BIOL 1110 – Introduction to Biology
Fall 2017 Class 1
Organisms and their Environment
What – broadly – are we going to cover?
Taxonomy and systematics
What features of this organism allow us to classify it as
an insect?
Ecology
How does this organism interact with living and non-living
components of its environment?
Evolution
How is this organism adapted to its environment?
Physiology
How does the animal transport oxygen to its tissues?
About Me
Kaylee Magee, PhD
Teaching Experience:
Cellular Biology
Biochemistry
University study skills + academic writing
Research Experience:
“Pacemaker” protein
Ion channel that helps regulate the heartrate
Electrophysiology and Fluorometry
About You
Name + Hometown
Academic interests?
Hobbies?
Pre-Course Evaluation: pollsev.com/kayleemagee532
Course Presentation
Textbook
Reece, J.B. et al. Campbell Biology.
1st edition
2nd edition
1
Print Package (loose leaf)
ISBN 10: 1323804854
ISBN 13: 9781323804858
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•
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Campbell Biology (loose leaf version: printed, unbound, 3-hole-punched)
Study guide for Campbell Biology
Henderson’s Dictionary of Biology
A Short Guide to Writing about Biology, plus MyLab Writing
Modified Mastering Biology plus Campbell Biology eText
$130
2
Print Package (traditional)
ISBN 10: 132376514X
ISBN 13: 9781323765142
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•
•
•
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Campbell Biology (traditional textbook)
Study guide for Campbell Biology
Henderson’s Dictionary of Biology
A Short Guide to Writing about Biology, plus MyLab Writing
Modified Mastering Biology plus Campbell Biology eText
$185
7
Digital Package
3
ISBN 10: 1323763619
ISBN 13: 9781323763612
• Campbell Biology eText
• Modified Mastering Biology
$95
Digital Standalone
4
ISBN 10: 1323763554
ISBN 13: 9781323763551
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Modified Mastering Biology (no eText)
$66
*If you purchase standalone Mastering access and
later wish to purchase the Campbell Biology eText, you
can do so from within Mastering Biology.
The bookstore sells digital
versions of the textbook. You
need this course ID to activate
your account: magee41629
Moodle
Grade Assessment
• Quizzes (15%)
• There will be SIX quizzes throughout the semester. Your grade will be based on your best FIVE
quizzes. The dates are noted in your course presentation. They will be approximately 20
minutes at the beginning of class.
• Midterm (20%)
• In class. The date is noted in your course presentation.
• Interest Write-Up (10%)
• Written assignment on a biological topic of your choice. More information to come.
• Final Exam (30%)
• December 7th, 8:30am – 11:30 am
Grade Assessment
• Lab Assignments (15%)
• Lab Exam (10%)
You need to get a 50% or more in the lab to get a C (60%) or better in
the course.
If you miss 3 or more labs during the semester, you automatically fail
the lab.
Class Guidelines
• You are responsible for making up missed material during absences
(excused or otherwise)
• Plagiarism will not be tolerated
http://www.kpu.ca/library/citationsplagiarism
• If you arrive late for exams or quizzes you will NOT receive additional time
to complete them.
• Any assigned class homework must be presented at the BEGINNING of
class on its due date.
Academic Skills Workshops
• Reading Texts and Making Notes • Say “No” to procrastination
• Concept Mapping
• Exam Preparation Strategies
• Master Notebook Strategy
• Exams: Avoiding Blank Pages
• Memory – Getting Started
• Oral Presentations
http://www.kpu.ca/learningcentres
Biology-Specific Discipline Workshops
• Writing Right in Biology
• Writing Lab Reports in Biology (Parts I and II)
http://www.kpu.ca/learningcentres
Week 1 Class 1 Learning Objectives
• Define an organism by describing the characteristics of all living things
• Outline the main components of cell theory
• Describe the structure and function of the following cellular
structures:
Cell (plasma) membrane
Cytoplasm
DNA
Ribosome
Cell Wall
Nucleus
Endoplasmic reticulum
Gogli Apparatus
Lysosome
Mitochondria
Chloroplast
Central Vacuole
Week 1 Class 1 Learning Objectives
• Compare and Contrast
• prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
• animal and plant cells
• Multicellular, unicellular, and colonial organisms
• Describe the different levels of biological organization
Biosphere
Biome
Ecosystem
Community
Population
Species
Organism
Organ
Tissue
Cell
Organelle
Molecule
Atom
Week 1 Class 1 Learning Objectives
• Describe and give examples of abioitic and biotic components of
ecosystems
• Define cellular respiration and photosynthesis
Ecosystem:
Forest in
Madagascar
Biosphere
Levels of Biological Organization
Madagascar
Community:
All organisms in
the forest
Biosphere – all environments on Earth that support life
Population:
Group of ring-tailed
lemurs
Ecosystem – all the living organisms and non-living components
of the environment
Organism:
Ring-tailed lemur
Spinal cord
Organ system:
Nervous system Brain
Organ:
Brain
Nerve
Community – all the species of living things in an area
Population – all the individuals of a particular species in an area
Tissue:
Nervous tissue
Cell:
Nerve cell
Atom
Nucleus
Organelle:
Nucleus
Molecule:
DNA
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Ecosystem:
Forest in
Madagascar
Biosphere
Levels of Biological Organization
Madagascar
Community:
All organisms in
the forest
Organism – an individual living thing
Population:
Group of ring-tailed
lemurs
Organ system – several organs that cooperate to perform a
specific function
Organism:
Ring-tailed lemur
Spinal cord
Organ system:
Nervous system Brain
Organ:
Brain
Organ – structure composed of tissues that provides a specific
function
Nerve
Tissue:
Nervous tissue
Cell:
Nerve cell
Atom
Nucleus
Organelle:
Nucleus
Molecule:
DNA
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Ecosystem:
Forest in
Madagascar
Biosphere
Levels of Biological Organization
Madagascar
Tissue – group of similar cells that perform a specific function
Community:
All organisms in
the forest
Cell – the fundamental unit of life
Population:
Group of ring-tailed
lemurs
Organelle – membrane-bound structure that performs a
specific function within a cell
Organism:
Ring-tailed lemur
Spinal cord
Organ system:
Nervous system Brain
Organ:
Brain
Molecule – cluster of small chemical units called atoms, held
together by chemical bonds
Nerve
Tissue:
Nervous tissue
Cell:
Nerve cell
Atom
Nucleus
Organelle:
Nucleus
Molecule:
DNA
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Ecosystem:
Forest in
Madagascar
Biosphere
Levels of Biological Organization
Madagascar
BIOL 1110
Community:
All organisms in
the forest
Population:
Group of ring-tailed
lemurs
Organism:
Ring-tailed lemur
Spinal cord
Organ system:
Nervous system Brain
Organ:
Brain
Nerve
Tissue:
Nervous tissue
Cell:
Nerve cell
BIOL 1210
Atom
Nucleus
Organelle:
Nucleus
Molecule:
DNA
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Levels of Biological Organization
Match up the level with
the appropriate example
Abiotic Components of Ecosystems
What are some of the physical elements likely to be
affecting the plant community at Burnaby Lake?
Salinity of the water
Moisture
Light exposure
Temperature (both absolute temp and temp fluctuations)
Gasses (oxygen, carbon dioxide)
Minerals in the soil
Biotic Components of Ecosystems
What are some of the living elements likely to be
affecting the plant community at Burnaby Lake?
Humans!
Pathogens/parasites (can be brought by humans!)
Predators (Bears? Ducks?)
Herbivores eating grass or algae
Invasive species
Life
Discuss in groups:
What characteristics does something need to be alive?
Why is it important to have a definition of life?
Why do we need a definition of life?
When studying the origins of life
How do we identify the first living organisms if we don’t know how to define it?
When looking for life away from earth
How will we know if we’ve found evidence of life if it looks very different from our own?
When attempting to create synthetic life
How will we know if we’ve been successful?
When answering ethical questions about causing harm or death
How can we prove something causes death until we know what is alive?
Other Definitions of Life
No physiology is held to be scientific if it does not consider death an essential factor of life…Life
means dying. (F. Engles, 1880)
Life is the repetitive production of ordered heterogeneity. (R. Hotchkiss, 1956)
Living matter evades the decay to equilibrium. (E. Schrödinger, 1992)
Life is a self-sustained chemical system capable of undergoing Darwinian Evolution. (Joyce,
1994, NASA definition)
A living organism is an organized unit, which can carry out metabolic reactions, defend itself
against injury, respond to stimuli, and has the capacity to be at least a partner in reproduction.
(Koshland, 2002)
Final Thoughts on Defining Life
“What is the definition of life? I remember a conference of the scientific elite that sought
to answer that question. Is an enzyme alive? Is a cell alive? After many hours … a
solution seemed at hand: “ The ability to reproduce—that is the essential characteristic
of life” said one statesman of science. Everyone nodded … until one small voice was
heard. “Then one rabbit is dead. Two rabbits—a male and female—are alive but either
one alone is dead.”
At that point, we all became convinced that although everyone knows what life
is, there is no simple definition of life ”
Special essay. The seven pillars of life. Koshland DE Jr Science. 2002 Mar 22; 295(5563):2215-6.
Shared Characteristics of Living Things
There are seven characteristics that are shared by all living things.
They:
1. Are highly ordered structures
2. Maintain internal conditions through homeostasis
3. Respond to the environment
4. Process and use energy
5. Grow and develop
6. Reproduce
7. Undergo evolutionary adaptations
Shared Characteristics of Living Things
Order
Homeostasis
Shared Characteristics of Living Things
Response to the Environment
Energy Processing
Shared Characteristics of Living Things
Growth
Evolution
Reproduction
Viruses
-are an infectious agent that can only replicate within a
host organism.
-once they infect a susceptible cell, they commandeer
the cell machinery to produce more viruses instead of
the thousands of normal cellular macromolecules.
-can infect a variety of living organisms including
bacteria, plants, and animals
-consists of a viral genome contained within a protein
shell called a capsid. In some viruses, the protein shell
is enclosed in a membrane called an envelope.
Which of the 7 characteristics of living things do viruses possess?
Are these things alive?
Mules
Arises from the mating of a female horse (64 chromosomes)
and a male donkey (62 chromosomes). Chromosome
mispairing means mules are always infertile.
Crystals
In 2013 scientists developed crystals that form, break, explode
and re-form themselves elsewhere in response to blue light.
Crystals of sodium chlorate (NaClO3) can be powdered and used
to seed the growth of other sodium chlorate crystals. Features
of the original crystal, such as its chirality ( right handed” or
“left handed”) can be passed to its descendants.
Cell Theory applies to all living things
Cell theory is made up of three principles:
1. Every living organism is made up of one or more cells.
2. The smallest living organisms are single cells, and cells are the
functional units of multicellular organisms.
3. All cells arise from pre-existing cells.
Fundamental Characteristics of Cells
All cells share some fundamental characteristics.
Work with a partner(s) to draw a cell / write anything down that you
know about cells.
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What is a cell?
Cells are independent living units capable of carrying out
essential life processes: the basic unit of life
Cells maintain a stable internal environment with concentration of
ions & molecules different from the outside (homeostasis)
Cells can take up and transform materials
Cells can reproduce and contain hereditary material
There are two types of cells
All cells
Enclosed by a membrane that regulates passage of materials between the cell and its
surroundings
Use DNA as their heritable genetic material
Prokaryotic Cells
Eukaryotic Cells
Prokaryotic Cell
Have rigid cell wall (often surrounded by
capsule)
No nucleus
No membrane bound organelles
Only unicellular organisms
Small, 0.1 to 1 m
Eukaryotic Cell
Some have cell wall, some don’t
All have a nucleus
Compartmentalized (Membranebound organelles)
Can form multicellular organisms
Larger, 10 to 100 m
Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells compared
Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells compared
A Cheek cell
Bacteria
Compound Microscope 1000X
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Cells can be…
Unicellular organisms – each cell is an organism that must perform all the
functions of life
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Cells can be…
Units that form a colonial organism – Interdependent cells can divide the
tasks required to sustain life. Colonial organisms can be unicellular or
multicellular
Anabaena
Colonial Cyanobacteria
Nitrogen-fixing cells and
photosynthetic cells
Volvox
Colonial Algae
Somatic cells (feeding, movement)
Reproductive cells – cell division
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Cells can be…
Subunits of a multicellular organism – Collectives of diverse, specialized
cells
Kidney Tissue
Leaves
45
Cells have different shapes that are related to their function
white blood cell
Rhodococcus bacteria
Human red blood cell
Yeast cells - Pichia
a platelet
A Stentor protozoan
A radiolarian
Human egg and sperm cells
Intestinal cells
Plant xylem cells
A retinal neuron
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Cells are surrounded by a plasma membrane
Double layer (bilayer) membrane
Serves as a selective barrier that allows passage of
enough oxygen, nutrients, and waste to service the
entire cell
Composed of lipids (akas fats) and proteins
Hydrophobic = hates being around water
Hydrophilic = likes being around water
The hydrophobic parts of the membrane arrange
themselves in the middle, and the hydrophilic parts
are exposed to the aqueous solutions on either side
Cells sometimes also surrounded by cell walls
Cell wall surrounds the plasma membrane
Helps maintain cell shape
Protects cell from mechanical damage
Has channels that connect the cytoplasm of
adjacent cells
What’s inside cells?
All components of the cell are suspended in the semi-fluid called the cytosol
‘Sol’ = SOLubule goopy medium
Everything surrounded by the plasma membrane (except the nucleus) can be
referred to as the cytoplasm. This includes the cytosol and all other
compartments and molecules and “stuff”.
Inside cells: Organelles
Organelles are membrane-enclosed structures with specialized
functions, suspended in the cytosol of a eukaryotic cell
Organelles: The Nucleus
Contains most of the heritable genetic material of
the cell (DNA)
Usually the largest organelle in the cytoplasm
Surrounded by a double membrane nuclear
envelope. Nuclear envelope has nuclear pores to
allow material in and out of the nucleus
DNA is organized into long molecules called
chromosomes
Chromosomes coil around proteins to form
chromatin, which is now small enough to pack into
the nucleus
Ribosomes
Ribosomes = Small cell complexes made of protein
and RNA that carry out protein synthesis
Can be “free” ribosomes that float in the cytoplasm
or “bound” ribosomes that are attached to specific
membranes
Bound ribosomes are attached to the nuclear
membrane
Organelles: The endoplasmic reticulum
Network of flattened, interconnected sacs occupying much of the
cytoplasm
ER membrane is continuous with the nuclear membrane
Can be divided into “rough” ER with ribosomes on the surface, and
“smooth” ER with no ribosomes
Rough ER: helps make membrane-bound proteins and proteins to
be secreted out of the cell
Smooth ER:
1. Synthesizes lipids
2. Detoxifies drugs (particularly in the liver)
3. Stores calcium ions
4. Metabolizes carbohydrates
Organelles: The Golgi Apparatus
Composed of 3 primary stacks
Many preliminary proteins made in the ER
move through the Golgi for further
modification
Organelles: The Lysosome
Membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes that are
used to digest (aka hydrolyze) enzymes
Very acidic environment, which optimizes
hydrolytic enzyme function
Very important to keep low acidity + these
enzymes only in the lysosome – if lysosome
content leak out the cell could destroy itself by
digesting all its own enzymes!
Allows the cell to break down old cell parts and
then the resulting small organic molecules are
released into the cytosol for reuse
(aka “autophagy”)
Organelles: The Mitochondria
Surrounded by a double membrane
Mitochondrion
Outer
membrane
Intermembrane
space
Conducts cellular respiration: uses chemical
energy stored in organic molecules like sugars and
fats to make adenosine tri-phosphate (ATP)
ATP is an energy molecule that cells use to do
work. Your cells, and thus you, need ATP to live!
Cellular respiration also requires oxygen
Inner
membrane
Cristae
Matrix
Organelles: The Chloroplast
Surrounded by a double membrane
Contain the green pigment chlorophyll
Inside the chloroplast is a membranous system of flattened
interconnected sacs called thylakoids
Conducts photosynthesis: conversion of light energy to
chemical energy stored in sugars
Organelles: Central Vacuole
Large membranous sac that often takes up the
majority of space in a plant cell cytoplasm
Absorbs water which allows the cell to get bigger
without making more cytoplasm
Helps sequester toxic substances
Keeps a storage of ions like potassium and chloride
Plant Cells vs Animal Cells
Only plant cells have:
-chloroplasts
-cell walls
-vacuoles
Only animal cells have:
-lysosomes