Name:
1.
The three types of chemistry are _____________________, ___________________ and
__________________
2.
Inorganic chemistry studies molecules found in (living things / non-living things) and that (contain
/ don’t contain)
Carbon atoms (C).
3.
Match the following definitions with their appropriate terms.
Definition
______Water is attracted to solid surfaces
______Causes molecules to bond
______Dissolves substances
Terms
A
B.
C
. Solvent
Cohesion
. Adhesion
______Ability to spread through fine pores D.
Capillary
4.
The polar nature of water causes water molecules to be (attracted / repelled) to one another. The
(positively/ negatively) charged region of one water molecule is attracted to the (positively/ negatively) charged region of another water molecule. This attraction is called a
_____________________, which is the (force/polarity) of attraction between a hydrogen molecule with a partial (positive / negative) charge and another atom or molecule with a partial or full negative charge.
5.
Describe the characteristics that make Carbon atoms suitable for biological systems
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
6.
In a covalent bond (electrons are unevenly shared / protons are unevenly shared / electrons are evenly shared) , meanwhile in an ionic bond (electrons are unevenly shared / protons are unevenly shared / neutrons are evenly shared).
7.
_____________________have multiple Carbons, while _______________________ only have one Carbon.
8.
A triglyceride is composed by 3____________________ and 1 __________________
9.
Draw an amino acid molecule and label its main functional groups:

Name:
1.
Cells are __________________________________________________ and they can be both
____________________ and ___________________________.
2.
An example of a unicellular organism is: a.
Polar Bear b.
Humans c.
d.
Bacteria
Plants
3.
An example of a multicellular organism is: a.
Bacteria b.
Polar Bear c.
Archaea d.
An eukaryotic bacteria
4.
Describe the major contributions of Hooke and Leeuwenhoek to cell biology.
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
5.
Explain how the 3 types of microscopes work and what you can see with each one of them:
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
6.
The three postulates of the cell theory state that: a.
_______________________________________________________________ b.
_______________________________________________________________ c.
_______________________________________________________________
7.
Prokaryotes are (complex/simple) cells and they presumably were the (last / first) cells on Earth.
They are characterized for (having / not having) a bounded nucleus.
8.
Eukaryotic cells are found in the following kingdoms: ___________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
9.
Classify the following graphs as Eukaryote or Prokaryote. Then identify if they are from an animal cell, plant cell or a bacterium. In the back of the worksheet draw each cell and label its main parts

Name:
1.
The two roles of the cell membrane in the cell is to _____________________ and
_______________________________________________________________________________
2.
The cell membrane is composed by the following biochemical components: a._________________________ and b. _____________________________.
3.
Match the following definitions with their terms
Definitions

Takes in liquids

Molecules move from an area of greater concentration to lesser concentration.




Mixtures of substances
The same
Removes particles form the cell
Transport that uses chemical energy

Water molecules move from an area of




 greater concentration to an area of lesser concentration
Molecules are equally spread out
Less
Transport that doesn’t use chemical energy
Takes molecules into the cell
Takes in food
A. Osmosis
B. Active transport
C. Endocytosis
D. ISO
E. Solutions
F. Equilibrium
G. Phagocytosis
H. HYPO
I. Diffusion
J. Pinocytosis
K. Passive transport
L. Exocytosis
4.
Write the 2 most important cations that participate in active transport: _______________________
5.
Draw an label the parts of the cellular membrane:

Name:
1.
DNA stands for _______________________________________________________
2.
DNA was first discovered in __________________________, but its iconic shape was established in _____________________________.
3.
Nucleotides are the___________________________ of the DNA chain; they are made up of a
__________________________, __________________________, and a ___________________.
4.
Describe the shape and structure of the DNA chain.
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
5.
Complete the following questions about nitrogenous bases:
______________________ is always connected with _________________________
_________________________ is always connected with ______________________
6.
What is DNA replication?
_____________________________________________________________________
7.
RNA is used for the creation of (proteins/lipids).
It’s called the __________________ because it carries __________________________________________. Unlike DNA, RNA is (single / double) strained, and instead of thymine (T), it contains _________________. The 3 types of RNA are_______________________________.
8.
Compare and contrast transcription and translation.
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
9.
Label the parts of the double helix of DNA in the following graph:

Name:
1.
Cell division is the process ______________________________________________. There are two phases involved __________________________ which accounts for the 90% of the cell’s life and ________________________.
2.
In the first phase a.
Cells copy b.
Cells copy DNA and prepare for c.
Cells divide d.
Chromosomes separate division
3.
In the second phase: a.
Cells copy DNA b.
Cells prepare for division c.
Chromosomes separate into two cells d.
Cells divide
4.
Cells spend more time in mitosis than in (cytokinesis/ interphase/ synthesis) .
5.
In First growth (G
1
) ______________________ copies itself, while in second growth (G
2
) the cell is ________________________________________________.
6.
Chromosomes are ________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
7.
Which is the acronym for all the cell cycle phases? a.
PMAT b.
IPMAT c.
d.
IMAPT
IMPAT
8.
Nuclear division occurs in interphase (TRUE / FALSE)
9.
What are checkpoints, and how are they related with apoptosis?
_____________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
10.
Identify the phase of cell division in which the following events happen i.
The nuclear membrane and nucleus disappear ____________________________ ii.
The spindle attaches to the kinetochore _________________________________ iii.
The spindle forms __________________________________________________ iv.
The nuclear membrane and nucleus reappear _____________________________ v.
Chromatids separate and microtubules dissasembly ________________________ vi.
Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell ____________________________ vii.
Chromosomes disappear and cleavage furrow forms _______________________ viii.
The two new cells form ______________________________________________
11.
Draw and label a diagram representing a plant cell during interphase and mitosis in the next page.

Name:
1.
Who is considered the father of classic genetics? ________________________________________
2.
Genetics is the study of _______________________, which is the passing of
_______________________________________________________________________________.
3.
Match the following terms to their definitions
Definitions:

Mixed expression of traits________

Weaker Trait _______

Shows both traits at the same time_______

Stronger trait _______
Terms:
A. Incomplete dominance
B. Co-dominance
C. Dominant
D. Recessive
4.
What are alleles? _________________________________________________________________
5.
_____________________ means that the alleles are the same, while _____________________ means that the alleles are different.
6.
What is genotype? ________________________________________________________________
7.
Explain how biotechnology can be useful for medicine and agriculture
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
8.
What is the Chi Square (χ
2
) and why is it used in genetics?
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
9. For each genotype, indicate whether it is heterozygous ( HE ) or homozygous ( HO )
AA ____ Ee ____
Bb ____ ff ____
Cc ____
Dd ____
GG ____
HH ____
10. For each of the genotypes below, determine the phenotype.
Purple flowers are dominant to white flowers
PP _______________________
Pp________________________ pp ________________________
Round seeds are dominant to wrinkled
RR ________________________
Brown eyes are dominant to blue eyes
BB ________________________
Bb ________________________ bb ________________________
Bobtails are recessive (long tails dominant)
TT ________________________
Rr _________________________ rr _________________________
Tt _________________________ tt __________________________
11. For each phenotype, list the genotypes. (Use the letter of the dominant trait)
Straight hair is dominant to curly.
____________ straight
Pointed heads are dominant to round heads.
____________ pointed
____________ straight
____________ curly
____________ pointed
____________ round

12. Set up the square for each of the crosses listed below. The trait being studied is round seeds
(dominant) and wrinkled seeds (recessive)
What percentage of the offspring will be round? _______
What percentage of the offspring will be round? ___________
What percentage of the offspring will be round? _______
What percentage of the offspring will be wrinkled? ______
13. In rabbits, grey hair is dominant to white hair. Also in rabbits, black eyes are dominant to red eyes.
GG = gray hair BB = black eyes
Gg = gray hair gg = white hair
Bb = black eyes bb = red eyes
14. What are the phenotypes (descriptions) of rabbits that have the following genotypes:
Ggbb ____________________ ggBB ____________________ ggbb ____________________ GgBb ____________________
15. A male rabbit with the genotype GGbb is crossed with a female rabbit with the genotype ggBb The Square is set up below. Fill it out and determine the phenotypes and proportions in the offspring.
How many out of 16 have grey fur and black eyes? _____
How many out of 16 have grey fur and red eyes? _______
How many out of 16 have white fur and black eyes? ____
How many out of 16 have white fur and red eyes? ______

16. A male rabbit with the genotype GgBb is crossed with a female rabbit with the genotype GgBb The square is set up below. Fill it out and determine the phenotypes and proportions in the offspring.
How many out of 16 have grey fur and black eyes? ____
How many out of 16 have grey fur and red eyes? _____
How many out of 16 have white fur and black eyes? ____
How many out of 16 have white fur and red eyes? _____

Name:
Concept 1: Looking at the cladogram answer the following questions :
1.
What is the different trait between the (primate and rabbits) and the (crocodile and birds) groups?
_______________________________________________________________________________
2.
What is the different trait between (amphibians) and (primates, rabbits, crocodile and birds)?
_______________________________________________________________________________
3.
What is the different trait between the (amphibians) and the (ray fined fish)?
_______________________________________________________________________________
4.
And between the sharks and the fish?
_______________________________________________________________________________
5.
Why do you think these types of diagrams are developed? How are molecular phylogenetic trees similar to these diagrams?
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
Concept 2:
6.
In your own words, what is evolution?
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
7.
What is a species? How do scientists determine whether two species are different?
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
8.
What did Darwin discover that can be the difference between life and death in species? Use an example in your answer.
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
9.
What is natural selection?
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
Concept 3:
10.
What are fossils and how are they formed?
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________

11.
Using a specific example, explain how fossils are used to show evolution.
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
12.
How is DNA used to show patterns of evolution?
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
13.
How do Finches in the Galapagos help to show evolution in action?
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
Concept 4:
14.
Who is Lucy? Why is she so important in the evolution discussion?
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
15.
Complete the following features about the Evolution of hominids
How long ago did they live?
Physical characteristics
Australopithecines
Homo habilis
Homo erectus
Homo sapiens
16.
Contrast Darwin’s Theory versus Lamarck’s Theory of Evolution
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________

Name:
1.
Why is it necessary for scientists to use scientific names instead of just common names?
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
2.
Complete the order to how species are classified below
 o

 o

 o
3.
How is the scientific name formed? What are the specifics way that it must be written?
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
4.
What are the criteria to classify species in Kingdoms? a.
_________________________________________________________________ b.
_________________________________________________________________ c.
_________________________________________________________________
5.
Kingdom Monera is formed by ______________________________________________________
6.
What is the main difference between Kingdom Protista and Kingdom Monera?
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
7.
What are the main species found in Kingdom Fungae? ___________________________________
8.
What are the differing characteristics found in the Kingdom Plantae?
_______________________________________________________________________________
9.
What are the main characteristics of Kingdom Animalia? Give 3 examples of invertebrate animals,
3 terrestrial vertebrate animals and 3 aquatic animals.
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
10.
What is the scientific name of the modern human being?

Name:
1.
What are microbes? _______________________________________________________________
2.
Why are microscopes necessary to study microbes?
_______________________________________________________________________________
3.
Which are the three groups of microbes? a.
_______________________________________ b.
_______________________________________ c.
_______________________________________
4.
What is the difference between solitary and colonial microbes?
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
5.
Compare and contrast sexual and asexual reproduction of microbes.
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
6.
Fungi are ( eukaryotes / prokaryotes ) and ( autotrophs / heterotrophs )
7.
Do Fungi need light to live? Describe the type of habitat that fungi need to thrive
_______________________________________________________________________________
8.
Hyphae are ______________________________________________________________________
9.
What do fungi use as their energy source? _____________________________________________
10.
How do they break down food? _____________________________________________________
11.
Describe in which ways fungi are harmful and beneficial for humans.
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________.
12.
Compare and contrast the domains Archaea and Prokarya
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________

13.
How can bacteria be helpful? What diseases do they cause?
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
14.
Explain the structure of viruses and how they infect living cells
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
15.
Describe the three sub groups of the Kingdom Protista.
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
16.
Why horizontal gen transfer is critical in the debate about GMO’s?
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________

Name:
1.
What are the differences between gymnosperms and angiosperms?
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
2.
Two examples of monocots are ______________________________, meanwhile an example of two eudicots would be __________________________________________.
3.
Explain the process of plant reproduction in eudicots in your own words.
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
4.
The three parts of a seed are ________________________________________________________
5.
What is a vascular system?
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
6.
Why is a vascular system more important for larger plant species?
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
7.
Name two types of non-vascular plants. a.
__________________________________ b.
__________________________________
8.
Do non-vascular plants grow very large? Why or why not?
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
9.
Compare “thalloid” versus “leafy” liverworts:
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
10.
How do hornworts differ from mosses?
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
11.
Is it necessary for plants to have a vascular system to complete photosynthesis?
____________________________
12.
What are the three basic components of all vascular plants? a.
_____________________________ b.
_____________________________ c.
_____________________________

13.
Explain the job of the roots in the plant system.
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
14.
The job of the stem is to transport ________________________ and ________________ and act as a ___________________________________________________________________________.
15.
The function of leaves is to ________________________________________________________.
16.
What are buds? __________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________.
17.
Explain how xylem transports water in plants.
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
18.
How is phloem involved in photosynthesis?
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
19.
The sporophyte is ( haploid / diploid ) and reproduces by ( mitosis / meiosis ), meanwhile the gametophyte is ( diploid / haploid ) and reproduces by ( meiosis / mitosis ).
20.
In the space below draw and label the parts an angiosperm . Be sure to include a diagram of the flower as well as its parts

Name:
1. Complete the following table with the etymology of each word [5 pts]
Porifera
 porus = _________________ fero= ______________________
Cnidaria
 knide = _________________
Platyhelminthes
 platus = ____________________ helmins = ______________________
Rotifera  rota = ____________________ fero = ___________________
Mollusca
 molluscus, mollis = ____________________
Annelida
 anelles, anulus = _____________________ oda = _______________________
Nematoda
 nema = ______________________
Arthropoda
 arthron = ____________________ podos = _________________________
Echinodermata
 echinos = ____________________ dermatos = ____________________
Chordata
 chorda = ____________________
2. ( Coelomates /Acoelomates/ Pseudocoelomates ) are animals without a body cavity. ( Coelomates
/Acoelomates/ Pseudocoelomates) are animals whose body cavity is not completely lined by mesoderm. ( Coelomates /Acoelomates/ Pseudocoelomates) have a body cavity completely lined by mesoderm Most animals have tissues and radial or bilateral symmetry.
__________________symmetry is associated with cephalization. Most animals have a body cavity that aids movement and the transport of nutrients and wastes [3pts]
3. Suppose you watch a video showing the development of an unknown animal. What clues can the developmental pattern give you about how this organism is classified? [3pts]
4. List the evidence that biologists use to classify earthworms and snakes in different clades despite the superficial similarities between these animals. [3pts]
5. If you found a fossil and were not sure whether it was from a reptile or a mammal, how might you tell the difference? [3pts]
6. If all animals disappeared from the Earth (from Porifera to Mammals), what would the positive and negative effects be on plants? [3pts]
7. Mammals are ( endothermic/ exothermic ). ( Exothermy /Endothermy ) enables mammals to occupy a range of habitats and sustain strenuous activity, but it requires large amounts of food and oxygen.
( Placental mammals /Monotremes / Marsupials ) lay eggs. ( Placental mammals /Monotremes /
Marsupials ) give birth to young that continue development in the mother’s pouch. ( Placental mammals /Monotremes / Marsupials ) typically develop the embryo within the uterus for longer periods than marsupials do before giving birth [3pts]
8. Describe the main features about birds regarding to reproduction, circulatory system, respiratory system and external anatomy [3pts]
9. What would happen to a coral reef if pollution or sediment caused the water around the reef to become less clear? Explain your answer. [3pts]
10. Hookworm infections are extremely common in China, where rice is grown in paddies that are periodically flooded. Considering what you know about how hookworms invade the human body, why do you think hookworm infections are so common in this part of the world? [3pts]
11. Clams reproduce by releasing sperm and eggs into the water. How might this process affect the reproductive success of these mollusks? Would you expect clams to release many sperm and eggs or only a few? To what Phylum do they belong? [3pts]

12. Arthropods first lived on land about 400 million years ago. They have survived several time periods in which other Phyla became extinct. What characteristics might have enabled arthropods to survive and adapt? [3pts]
13. Describe which physical characteristics enable fish to adapt to an aquatic environment. Also explain how the heart and gills function in fish. [3pts]
14. Some viviparous snakes and lizards live in cold climates. Why might viviparity be advantageous in such environments? Are reptiles endothermic or exothermic organisms? [3pts]
15. In recent years, surgeons have tried transplanting baboon and pig hearts into humans. Explain why surgeons tried these hearts rather than a large turtle’s heart. [3pts]
16. When tadpoles undergo metamorphosis, their bodies begin to produce an enzyme that converts ammonia into urea. The time that a tadpole takes to produce this enzyme varies among species. In the graph below, the rate of enzyme production is shown for a species that inhabits a desert-like environment and a species that inhabits a forest environment. Which curve represents which frog?
Explain. [5pts]
17. In the space provided, write the letter of the term or phrase that best describes each numbered item
[5pts].
______ 1. multicellularity a. one-way street b. team
______2. diploid
______3. tissue
______4. radial symmetry c. reinforcement bars in concrete d. twins e. mirror image f. apartments in apartment building
______5. bilateral symmetry
______6. digestive tract g. tire pump h. armor i. bicycle wheel spokes
______7. open circulatory system
______8. neuron
______9. exoskeleton j. electrical wire
______10. endoskeleton

Name:

Name:
Months of the Year
January- February
March- April
May-June
Average Day
Temperature(°C)
23
25
26
Cumulated Bimonthly
Rainfall (cm)
40
70
80
July-August
September-October
28
27
95
110
November-December
∑ 𝑡°
=
6
24
∑ 𝑝𝑝 (𝑚𝑚)
70
=
1.
Which life zone do you think is represented with the data above? ___________________________
2.
Give two examples of where you could find this life zone. a.
________________________________ b. __________________________________
3.
Which months would you considered a. The rainy season _________________________________ b.
The dry season_____________________________.
In the space below create a climatograph. On the X axis label the months. On the Y axis (one on each side) label the temperature and the rainfall.

Months of the Year
January- February
March- April
May-June
Average Day
Temperature(°C)
15
11
7
Cumulated Bimonthly
Rainfall (cm)
20
35
40
July-August
September-October
5
6
45
51
November-December
∑ 𝑡°
=
6
8
∑ 𝑝𝑝 (𝑚𝑚)
33
=
4.
Which life zone do you think is represented with the data above? ___________________________
5.
Give two examples of where you could find this life zone. a.
________________________________ b. __________________________________
6.
Which months would you considered a. The rainy season _________________________________ b.
The dry season_____________________________.
In the space below create a climatograph. On the X axis label the months. On the Y axis (one on each side) label the temperature and the rainfall.

Name:
1.
What is difference between a food chain and a food web? ________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
2.
Autotrophs: a.
Create their own food c.
Are producers b.
Photosynthesize d.
All of the above
3.
Heterotrophs must eat ( producers / nitrogen / other organisms below in the food chain ) as an energy source.
4.
Heterotrophs are producers and always are at the top of the food chain (True / False)
5.
Match the term to its definition:
Definition: Term:
______________ Only eats plants
______________ Decompose organic matter
______________ Only eat meat
______________ Eat both plants and meat
A. Omnivores
B. Carnivores
C. Herbivores
D. Saprophyte
6.
In the space below draw the food chain and the corresponding ecological pyramid of a polyfarm of maize, cucumber and beans. What possible pests and beneficial organisms would you find?
7.
What is photosynthesis? What organelle is necessary for photosynthesis?
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
8.
Complete the chemical reaction of photosynthesis in the spaced below:
________________ + ____________________

_____________________ + ____________

9.
Compare and contrast chemosynthesis and photosynthesis.
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
10.
Create your own water spiral in the space below. Be sure to label using the appropriate terms.
11.
Why is the Nitrogen cycle important to farmers?
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
12.
Write the seven properties of an ecosystem
12.1.
______________________________________________________________________
12.2.
12.3.
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
12.4.
12.5.
12.6.
12.7.
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.