Rule Oriented v. Character Oriented v. Outcomes Oriented Normative Theories
Rule Oriented Theories
Deontology is a perfect example of a rule-oriented theory. I'm familiar with this theory because
we have studied it in class. Deontology focuses on the rightness or the wrongness of actions
themselves, without any other considerations. For example, a deontologist might argue that a
promise should be kept even if doing will cause a good or bad outcome. A person can know
what is good or bad, according to Deontology, by following the rules. Deontology is morally
right because of some characteristic of the action itself, not because the product of the work is
right.
Character Oriented Theories
Virtue Ethics is a perfect example of a character-oriented theory. I'm familiar with this theory
because we have reviewed it in class. Virtue Ethics is a moral theory that is concerned with the
moral character or goodness of the individual carrying out an action. For example, lying to save
someone's life. A person can know what is good or bad, according to Virtue Ethics, by being
ethical. Virtue Ethics is morally right because it emphasized following the rules.
Outcomes Oriented Theories
Flow Theory is a perfect example of an outcome-oriented theory. I'm familiar with this theory
because I researched this theory. Flow theory focuses on a person performing an activity is fully
immersed in a feeling of energized focus, full involvement, and enjoyment in the process of the
activity. For example, a writer might experience this while working on a novel or a graphic
designer might achieve flow while working on a website illustration. A person can know what is
good or bad, according to Flow Theory, by going above your current ability. Flow Theory is
morally right because it challenges people to do more.
Applications
An application of Deontology is identifying one’s duty and acting according. An application of
Virtue Ethics is making a decision in light of those favored virtues. An application of follow
theory is trying to do your best always.