By:
Ian Aine
&
Derrick Locha

•
Introduction:
An autonomous car is an autonomous vehicle capable of fulfilling the human transportation capabilities of a traditional car.
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As an autonomous vehicle, it is capable of sensing its environment and navigating without human input .
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Types of automated vehicles:

Autonomous vehicles(AV)

Connected Vehicle Automation(CVA)
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Widespread adoption of AVs could lead to a 90%
reduction in vehicle crashes

Intro Cont.…
Vehicular automation involves the use of

Mechatronics

Artificial Intelligence

Multi-agent System to assist a vehicle's operator.
These features and the vehicles employing them may be labeled as intelligent or smart .
A vehicle using automation for difficult tasks, especially navigation, may be referred to as semi-autonomous .

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5 levels of automation do exist;

Level 0

Level 1
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Level 2

Level 3
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Level 4

Level 5

• No autonomous features at this level.
• Driver in complete and sole control of the primary vehicle controls – brake, steering, throttle – at all times.

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Driver has full control but the vehicle informs and assists the driver on situations
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The driver has the full control over the speed, accelerometer, brakes and steering wheels.
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However, the vehicle can inform and assist the driver in situations like Emergency breaking, collision warning, low gas levels.

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At least two Automated primary control functions designed to work in unison. Example: Adaptive cruise control in combination with lane
centering and Parking Line Detection.
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But the driver remains in control of the car and must always pay attention to traffic.

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Complete control of the vehicle and all its primary functions is the responsibility of autonomous system expect under certain traffic and weather conditions.
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If the conditions are no longer suitable for the system to handle, it informs the driver so that he can regain control immediately.

Level 4: High Automation
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The vehicle is designed to perform all safetycritical driving functions and monitor roadway conditions for an entire trip.
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It only operates in a given geographic location.
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The driver will provide destination or navigation input, but is not expected to be available for control at any time during the trip.

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Won’t even have steering wheels or acceleration/braking pedals.
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Suitable in any environmental condition

Let’s Have Some Entertainment

Companies involved in the Self-driving race
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Audi
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Tesla
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Mercedes
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BMW
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Wimo
• and more…

Potential Advantages:
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Fewer traffic collisions
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Increased roadway capacity and reduced traffic congestion
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Relief of vehicle occupants from driving and navigation chores.
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Removal of constraints on occupants' state.

Potential Advantages Cont.…:
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Reduction of space required for vehicle parking.
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Reduction in the need for traffic police and vehicle insurance.
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Smoother ride.

Potential Disadvantages:
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Liability for damage.
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Resistance for individuals to forfeit control of their cars.
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Software reliability.
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Cyber Security
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Implementation of legal framework and establishment of government regulations for self-driving cars

Potential Disadvantages Cont.…
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Reliance on autonomous drive produces less experienced drivers for when manual drive is needed.
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Loss of driver-related jobs
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Loss of privacy.
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Autonomous cars relying on lane markings cannot decipher faded, missing, or incorrect lane markings.
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Temporary construction zones which are not posted to any maps or data bases.

5G/Li-Fi Technology in Vehicle Automation:
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5G is the 5 th generation of cellular network, designed to increase speed, reduce latency, and impose flexibility of wireless services.
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Li-Fi(Light Fidelity) technology works by adapting light emitting diode (LED's) to send digital type of information, invisible to the naked eye.
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Can be applied as Cellular Vehicle to Everything, V-V2X
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Vehicle to Vehicle communication
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Vehicle to infrastructure communication

3D Technology in Vehicle Automation:
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3D printing or additive manufacturing is a process of making three dimensional solid objects from digital file.
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Printing vehicle parts
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Print customized vehicle as suggested by the consumers

Self-Driving Cars In Uganda
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This is currently not applicable in Uganda, due to:
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Narrow, unmarked and unpaved roads.
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Poor state of the roads
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Unmapped street lights (but will stop for traffic!)
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Traffic flow is mostly directed by traffic officers

Applications in Uganda
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Where autonomy can be applied:
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Public transportation
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Tracks Travelling long distances
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Tourism

References:
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomous_car
• http://www.techradar.com/us/news/car-tech/google-wants-some-form-of-selfdriving-cars-on-roads-by-2018-1130660
• http://www.cvel.clemson.edu/auto/AuE835_Projects_2011/Vallabhaneni_project.
html
• www.matronic.de
• http://auto.howstuffworks.com/under-the-hood/trends-innovations/driverlesscar1.htm
• http://drivesteady.com/how-autonomous-vehicles-work