RESEARCH WRITING
Engr. Delaney C. Ofrecio
University Research Director
MEANING OF RESEARCH
■ “A careful investigation or inquiry specially through search
for new facts in any branch of knowledge.” - Advanced
Learner’s Dictionary of Current English
■ “Systematized effort to gain new knowledge.” - Redman and
Mory
WE ARE ALL RESEARCHERS:
We all possess the vital instinct of inquisitiveness for,
when the unknown confronts us, we wonder
and our inquisitiveness makes us probe
and attain full and fuller understanding of
the unknown.
OBJECTIVES OF RESEARCH
1. To gain familiarity with a phenomenon or to achieve new insights
into it (studies with this object in view are termed as exploratory or
formulative research studies);
2. To portray accurately the characteristics of a particular
individual, situation or a group (studies with this object in view are
known as descriptive research studies);
3. To determine the frequency with which something occurs or with
which it is associated with something else (studies with this object in
view are known as diagnostic research studies);
4. To test a hypothesis of a causal relationship between variables
(such studies are known as hypothesis-testing research studies)
Let’s get started!
Pick a topic of your interest….
Research Manuscript
■ CHAPTER 1
- PROBLEM: It’s Background
■ CHAPTER 2
- REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
■ CHAPTER 3
- RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
■ CHAPTER 4
- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
■ CHAPTER 5
- CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Identifying your Objectives
Chapter 1:
PROBLEM: It’s Background
■ Introduction
■ Problem Statement (optional)
■ Objectives of the Study: (a) General, (b) Specific
■ Significance of the Study
■ Scope and Limitations
■ Definition of Terms
The Inverted Pyramid: A Model for
Effective Introductions
■ An interesting and thorough introduction gives the audience
a reason to read your research and consider your
arguments.
The Inverted
Pyramid: The
Base
The base represents the
attention grabbing opening
sentence. This sentence
should be a general
or broad idea that is related
to your topic.
BASE
-
The Inverted
Pyramid: The
Center
The center of the pyramid
contains more specific
information relating to the
topic.
As the pyramid narrows, lead
into the thesis statement with
a solid transitional sentence.
CENTER
-
The Inverted
Pyramid: The
Point
-
The point of the pyramid
represents the last
sentence in your
introduction, the thesis
statement.
-
POINT
Chapter 2:
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
■ Related Literature
■ Synthesis
■ Conceptual Framework
Chapter 3:
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
■ Research Design
– Refers to the overall strategy that you choose to integrate the
different components of the study in a coherent and logical
way, thereby ensuring its effectiveness in addressing the
research problem.
■ Methods of Research Used:
– e.g. Descriptive Method, R&D Method, etc.
■ Respondents of the Study
– Describe your population through its demographics
Chapter 3:
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
■ Research Instruments Used
– It is a tool used to collect, measure, and analyze data
related to your subject.
– e.g. Questionnaire Method, Interviews, Focus Group,
Observation Method, Document Analysis
■ Statistical Treatment
– Area in which the researchers show how data gathered
will be treated to show results.
– e.g. Percentage, Weighted Mean and other statistical
analysis method
Chapter 3:
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
■ Statistical Treatment (continuation)
– Identify what type of scale is to be used on your
research.
– Very common scale used in research is the Likert Scale.
Likert Scale Examples
AGREEMENT
FREQUENCY
IMPORTANCE
LIKELIHOOD
Strongly Agree
Very Frequently
Very Important
Almost Always
True
Agree
Frequently
Important
Usually True
Undecided
Occasionally
Occasionally True
Disagree
Rarely
Strongly Disagree
Never
Moderately
Important
Of Little
Importance
Unimportant
Usually Not True
Almost Never True
The Last Two(2) Chapters
■ Chapter 4: Results and Discussion
■ Chapter 5: Conclusion and Recommendation
How to label Tables and Figures:
How to label Tables and Figures:
KEEP IN MIND!
■ Your TITLE should be
consistent with:
– Introduction
– Objectives
– Significance of the Study
– Scope and Limitations
– AND THE REST OF THE
PAPER.
Important Considerations for a Good
Research Output
1. Pick a research topic that you are well versed. It is hard to
work on a topic that you don’t have enough knowledge to
start with.
2. Pick a good and competent Research Adviser.
3. Not all researchers are good writers, so it is important to
have an English critic.
4. Proper Citation.
5. READ. READ. READ.
ENJOY WRITING!
End of Presentation.