Chapter 1 Notes Why Do We Communicate Communication: the intentional or unintentional process of using verbal and nonverbal interaction to share information and construct meaning. You use communication to share your experiences and knowledge. Why Communicate: Practical Needs Professional Needs Public Needs Personal Needs Elements Of Communication • • • • • • Sender & Receiver – speaker / listener Message – content of a communicative act (verbal and non-verbal) Channel – media used to carry messages Noise / Interference – anything that interferes with the ability to send or receive a message Context / Situation – the setting Feedback – reaction to our communication Types of Communication • Intrapersonal Communication • Interpersonal Communication • Group Communication • Public Communication • Mass Communication • On-line or machine-assisted communication Culture – the system or learned patterns of knowledge, beliefs, values, attitudes, norms, and behaviors shared by a large group of people and handed down from generation to generation. “In diversity there is beauty and there is strength.” Maya Angelou . Chapter 2 Understanding self and others Chapter topics: • The Perception Process • Self • Johari Window Perception – the ability to translate information into insight or awareness about something usually people, places, events or objects. You use perception to understand self and others. Perception is what you see is what you get. The following process of selecting, organizing and interpreting data is the means that enables us to make sense out of our world. Four Steps of the Perception Process: • Selection • Organization • Interpretation • Retrieving / Responding Selection What attracts your attention? Selective perception: • Stimuli that is intense often attracts your attention • Enables you to create a coherent and meaningful picture • Conforms to the beliefs, expectations and convictions you hold. Organization Along with selecting information, we must arrange it in some meaningful way • What do you see? • How do you perceive this image? ---------------------->>> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> We classify people based on their: • Appearance • Beautiful, or not, Young or Old Social Role • Student, Attorney, Wife Interaction Style • Friendly, Helpful, Aloof Membership Democrat, Immigrant, Christian Interpretation • After we organize information, we interpret it in a way that makes sense to us • Interpretation plays a role in nearly every interpersonal act • Consider this scenario: • Should you take an invitation to meet someone from your class? • Several factors influence our interpretation of this event: - Physical Factors - Emotional Factors - Environmental Factors - Intellectual Factors - Experiential Factors - Cultural Factor - Mediated Factors Responding / Retrieving • We decide what to think, say, or do as a result of what we have perceived. • How we perceive and communicate with ourselves and how others perceive and communicate with us builds in us a sense of self. Example: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hqp6GnYqIjQ Cultural Differences Perception is affected by your culture • Ethnocentrism -. Every culture has its own world view, having the attitude that their culture is superior • Cultural differences in communication • North Americans – talk is desirable • Asian cultures – value silence Self • • • • • Self-awareness- Ability to reflect and monitor your own behavior. To facilitate a fuller understanding of self, including the attitudes, beliefs, and values we hold as well as the strengths and weaknesses we have. Self-concept- The image you form of yourself compared to others and other’s images of ourselves. Composed of two parts – self-image and self-esteem. Self-image- The kind of person you perceive yourself to be. The role you see yourself performing; the categories you place yourself in, the words you use to describe yourself and your understanding of how others see you. Self-esteem- How well you like and value yourself – this is also called – your self-assessment. Your Self-esteem is determined by your successes and failures and by the image you perceive yourself to be. The Johari windows • Pane 1 – Open area – Information about yourself that is known to you and others. • Pane 2 – Blind area Information about you that others, not you, are aware of. • Pane 3 – Hidden area – Information you know about yourself you do not want others to know. • Pane 4 – Unknown area – Information which neither you or others are aware of. Self – Disclosure – when we purposefully reveal to another something, we have never told anyone else. Example: We move information from pane 3, the hidden area, to pane 1, the open area. Chapter 3 Verbal Communication and Language Verbal Communication – the act of sending and receiving message via language (words). These messages may be spoken, written or signed. Language – a unified system that determines which words symbolize a thing, idea, belief, action or material being represented. Level of Meaning • Symbolic: represents or suggests something • Arbitrary: meaningless without people • Connotative Meaning: Emotional and personal reaction to a word • Denotative Meaning: The descriptive meaning of a word (dictionary meaning) Patterns of Miscommunication Choose your words carefully. Words have different meanings. What do you think of when I say the word “bow?” • bow – a long wooden stick that is used to play a string instrument such as the violin • bow – to bend forward at the waist in respect (e.g. "bow down") • bow – the front of the ship (e.g. "bow and stern") • bow – the weapon which shoots arrows (e.g. "bow and arrow") • bow – a kind of tied ribbon (e.g. bow on a present, a bowtie) • bow – to bend outward at the sides (e.g. a "bow-legged" cowboy) • bough – a branch on a tree. (e.g. "when the bough breaks...") • bō – a long staff, usually made of tapered hard wood or bamboo • beau – a male paramour. Powers of Language ⁰ ⁰ ⁰ ⁰ ⁰ ⁰ Names - Experiences or things Persuades - to act a certain way Unites – bring people together Divides – to control, hurt, or disempower Empowers – Frees, heals, enables Bound to culture – document one’s culture Cultural Differences in Verbal Styles • • • • • • • • • Conversation style – how individuals exchange their thoughts, opinions and feelings Direct style – straightforward message Indirect style – less obvious or obscured Elaborate style – stresses expressive language (adj.) Understated style – understatement, pauses, silence Honorific style – emphasize a person’s status Personal style – being equal Instrumental style – goal-oriented Affective style – process-oriented • Culture and Language Dominant culture – the culture in power (people who share the value, beliefs, ways of behaving and communicating) A poor translation could confuse, offend, or insult someone from another culture or country. Ex. The words our culture uses to define money – wealth, capital, assets, resources, finances. Use of Language Effectively • Authentic • Encouraging • Appropriate • Clear Substituting Words Euphemism - the substitution of a mild, indirect, or vague expression for one thought to be offensive, harsh, or blunt. • • • • • • Let Go. Your fired! Pass away. To Die. Put to sleep. Euthanize. correctional facility - prison or jail fender bender - accident under the weather – feeling sick Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis Sapir and Whorf hypothesis – emphasizes that language affects the way we conceptualize our world. Linguistic determinism – language limits and determines our knowledge, thoughts, and perceptions (firm) Linguistic relativity – language affects or shapes our thoughts, experiences, behaviors (soft) Chapter 4 Non-Verbal Communication Nonverbal Communication – the kinds of human messages and responses not expressed in words. Verbal – 7% Non-Verbal – 93% Body Language – 55% Voice 38%) Function of Non-Verbal Communication o Non-verbal communication works both independently of and in conjunction with verbal messages to clarify a message. o Non-verbal cues help us understand what is really happening during a conversation. Mixed Messages o Mixed Messages – a message that occurs when words and actions contradict each other o and/or o Incongruent Message - When we say one thing but do another Aspect of nonverbal Communication 1. Body Language Kinesics – the study of the relationship between human body motion, or body language and communication. a. Facial Expressions (eyebrows, forehead, eyes, and mouth). b. Posture c. Gesture d. Attractiveness 2. Voice: Paralanguage (vocal cues that accompany spoken language) 3. Space & Distance: Proxemic (study of the use of space) 4. Appearance 5. Clothing and Artifacts 6.Colors: Meanings and Associations 7. Time: Communicative Value of Chronemics (the study of how we use time to communicate) 8. Touch: Haptics (study and use of touch) 9. Smell: Olfactics (study of the sense of smell) Improving Non-Verbal Communication Effectiveness Observe the Communicators Observe the Body Language Listen for Vocal Cues Examine Appearance, Clothing, Artifacts and Color Observe the Effects of Time, Touching and Smell Examine the Environment Chapter 5 Listening, Feedback and Critical Thinking Listening – The deliberate process by which we receive, understand and retain messages. Hearing – the process by which we perceive sounds. Stages of listening HURIER Model – foundation of key aspects associated with the listening process and our own listening behavior. 1st stage Hearing Stage 2nd stage Understanding Stage 3rd stage Remembering Stage (Retain & Recall) 4th stage Interpreting Stage 5th stage Evaluating Stage 6th stage Responding Stage Feedback – the audience’s immediate response to a speaker. The verbal and nonverbal messages that a person consciously or unconsciously sends out in response to another person’s communication. (book def.) Types of Feedbacks o Evaluative o Positive o Negative o Formative o Nonevaluative o Probing o Understanding o Supportive • • • • • • • Improving our listening skills Improving our listening skills will allow us to respond and give constructive feedback: Listen attentively Offer real attention Withhold judgment Control your emotions Display a willingness to see from another’s perspective Listen with your whole body Types of listening Appreciative – listening for enjoyment or relaxation Comprehensive – Listening to gain knowledge Critical – Empathic – Listening to evaluate the worth of a message; accepting or rejecting it listening for the other person’s feelings; provide emotional support. Critical Thinking – the careful and deliberate process of message evaluation. When you think critically about what other people say to you, you do much better than just hearing their words. Chapter 4 Non-Verbal Communication Nonverbal Communication – the kinds of human messages and responses not expressed in words. Verbal – 7% Non-Verbal – 93% Body Language – 55% Voice 38%) Function of Non-Verbal Communication o Non-verbal communication works both independently of and in conjunction with verbal messages to clarify a message. o Non-verbal cues help us understand what is really happening during a conversation. Mixed Messages o Mixed Messages – a message that occurs when words and actions contradict each other o and/or o Incongruent Message - When we say one thing but do another Aspect of nonverbal Communication 1. Body Language Kinesics – the study of the relationship between human body motion, or body language and communication. a. Facial Expressions (eyebrows, forehead, eyes, and mouth). b. Posture c. Gesture d. Attractiveness 2. Voice: Paralanguage (vocal cues that accompany spoken language) 3. Space & Distance: Proxemic (study of the use of space) 4. Appearance 5. Clothing and Artifacts 6.Colors: Meanings and Associations 7. Time: Communicative Value of Chronemics (the study of how we use time to communicate) 8. Touch: Haptics (study and use of touch) 9. Smell: Olfactics (study of the sense of smell) Improving Non-Verbal Communication Effectiveness. Observe the Communicators Observe the Body Language Listen for Vocal Cues Examine Appearance, Clothing, Artifacts and Color Observe the Effects of Time, Touching and Smell Examine the Environment.
