Pyrite
Olivine
Amorphous structure of a glassy solid (left) and lattice structure of a crystalline solid (right).
http://math.ucr.edu/home/baez/physics/General/Glass/glass.html
The number of protons is the atomic number, and the number of protons plus neutrons is the atomic mass.
Ionic bonding is the complete transfer of valence electron(s)
between atoms. It is a type of chemical bond that generates
two oppositely charged ions.
positive ion or
cation
negative ion or
anion
Covalent bonding is a chemical bond that involves the sharing of electron pairs between atoms.
anion (-1)
Fluorine (9)
cation (+2)
Magnesium (12)
anion (-1)
Chlorine (17)
anion (-2)
Oxygen (8)
cation (+1)
Lithium (3)
Stable/
Neutral
Argon (18)
cation (+2)
Beryllium (4*)
cation (+1)
Sodium (11)
SiO4 is: 4 + 4(−2) = 4 − 8 = −4.
Trick question – clarifying what the book says!
– Hydrogen bonds are a type of Van der Waal bond
– Di-pole.
Ice Lattice Structure!
An angstrom (Å) is 10−10 metres (m)
0.0000000001 m
Anders Jonas Ångström
Feldspars are an abundant rock-forming group of minerals
typically occurring as colorless or pale-colored crystals (Figures
2-87 and 2-88). Feldspars are aluminosilicate minerals with
varieties:
Orthoclase or K-spar - a variety of feldspar that rich in
potassium (KAlSi3O8),
Plagioclase - varieties of feldspar rich in feldspar which include
sodium-rich Albite (NaAlSi3O8), and calcium-rich Anorthite
(CaAlO2SiO2O8).
What factors are important in the formation of minerals?
Which is the most important?
Physical and chemical conditions include factors such as
temperature, pressure, presence of water, pH, and amount of
oxygen available. Time is one of the most important factors.
Define metamorphism.
Formation of new minerals directly from the elements
within existing minerals under conditions of elevated
temperature and pressure
Name and define at least 5 ways we
ID minerals.
Mineral properties that are useful for
identification are as follows: colour, streak,
lustre, hardness, crystal habit,
cleavage/fracture, density, solubility,
magnetism…
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
calcite
gypsum
hematite
quartz
biotite
galena
graphite
fluorite
pyrite
orthoclase
magnetite
olivine
CaCO3
CaSO4
Fe2O3
SiO2
varies
PbS
C
CaF2
FeS2
KAlSi3O8
Fe3O4
MgSiO4
carbonate
sulphate
oxide
silicate
silicate
sulphide
native
halide
sulphide
silicate
oxide
silicate