Lu 1 NBE3U1 24 September 2019 Annotated Bibliography Berkes, Fikret, and Dyanna Jolly. “Adapting to Climate Change: Social-Ecological Resilience in a Canadian Western Arctic Community.” Conservation Ecology, vol. 5, no. 2, 20 Dec. 2001, pp. 1–15., doi:10.5751/es-00342-050218. The purpose of this work is to analyze the adaptive capacity of Sachs Harbour to deal with climate change. There are various effects of climate change predicted, many of which have begun in Inuvialuit. Culture is lost because children are unable to spend much time hunting, ice-fishing, or going to other camps due to the faster snowmelt. Hunting is less convenient because animals are further from camp and it is dangerous to wander too far. A result of less time camping is that teenage boys know how to use guns, but no longer know how to build a snow shelter. The land is no longer as predictable and reliable, as it once was. Because of the food scarcity, food sharing in communities are more common. This article is a good start for any reader because it does not contain any biases, is broad, and explores many ideas. Colangelo-Lillis, J., et al. “Evidence for Marine Origin and Microbial-Viral Habitability of Sub-Zero Hypersaline Aqueous Inclusions within Permafrost near Barrow, Alaska.” FEMS Microbiology Ecology, vol. 92, no. 5, 13 May 2016, pp. 1–15., doi:10.1093/femsec/fiw053. The purpose of the work is to inform the reader about the various bacteria in semi-isolated permafrost. Though the concentration of bacteria is Lu 2 similar to the outside environment, the diverse bacteria found are of unknown origins. These “sub-zero hypersaline environments” isolate, provide protection and have other benefits for the bacteria. If climate change continues at this rate, then the bacteria discovered in this academic journal may harm humans and animals it is currently isolated from. This source provides line graphs of the data, has no bias because the data is factual, and researchers used scientific methods. The authors believe further investigation and exploration of “sub-zero hypersaline aqueous inclusions” should be conducted before these bacteria interact with other “contemporary microbial communities” due to climate change. Overall, this is a useful article for readers who want a scientific perspective on climate change. Fawcett, David, et al. “Inuit Adaptability to Changing Environmental Conditions over an 11-Year Period in Ulukhaktok, Northwest Territories.” Polar Record, vol. 54, no. 2, 2018, pp. 119–132., doi:10.1017/S003224741800027X. The objective was to observe and study the adaptations of the Ulukhaktok when hunting in a changing environment. Climate change has affected animal populations, making it easier to miss hunting times, and hunting conditions, make it possible to get stranded on islands because of melting snow. Some other factors are financial time constraints, such as school and employment, and the price of equipment. Men and women, of various ages, participated in the sample. However, the male bias was 22:10, possibly due to the "land-based activities and the research team being entirely male.". The research results are that the "Inuit are responding to these changing climatic conditions: (1) extra precautions, (2) flexibility, (3) sharing networks, and (4) Lu 3 community hunts...". The research is building on past research, so biases would not be as strong and the results demonstrate the changes over time. This article explains many of the reasons culture and environmental knowledge is lost. Lamb, David Michael. “'It Scares Me': Permafrost Thaw in Canadian Arctic Sign of Global Trend | CBC News.” CBCnews, CBC/Radio Canada, 17 Apr. 2017, https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/north/it-scares-me-permafrost-thaw-in-canadian-arct ic-sign-of-global-trend-1.4069173. This article informs Canadians about the results of permafrost melting. Some places, built on permafrost, have been sinking or sliding off their foundations. Transportation becomes unreliable as temperatures rise, and winters shorten. Permafrost has not melted since the last Ice Age and contains methane, a greenhouse gas, and other threats. Some examples provided by the article include uncovered reindeer carcasses infected with anthrax and the bodies of people who died of smallpox. This article is relevant because melting permafrost is a result of climate change. This article does not go in-depth and reveals a variety of topics. The pictures will aid readers who are looking to explore this topic. This article is not an academic journal and does not contain citations. Because it is broad, it is appealing to a variety of readers. CBC is slightly left bias, using loaded words. However, it is mostly fact-based. The author concludes by saying that issues are likely to continue emerging. Overall, this article is recent and can help a reader get a basic understanding of this issue. Pearce, Tristan, et al. “Advancing Adaptation Planning for Climate Change in the Inuvialuit Settlement Region (ISR): a Review and Critique.” Regional Environmental Lu 4 Change, vol. 11, no. 1, 17 Apr. 2010, pp. 1–17., doi:10.1007/s10113-010-0126-4. The purpose of the work was to find a lack of research in climate and make recommendations for advancing adaptation because of climate change. “Temperatures are increasing at twice the global average, recent years have witnessed an unprecedented reduction in summer sea ice, and extreme weather conditions are more frequent and intense.”. The Inuvialuit are more susceptible to food insecurities, health damage, injury, and death, inability to practice cultural traditions, and constrained access to transportation routes because of their dependency on the land. Buildings, roads, and water supply are threatened by the rising sea levels, coastal erosion, and permafrost thaw. The research comprised in this article will benefit the Inuvialuit by displaying the already available research and the software used is unbiased. Pearce, Tristan, et al. “Inuit Vulnerability and Adaptive Capacity to Climate Change in Ulukhaktok, Northwest Territories, Canada.” Polar Record, vol. 46, no. 2, 2 Sept. 2009, pp. 157–177., doi:10.1017/s0032247409008602. The purpose of the work is to examine the effects of climate change on the community in terms of food and hunting. The results of primary research are that the conditions upon which the Ulukhaktok Inuit hunt are gradually getting worse. This paper also explores the current and future vulnerabilities of the community. The research found from the case study is relevant to Ulukhaktok living conditions because it affects the resources and cultural relationships in the community. The method of research was well done because various people were interviewed using the purposive sampling strategy, Lu 5 recruiting respondents from different ages, genders, and parts of the community. The authors conclude that there are similar effects of climate change on all people living in the north and not all of the dangers are from climate change. Some people can cope better with the changes than others. This scholarly journal explores hunting in Ulukhaktok communities specifically and reveals the differences in environmental knowledge between age groups. Pearce, Tristan, et al. “Transmission of Environmental Knowledge and Land Skills among Inuit Men in Ulukhaktok, Northwest Territories, Canada.” Human Ecology, vol. 39, no. 3, 3 May 2011, pp. 271–288., doi:10.1007/s10745-011-9403-1. The purpose of this paper is to explain how land skills are crucial for subsistence harvesting are being transmitted among Inuit men in Ulukhaktok. Younger Ulukhaktok men have received less teaching on the environment due to language barriers, new technologies, making hand made tools appear obsolete and unpredictable climate, creating new dangers. The main concern is that if the young adults do not understand the historical or cultural significance of environmental knowledge first hand, they will not be able to teach their kin when they become fathers or grandfathers. In the sample selection process, one-quarter of the approached had declined. Two possible participants in the data collection were rejected because of their developmental health issues. The bias is shown in the rejected participants because they could have offered different perspectives, even if the data would be harder to collect. Usher, Peter J. “Inuvialuit Use of the Beaufort Sea and Its Resources, 1960-2000.” Arctic, vol. 55, no. 5, 1 Mar. 2002, pp. 18–28., doi:10.14430/arctic732. The purpose of the Lu 6 work was to evaluate how the Inuvialuit use of the Beaufort Sea. The dependancy on climate was significant, as one-third of the harvesting area was on sea ice or water. In the community, as the wage of employment increased, the number of harvesters declined. From 1988-1997, Caribou accounted for 33.3% of all country food harvested. Presently, caribou are scarce and migrate further away. This article reveals the life before climate change and their relationship with the environment they inhabit. The research in this sample, taken over many years, covered 81% of households, making it less bias. At the time, the Inuvialuit depend on the Beaufort Sea for income and subsistence needs but were not totally dependant on it. This article is good for an understanding and knowledge of views previously before climate change was a prevalent topic.
