3. How can cold environments be harmed by economic development? - Cold environments have rich reserves of oil, gas and other precious minerals such as gold - Countries are keen to exploit their resources for the economic benefits - Road and houses for the workers have to be constructed across the tundra and through forests 4. Why do cold environments need to be protected? - Many indigenous people live a traditional life here - Cold environments are home to many birds, animals and plants - Unpolluted and unspoilt, cold environments are important outdoor laboratories for scientific research - The beauty and potential for adventure activities attracts tourists - They provide opportunities for forestry and fishing d) Conservation groups - The World Wildlife Fund is a conservation group that helps to protect Arctic environments in Canada. - The WWF works with local communities to manage critical ecosystems, supports scientific research to help protect important species and works with oil companies and government regulators to plan for sustainable future for the Arctic Knowledge Organiser KS3 Year 7 POPULATION Key terms Birth Rate Number of births per thousand Death Rate Number of deaths per thousand Aging When the population as a population whole is becoming older Life expectancy The average number of years expected before death Dependency Those in the country too young load or old to work Population The structure of population pyramid within a country/community Demographic A model used to indicate the transition relative condition of a country model based on wealth Infant mortality The percentage of population likely to die under one year old. Natural The difference between birth increase and death rate. Websites https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cx7KFyasW6A Extended Learning Opportunity Compare the UK with another European country – how do we compare on coping with the elderly population? How has China’s population policy changed over the past 20 years? Compare one More Economically Developed Country with one Less Economically Developed Country. What do you notice about the structure of the population? Key questions 8. Where and why are people distributed? 9. How is the human population changing? 10. Jamaica: How do we describe the structure of populations? 11. Rio de Janeiro: Is population growth sustainable? – natural barriers 12. Mumbai: Is population growth sustainable? - policies 13. UK: How is the UK population changing? 14. UK: How do we cope with an ageing population? Growth in human population over time Case Studies High Income Country (HIC) UK: Newly Emerging Economy (NEE) Jamaica Brazil India Knowledge Organiser KS3 Year 7 Summer 1 - Migration Key terms Push factors Reasons for leaving a place Pull factors Reasons for going to a place Migration Movement of people to a permanent home for a minimum of 1 year National Relating to a country International Relating to many countries Host country The place you have go to Origin country The place you have come from Immigrant Moving INTO the country Emigrant Moving OUT of the country Economic migrant The main reason to leave is to become more financially stable Refugee Moving to a place of safety from chaos Rural-urban Moving from villages/towns to cities migration Websites www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/ https://migrationdiaries.com/ http://www.migrationyorkshire.org.uk/?page=aboutus https://londonist.com/2015/09/what-s-the-effect-of-immigrationon-london Extended Learning Opportunity Migration impacts on both the place left behind, and on the place where migrants settle. It also has a major impact on those who migrate, this isn’t always good. Check with your family about people who have migrated? Do you know why they left their area/country and decided to move? Choose a story from migration diaries. Why did the person migrate? How long did they travel for? What did they experience as they travelled? What would you do if you were unable to find work of your choice in your local area? Why would choose this? Key questions 15. Why do people choose to migrate? 16. What impact can migration have on the host country? 17. How has the UK been shaped by migration? 18. Why is migration a controversial topic? Socially – migrants often change the culture of an area from what it used to be Economically – migration can be costly at first and profitable later Environmentally Politically – migration divides people Case Studies LONDON: London is now an immigrant city, for better or worse; the question is what we make of it…. There is hardly a business or public service in London which doesn’t depend on immigrant workers — from supermarkets and sandwich shops to law firms, tech start-ups and research institutes like my own.(Londonist) JORDAN: Syrian refugees have fled to many countries, the vast majority have ended up in Lebanon, Jordan and Turkey. However, there can be problems "Syrian women ride on a motorcycle behind their husbands. That's not done here." BBC News Data on migration 2014 Knowledge Organiser KS3 Year 7 Summer 1 - Settlement Key terms Site A place to build on Dispersed Spread out Linear Lined near a road/ river Nucleated Grouped together Hamlet Small population, no services Village Slightly larger population, few services Town Higher population, range of services City Large population, wide range of services in many different areas Mega-city 10 million plus population, most people have access to lots of services, some live in very poor conditions Rural sites Areas without a large number of homes Urbanisation Movement to cities by large numbers Density High numbers in a small area. Websites http://www.luminocity3d.org/WorldPopDen/#3/17.90/23.38 https://ghsl.jrc.ec.europa.eu/visualisation.php# http://worldpopulationreview.com/world-cities/londonpopulation/ Extended Learning Opportunity According to the UN, at least one third of the global urban population suffers from inadequate living conditions. Lack of access to basic services (drinking water and/or sanitation, not to mention energy, waste recollection, and transportation). Source The Nature of Cities.Com 1 in 5 people live in cities with more than 1 million inhabitants Key questions 19. Why and where do people settle? 20. Why are there conflicts over land use? 21. How can land use conflicts be solved Cities are places where large numbers of people live and work; they are hubs of government, commerce and transportation. How we define a city can affect the way we work out its population. City of London has about 7,000; Greater London about 8; and the metro area about 10-18 mil. On current figures that means London is one of the 30th largest world cities. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Favela’s overlooking the city and coastline of Rio. Case Studies LONDON, UK Londinium, as it was known, quickly became the capital of Rome's Britannia province, and by the 2nd century AD, Londinium was a thriving trade center with a population of around 60,000 people. RIO DE JANEIRO, BRAZIL The city proper has a population density of 5,377 people per square kilometer, or 13,930 per square mile. In a 2010 population estimate by Demographia, Rio de Janeiro was the home of more than 11.6 million residents, but is still The world’s oldest known city, Ur, (Modern Iraq). According to one estimate, Ur was the largest city in the world from c.2030BC to 1980BC at about 65,000 (or 0.1 per cent share of global population then). only the 2nd largest in Brazil. Knowledge Organiser KS3 Year 7 – Industrial development Key terms Economic When a country improves by becoming development richer Sustainable Economic development achieved without development running down the natural resources High Income When individuals have an average Gross Countries National income of US$12,746 or above Low Income When individuals have an average Gross Countries National Income of US$1,045 or less Brandt line An imaginary division show a rough division of the countries in the world into the rich poor. Primary The primary sector involves extracting raw sector materials, rearing animals and growing crops Secondary A type of industry where raw materials are sector made into something. Often called 'manufacturing'. Tertiary Providing services and includes retail, sector tourism, education, health and banking. Quaternary The section of employment that is sector knowledge-based, eg ICT and research. Websites https://www.bbc.com/education/topics/zfkmhyc Extended Learning Opportunity Development is a huge topic. Every society on earth can be classified based on its stage of development, but each person in a country could have their own experience of what development means. Some families might think that they are socially wealthy if their children can have health care and education for free when it is needed. Other families might think they are economically wealthy if they earn a certain amount. Others might say they are not wealthy if the environment is damaged. Which of these things is most important to your family? Key questions 22. What are resources? 23. How has industry changed? 24. How does industry connect to development? Geographers use social, economic and political indicators to measure development in countries throughout the world. Developed countries have better standards of living than less developed countries. Geographers need to be mindful that every country is unique. There are very rich areas within countries which may be considered poor and vice versa. Adding labels may help to classify countries but it may also hide differences between countries. Case Studies This map shows the differences in levels of wealth per person across Asian countries in 2011. Showing the stages of development for countries. Rostow’s model, developed in the 1960, can be used to help to categorise the stage that a country may be in and its next most likely stage of development. Knowledge Organiser KS3 Year 7 – Resource Management Food Key terms Key questions Food A substance consumed for 25. Where does our food come from? nutritional support 26. Would you eat what others throw away? Freeganism Reclaiming and eating food that has been discarded Agriculture Cultivating land to produce 1/3 of the world’s entire food supply could be animal and plants for saved by reducing waste. That could feed 3 consumption billion people. Commercial Catching wild fish for Fishing consumption An estimated ¼ of all the food produced in the Aquaculture Breeding sea foods for USA never gets to the table… so what is consumption happening to it? Food waste Not using substances grown for consumption The bread and other cereal products thrown Food security Having ready access to as away in UK households is enough to lift 30 much food as is needed million people out of malnourishment. Tristram Stuart Waste: Uncovering the Global Hunger Discomfort, weakness or Food Scandal pain caused by lack of food Malnutrition Lack of nutrition caused by food insecurity Websites Case Studies The UK has a mean wealth of US$102,641 https://feedbackglobal.org/campaigns/feedingper adult. The UK supplies just under half the-5000/ (49%) of its food. The leading foreign supplies came from the EU (30%), Africa (5%), Asia, North and South America all provided (4%) The Extended Learning Opportunity three largest value imports (at 2016 prices) were Food poverty means that an individual or fruit & vegetables, meat and beverages. household isn’t able to obtain healthy, nutritious Kenya has a mean wealth of US$662 per food, or can’t access the food they would like to adult. It is a leading producer of tea and eat. Despite increasing choice and affordability of food in the UK, many people eat what they coffee, as well as the third-leading exporter of fresh produce, such as cabbages, onions and can afford, not what they want. Find out if your local shops plan for their food mangoes. Small farms grow most of the corn and also produce potatoes, bananas, beans waste. Does it get used or dumped? and peas In Kenya people are employed to go through all household waste. Food which is dumped is often collected to feed to animals Food production in the UK over time Knowledge Organiser KS3 Year 7 – Resource Management Energy Key terms Key questions Fossil Fuels Oil, gas, and coal burnt to release 27. What are non-renewable energy resources? Fuels Things transformed from one 28. How can our use of energy be state to another to provide energy more sustainable? Global Warming Rise in average temperatures around the world Renewable energy sources quickly Green energy Natural sources of energy e.g. replenish themselves and can be used geothermal, solar, wind, tidal again and again. For this reason they Hydroelectricity Electricity is produced by water are sometimes called infinite energy flowing to spin a turbine resources. Non-renewable Something that is going to run out It is important to remember that biomass if we use it and wood are only renewable if the trees Renewable Something that has an ongoing and crops are replanted. Many people source of supply even when we fall into the trap of thinking that bio use it means renewable - it doesn't! Resource A material (generally found in nature) that we make use of Sustainable Something that continues because of how we use it. Websites Case Studies https://www.doddlelearn.co.uk/Geographyresources The UK government wants to reduce its carbon dioxide emissions. It also wants to increase the amount of energy which Extended Learning Opportunity comes from renewable sources. https://www.bbc.com/education/clips/zxchsbk - watch the By 2020 20% of energy should come clip. Why should we make our homes more energy from renewable sources, according to efficient? the EU. Each member state of the EU https://www.bbc.com/education/clips/zyj3r82 - Calculate may have a different target, as 20% is how much energy various appliances use. Why is this an average figure for the EU. important? The UK has a target of 15% of its energy consumption being sourced from renewable energy. Geothermal energy Population Urban populations HIC Population Pyramid Most of the world’s population now live in urban areas, this is a significant change from the past. What factors affect Birth Rate and Death Rate? Birth Rate 1. Access to contraception 2. Infant mortality rates 3. Children needed to work to support families 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Push Factors Not enough jobs Pollution High crime rate Poor climate Poor quality medical care Inadequate living conditions Lack of services High risk of natural hazards LIC Population Pyramid Death Rate 1. Diseases 2. Quality of healthcare 3. War 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Pull Factors More job opportunities Clean air Low crime rate Good climate High quality medical care Better living conditions Many services Low risk of natural hazards Keywords 1. Population Density 2. Population Distribution 3. Birth Rate 4. Death Rate 5. 6. 7. 8. Migration Push Factors Pull Factors Overpopulation 9. Megacities 10. Urban Challenges Mumbai Mumbai is a rapidly growing Megacity in India, due to this it has many population living is slums (poor quality conditions) One example of a slum is Dharavi, below is a list of conditions found in the slum. 1. 40% live in poor quality housing 2. Lack of clean water 3. Growing demand for health services 4. Limited job opportunities 5. Low wages 6. Air pollution Definition How many people live per square mile on average How people are spread around the world Number of births per 1,000 people in the population per year Number of deaths per 1,000 people in the population each year The movement of people from one place to another The reasons for people leaving a place The reasons for people moving to a place Where there are too many people and not enough resources to support a satisfactory quality of life A megacity is a city which has more than 10 million people The problems faced by people living in towns/cities London London is the capital of England and a good example of a HIC city. Living in a city like this brings many challenges, below are some of the main challenges. 1. House prices and rents are highest in London than any city in the UK 2. Air pollution 3. Traffic congestion 4. Overcrowding on underground trains 5. Inadequate waste disposal 6. Deprivation Urban structure Central Business District Traffic Management Most cities traditionally follow a similar form, with a central business district, surrounded by rings CBD is the original centre of cities As population grows and more of development show on the Burgess model and towns, these contain shops, people drive cars, we need to take offices and government building. measures to reduce the impact this Modern cities As urban areas have develop and change, the structure has changed to meet the needs of the Many are original market areas that has on the environment. So were the main trading locations for governments have introduced people who live there. an area. schemes to reduce pollution in Urban areas traditional followed the Burgess model, with concentric rings moving out from As cities have grown and urban areas. the CBD, with the high class residential in the outer ring, (the suburbs). This has rapidly modernised, the CPD areas have 1. Congestion charge changed as transport networks develop and the populations ability to be travel. This now developed and changed. New out 2. Clean air zones means that many business facilities are on the outskirts of urban areas, taking advatage of of town retail parks started to access to transport, cheap land and links to other urban areas. 3. Higher road tax on diesel replace the CPD, with easy cars transport access and parking. 4. Cycle and bus lanes Urban structure models Keywords Definition Burgess Hoyt and Harris & Ullman 1. Urbanisation When an increasing percentage of a countries population live in towns and cities. 2. Megacities An urban area with a total population of more than ten million people. 3. CBD Central Business district – location of all the main shops and offices in an urban area. 4. Urban Models Models used to show the urban social structure. The concentric zone model, one of the 5. Burgess Model earliest theoretical models to explain urban social structures. (1925) 6. Hoyt’s Model The sector model, a model of urban land use proposed in 1932. It is a modification of the concentric zone model of city development. 7. Harris and Multiple nuclei model of 1945, based on the Ullman Model argument that the cities have multiple growth points or “nuclei” around which growth take place. 8. Regeneration Urban renewal is a program of land redevelopment in cities, often where there is The Burgess model was designed in 1925 Both Hoyt and Harris and Ullman modified urban decay. to show the urban structure of cities. the Burgess model to show that the social 9. Traffic Schemes that are designed to reduce the Clearly showing the different areas found urban structure had different growth areas Management volume of traffic in an area, to reduce pollution in an urban area and how they changed and that cities would continue to adapt with and congestion. as you move away from the CBD. development and technology. 10. Tourist A facility or area that encourages people to Attraction visit or stay in there. (museum, big wheel, etc.) Urban Spaces – City Living Mega cities of the world Regeneration of Liverpool Before After The centre of Liverpool has undertaken a massive regeneration project, which has seen the whole of Liverpool one and the docks completely transformed into a modern retail area and tourist attraction. Including new shopping areas, leisure area (Pubs and restaurants), offices, museums and tourist attraction (including a Liverpool big wheel). The number of mega cities, around the world is growing rapidly, with many of the largest cities now in LIC’s. Sustainable Sustainability What is an Eco Town Meeting demands of today, without impacting on future generation. In 2009 the UK Government named four towns as 'eco towns'. The towns receive some government funding and are granted eco town status on the basis of the potential for achieving a high level of sustainability. WhilteHill Bordon Whitehill Bordon is one example of an ecotown and was given the status in 2009. It included: Affordable housing and sustainable living carbon neutral developments creative use of waste and high rates of recycling employment that is local locals have a say in the development local services and schools, so less demand for use of cars. Factors of a sustainable city While sustainable cities are concerned about the environmental impact the city is having on the surrounding area and aims to reduce • the resources it consumes and the wast products it gives off • (pollution). New aproaches must also consider the impact these • changes will have on the people. It must consider the social and economic impacts. • The aim is to provide an urban space that minimises the impact on • the enviroment, while providing a living space that people want to live in. As well as providing • employment for the population, so they can earn money to maintain their life style. Why sustainable cities are a vital part of future cities Social Impacts Better and affordable housing Improved education opportunities Access to medical services Accessibility to services More open green spaces for leisure time Quicker travel times Easier to travel Local people have a say in what happens to their area. Economic Impacts More employment High paid jobs Sustainable industries More investment in infrastructure Less congestion so people can get to work or deliver good Cheaper and more accessible ways to travel More local products, encouraging new business. Environmental Impacts Limited pollution from cars Reduced pollution from industry Use of alternative energies More recycling using less natural products Cleaner air More green spaces for plants and animals Energy efficient appliances Lower food miles and carbon footprint. Keywords Definition Action that meet the needs of the present, without 1. Sustainable reducing the ability of future generation to meet their needs. 2. Generation All of the people born and living at about the same time, regarded collectively 3. Social Impacts Impact that effects people and the way the live. Impacts that effect peoples jobs and money. 4. Economic Impacts 5. Environmental Impacts that effect the nature, plants and animals, can be linked to pollution. Impacts Town that is built to be sustainable, by being carbon 6. Eco Town neutral. Basic equipment and structures, (roads, railways, water 7. Infrastructure supply, etc.) that are needed for a country or region to function properly. 8. Carbon Neutral Refers to achieving net zero carbon emissions by balancing a measured amount of carbon released with an equivalent amount sequestered or offset Gases or resources that can cause damage to the 9. Pollution environment. Houses that majority of local people will be able to buy. 10. Affordable Housing BED Zed Beddington zero Energy Development is an environmentally friendly housing development in Hackbridge, London, England. Creating an urban living environment that his carbon neutral. Alternative energy Solar panels Open garden spaces Rain water recycling Energy efficient housing Eco-friendly transport East London Village The London Olympics was designed to be the sustainable games, so the Olympic athlete’s village had to be built to last and make a contribution to the city in the future. Located in Stratford London. It included: Sustainable energy sources Green open spaces Good transport networks Recycled water systems Affordable housing Recycling facilities Knowledge Organiser KS3 Year 8- Spatial Geography- The Geography of Disease Key terms Key questions 1. How is Malaria distributed around the world? 2. Is Cholera still as deadly as it has been in the past? 3. Is Ebola the new Black Death? 4. How can the world prevent disease? 5. What foundations are in place to support disease? (AIDs charities) 6. Can a change in the environment affect disease in the world? Extended Learning Opportunity "Globalisation can be a contributor to the spread of, and be the eliminator of the Ebola Virus". Discuss what is meant by this statement "Level of economic development will determine the mortality rate of the Ebola virus". Discuss this statement making reference to key countries and data Ebola, where the virus hides when it's not causing outbreaks in people — is not known for sure, but experts say that bats are the likely source of the deadly virus. The first known human cases of Ebola occurred in 1976 during two simultaneous outbreaks in Sudan and the Democratic Republic of Congo, which sickened more than 600 people, according to the World Health Organisation. The mortality rate (number of people who die) for Ebola in the affected areas in West Africa is between 50-90%. Knowledge Organiser KS3 Year 8- Spatial Geography- The Geography of Sport Key terms Key questions 7. What is the Global Sport? 8. Do the winners in sport have a trend? 9. Why is the Premier League so popular? 10. Why is there still stereotypes in football? 11. Were the London Olympics sustainable? 12. Are there global factors that affect the participation of sport? 13. Is the Premier League or Formula 1 more reliant on globalisation? There were three prominent teams in the Premier League back in 2009. They were Manchester United FC and Arsenal FC, Chelsea FC. Each of these teams were successful and qualified for the UEFA Champions League, won cups and made millions of $'s in profits. Websites http://www.greatestsportingnation.com/percapita-cup-2016/results Extended Learning Opportunity Analyse the socio-cultural factors affecting participation (playing & watching) in Premier League Football . Case Studies- Premier League Social The majority of revenue for football clubs is generated not through fans who go to see live games, but those who watch matches live on television in different parts of the world. Economical Premier League clubs have been bought by foreign investors. Three examples are set out below: Chelsea (London) - Roman Abramovich (Russia). Wealth $11.3 billion & 53rd wealthiest person on earth. Manchester City - Sheikh Mansour (United Arab Emirates). Wealth $4.3 billion with family fortune of $1 trillion! Manchester United - Glazier brothers (USA). Wealth $4 billion. Knowledge Organiser KS3 Year 8- Spatial Geography- The Geography of Crime Key terms Key questions 14. Where does crime happen? . 15. How serious is the issue of crime in the UK? 16. How bad is crime globally? 17. What factors affect the seriousness of crime? 18. What impact does crime have on workers? 19. Is crime classed as a primary or quaternary service? 20. How can crime be designed out? Websites Reducing crime levels can be helped by: www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/ks3/geography/spaces/crime designing areas and houses to make it more difficult for crimes to be committed Extended Learning Opportunity adding warnings and alarms so that people are more aware of when crimes are being committed How can a lack of strong governance be a factor towards crime, for example piracy? How does crime link to SEEP in the UK? tracking goods and people after a crime has been committed The definition of crime is an offence punishable by law. Geography is important when studying crime because when a crime happens it always has a location, a time and a reason. Understanding the patterns behind this helps: to see where crimes are most likely to be committed to combat crime to design areas to be more crime-proof Crime can happen on an international scale as well as national or local. Heroin trafficking and piracy are two examples of international crime. Knowledge Organiser KS3 Year 8 Globalisation Key terms Globalisation Sweat shop Tariffs TNC Transnational Corporation MNC containerisation Trade Imports Exports HIC High income country LIC Low income country Positive Multiplier effect How companies , trade, ideas and lifestyles are spreading more easily around the world A factory where people work for long hours and low pay A Tax a government pay on imports A Company with branches in many countries Multi National Corporation (Another name for TNC) A system of transport products by using freight containers. The exchange of goods and services between countries Goods and services a taken in by a country Goods and service sold to another country A more developed country A less developed country A positive chain of events due to new jobs in an area. Case Studies: Nokia - - Key questions 21. What is Globalisation? 22. In what way does globalisation affect our lives? 23. Where and why are products are made across the world? TNCs such as Nokia have branches in many countries because they want to reduce costs. With lower costs, their profits are higher. TNCs such as Nokia keep costs low by opening factories and offices in regions of the world that have: Low labour costs Cheap land or building costs Low business rates(the tax paid by a company) Most manufactured goods sold in HICs are manufactured in LICs Local impacts National Regional impacts impacts Pollution caused by the factories lower standard of regulation Jobs for local people Local people can learn new skills Development of local infrastructure Development of mineral wealth New energy projects such as dams built Large-scale pollution in lakes and rivers By manufacturing in Europe Nokia can avoid having to pay tariffs in the EU Improve the quality of life of people living in the region In 1953 it took 5 days for the news to reach England that Edmund Hillary conquered Mt Everest. Now we have the latest scores from the World Cup in less than seconds. Political Geography – Geography of Conflict including Water Conflict Keyword Definition Resource The control and monitoring of resources so that they Management do not become depleted or exhausted. The 15 countries of the Middle East –Turkey, Lebanon, Israel, Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Syria, Iraq, Oman, Qatar, UAE, Bahrain, Kuwait, Iran, Jordan, Egypt (Part in Asia and Part in Africa). The geography of the Middle East – mountains (e.g. Ararat), rivers – the Euphrates and Tigris, Seas – Caspian, Black, Red. Arabian Desert, Natural Hazards. Despite Groundwater Regulation and control of water levels, pollution, being surrounded by water the Middle East has limited rain water and easy access to drinking water without costly management ownership and use of groundwater. desalinisation plants. This creates conflict, especially when groundwater supplies are under areas of conflict, e.g. The OverWhen water is being used more quickly that it is West Bank, and rivers run/start in other countries. The Middle East is a major exporter of oil, and many other countries abstraction being replaced. are reliant on this. 54% of the world’s oil reserves are in the Middle East, and currently 31% of the world’s oil comes from here. Students know about the Arab Spring (2010 protests and unrest) and the history of conflict since 1948 set Sustainable Development that meets the needs of the present up of Israel. Students should know about the current conflicts in Syria and the impact this is having on people – development without limiting the ability of future generations to refugees and humanitarian aid. Students should know what water surplus, deficits and water stresses are. Students meet their own needs. need to know that conflict exists in the Middle East due to water shortages and countries taking more water from the Tigris and Euphrates leaving little for those downstream. Iraq lives in fear that due to Dams built in Syria and Turkey Sustainable Meeting the present-day need for safe, reliable, and mean that no water will reach them. In Israel artificial streams and canals to transfer water have been built at huge water supply affordable water, which minimises adverse effects cost, however much of the water is lost to evaporation. on the environment, whilst enabling future generations to meet their requirements Water Disputes between different regions or countries Key Facts about access to water and Map of the Middle East conflict about the distribution and use of freshwater. As shown below, access to water is a major concern Conflicts arise from the gap between growing for many people and communities. Demand, and demands and diminishing supplies. supply are not balanced, and therefore there are Water deficit This exists where water demand is greater than places where there is a water surplus – too much supply water, and places where there is a water deficit – not Water When water availability is not enough to ensure the enough water. insecurity population of an area enjoys good health, livelihood and earnings. This can be caused by water insufficiency or poor water quality. Water The reliable availability of an acceptable quantity security. and quality of water for health, livelihoods and production Water stress Water stress occurs when the demand for water exceeds the available amount during a certain period or when poor quality restricts its use. Water This exists where water supply is greater than surplus demand. Water transfer Aquifer Water transfer schemes attempt to make up for water shortages by constructing elaborate systems of canals, pipes, and dredging over long distances to transport water from one river basin to another. Underground water supply. An aquifer is an underground layer of water-bearing permeable rock, rock fractures or unconsolidated materials (gravel, sand, or silt). Groundwater can be extracted using a water well. The nature of water supply conflict. Water is our most basic and precious resource. Here in the UK, where water is abundant, we very much take it for granted and find it difficult to visualise what real shortage means on a personal level. In some parts of the world, however, water supplies are much more limited and this is for a range of reasons: • Low and unpredictable rainfall: the semi-desert countries of the Sahel region are in this category. • Overuse of existing resources causing problems in continuing supply – too many people or too high a standard of living can be to blame here: people living in the rapidly growing urban areas of the Southwest USA are in this position. • Competition for limited resources by neighbouring countries – this includes water resources being used as a weapon in a stressed political situation: water supply is being used as a lever in the political crisis between Israel and the Palestinians of the Gaza Strip Issues Solutions Impact of polluted water on the population of Gaza: Reallocate water resources People have contracted many different illnesses as a result of the poor water quality. Desalination plants are needed to improve the quality of aquifer water. The Kidney disease has increased; too much salt damages the kidneys, and other international community has promised aid to construct these, and a few do exist. toxins contained in Gaza’s water can cause disease and malfunction of this crucial New shallow wells have been dug which should supply water without placing too organ. much pressure on the aquifer. They do not supply as much water as deeper wells, Problems with repairs to water infrastructure but do improve supply to the towns and refugee camps temporarily, allowing other Whilst the border stays closed and Gaza is blockaded and cannot get the necessary economic activity and everyday life to function once again. supplies, people’s health will continue to suffer. It is predicted that in five years’ time there could be no clean fresh water at all, and this really would bring dire consequences. There is an urgent need for cement, pipes, pumps, transformers and electrical spares to allow essential repairs to take place in both water supply and wastewater systems. 1,250 tonnes of cement are needed for the repair of water storage tanks alone, but the continuing blockade is preventing the necessary materials being brought in.
