MSc/PG Diploma in
Environmental Engineering &
Management
ENVIRONMENTAL
AUDITING - CE 5574
Individual Assignment on LCA,
EMS, CP
K P D D JAYASEKARA
169160 P
1.
a.
ISO 14064-1:2006 Greenhouse gases
b.
ISO 14024:1999 Environmental labels and declarations
c.
ISO 14046:2014 Environmental management -- Water footprint -- Principles, requirements and
guidelines
d.
ISO 14044:2006 Environmental management -- Life cycle assessment -- Requirements and
guidelines
ISO 14040:2006 Environmental management -- Life cycle assessment -- Principles and framework
e.
ISO 45001 - Occupational health and safety (OHSAS 18001)
2.
The Global Warming Potential (GWP) was developed to allow comparisons of the
global warming impacts of different gases. Specifically, it is a measure of how much energy
the emissions of 1 ton of a gas will absorb over a given period of time, relative to the
emissions of 1 ton of carbon dioxide (CO2). The larger the GWP, the more that a given gas
warms the Earth compared to CO2 over that time period. The time period usually used for
GWPs is 100 years. GWPs provide a common unit of measure, which allows analysts to add
up emissions estimates of different gases.
CO2, by definition, has a GWP of 1 regardless of the time period used.
Methane (CH4) is estimated to have a GWP of 28–36 over 100 years.
Nitrous Oxide (N2O) has a GWP 265–298 times that of CO2 for a 100-year timescale.
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), hydrochlorofluorocarbons
(HCFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs), and sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) are sometimes called highGWP gases because, for a given amount of mass, they trap substantially more heat than CO2.
Ref. https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/understanding-global-warming-potentials
Desktop computer
Manufacturing
Transport
Using
Dispose
CO2 emission from Transport
( From marine transport to the port and then truck to the shop and shop to the house is car)
Passenger car – 176 g /km
http://www.seedengr.com/Greenhouse%20gas%20emissions%20and%20the%20transport%20sector.pdf
Truck –
CO2 – 27.5 g/ton-km
NOx – 0.074 g/ton-km
http://www.volvotrucks.com/content/dam/volvo/volvo-trucks/markets/global/pdf/ourtrucks/Emis_eng_10110_14001.pdf
Ship –
CO2 – 10 g /ton-km
http://www.worldshipping.org/industry-issues/environment/air-emissions/carbon-emissions
CO2 emission from the using of the desktop computer –
1 kWh – 8.9 kg
https://www.epa.gov/energy/greenhouse-gas-equivalencies-calculator
Book cupboard made from timber from Indonesia
Timber making
Transport
Cupboard Making
Transport - CO2- 10 g /ton-km
http://www.worldshipping.org/industry-issues/environment/air-emissions/carbon-emissions
From Indonesia to Sri Lanka –
Approx. 3700km (Port of Colombo, Sri Lanka- Anyer Terminal, Indonesia)
http://ports.com/sea-route/port-of-colombo,sri-lanka/anyer-terminal,indonesia
Cupboard Making - CO2
1 kWh – 8.9 kg
https://www.epa.gov/energy/greenhouse-gas-equivalencies-calculator
A bus imported from India
India
Sri Lanka
CO2 emission from import
(TATA bus manufactured in Pune, India) Nearest port is Mumbai
Approx. 1800 km (From Port of Mumbai, india - Port of Colombo, Sri Lanka)
http://ports.com/sea-route/port-of-mundra,india/port-of-colombo,sri-lanka
4.
Central Bus Stand – Pettah
a. Scope of the EMS is applied to the services provided by the bus stand. The location is pettah.
b. Passengers, Staff of the bus stand, Bus drivers, Merchants based on the buses, Police
c. Oil/Fuel spills, Fire, Air emission, Waste disposal, Noise
Vehicle emission management, Solid waste disposal systems (waste separation), and Noise
prevention
d. Spill recovery mechanisms, firefighting systems (Water, Fire extinguishers), Escape routes/
Assembly points, Alarms
e.
Environmental
Element to be
Monitored
Parameters
to be
Monitored
Air Quality
PM, CO,
NOx
Bus stand
Once in three
months
CEA
Ground Water
Quality
Oil, Fuels
Tube wells near
the bus stand
Once in six
months
CEA
Places to be
Monitored
Frequency of
Monitoring
Authority of
Monitoring
Noise
Noise level
in dB
Inside and the
boundary of the
bus stand
Once in six
months
CEA
Solid waste
Waste
quantity
Waste collecting
areas
Weekly
Urban Council
Responsible
EMS team of
the Central
bus stand
f.
Chairman of the Central bus stand, pettah
Representative from the National Transport Commission
Representative from the ministry of transport and civil aviation
Member from EMS team
Representative from the bus drivers’ union
Member from the Merchants association –pettah
g. On time bus service, pleasant environment for all the passengers
A large scale bakery
a. Scope of the EMS is should be based on the products manufactured in the bakery.
b. Consumers, Staff of the bakery, owner, agents of the products, suppliers
c. Waste disposal , Air emission, Wastewater, noise, Health
Solid waste disposal systems (waste separation),
Fuel efficient burning systems
Wastewater treatment plant
Noise controlling
Safety and health monitoring programs
d. Alarm system for air quality monitoring and exceeding the limits
Fire assembly points
Products re-collecting mechanism if hygienic issues are identified
e.
Environmental
Element to be
Monitored
Parameters to be
Monitored
Places to be
Monitored
Air Quality
CO,CO2
Inside the
factory
Air Quality
PM, CO,CO2
Ambient air
quality at
the
boundary
Once in six
months
CEA
Ground Water
Quantity
Water table
Tube wells
near factory
Once in
three months
CEA
Surface Water
Quality
pH, colour,
COD,BOD,TSS,TDS
Once in six
months
CEA
Noise
Noise level in dB
Once in six
months
CEA
Solid waste
Waste quantity
Twice a
month
Urban
Council
Water
bodies near
the factory
Inside and
the
boundary of
the factory
Waste
collecting
areas
Frequency
of
Monitoring
Online/ Real
time
monitoring
Authority
of
Monitoring
Responsible
Factory
Engineer
Factory
Engineer
EMS team
f.
CEO
Member from EMS team
Factory Manger
Factory Engineer
Finance Manager
Marketing Manager
g. Good customer base/ satisfaction level
Higher production due to high demand
More profit
3 star hotel
a. In the case of a hotel, sustainability into overall performance standards and
operational procedures should be based on the scope. Environmental sustainability
means to minimize the environmental impacts on the flora, fauna, air, water, land and
natural resources. Social sustainability is social well-being of all stakeholders and
public health to good working conditions.
b. Customers (visitors/guests), Staff, owners, travel agents, joints partners with the hotel
(suppliers, cab services)
c. Wastewater, food Waste disposal, Health, Social inter connections, Flora/fauna
destruction due to activities
Solid waste disposal systems (Bio gas),
Wastewater treatment plant
Health monitoring programs
d. Fire assembly points/ hotel evacuation plan
Water / Electricity backups
Medical / health center
e.
f.
Environmental
Element to be
Monitored
Parameters to be
Monitored
Places to be
Monitored
Air Quality
CO,CO2
Inside the
hotel
Air Quality
PM, CO,CO2
Ambient air
quality at
the
boundary
Once in six
months
CEA
Ground Water
Quality
pH, colour, TDS
Tube wells
near hotel
Once in
three months
CEA
Ground Water
Quantity
Water table
Surface Water
Quality
pH, colour,
COD,BOD,TSS,TDS
Noise
Noise level in dB
Solid waste
Waste quantity
CEO
Member from EMS team
Chief cook
Engineering Manger
Finance Manager
Marketing Manager
g. More visitors/guests
More profit/income
Image for the hotel
Water
bodies near
the hotel
Inside and
the
boundary of
the hotel
Waste
collecting
areas
Frequency
of
Monitoring
Online/ Real
time
monitoring
Authority
of
Monitoring
Responsible
Engineering
Manager
Engineering
Manager
EMS team
Once in six
months
CEA
Once in six
months
CEA
Twice a
month
Urban
Council
5.
Life cycle approach
Greenhouse gases [CO2 equivalent]
The life cycle assessment analyses the effects of a product on the environment during
its entire existence, from production to its period of use and its end-of-life recycling. It is a
quantitative evaluation of ecological aspects such as the emission of greenhouse gases
(including carbon dioxide [CO2]), energy consumption, acidification or 'summer smog'. Life
cycle assessments according to the procedure laid down in the international ISO 14040 series
of standards.
https://www.audi.com/content/dam/com/EN/corporateresponsibility/product/audi_a6_life_cycle_assessment.pdf
https://people.exeter.ac.uk/TWDavies/energy_conversion/Calculation%20of%20CO2%20emissions%
20from%20fuels.htm
For Petrol three-wheeler (BAJAJ –RE 4s Specifications)
Weight – 337 kg
Average three wheeler life time is 200,000 km.
Average fuel consumption is 25 km per one liter of Petrol.
Production( raw material)
Using
Recycling
337 x 5
2.31 x 8000
-
CO2 kg emission
1685
18,480
-
For Diesel three-wheeler (Piaggio Ape XTRA LD Diesel Specifications)
Weight – 440 kg
Average three wheeler life time is 200,000 km.
Average fuel consumption is 30 km per one liter of Diesel
Production( raw material)
Using
Recycling
440 x 5
2.68 x 6666
-
CO2 kg emission
2200
17,867
-
For Electric three-wheeler (BAJAJ three wheeler electric Closed body auto rickshaw
Specifications)
Weight – 300 kg
Average three wheeler life time is 200,000 km.
Motor power – 1000 W (1 kW)
Per charge – 70 km
Max speed – 30 km/h
Running time – 2 hours and 20 min.
Production( raw material)
Using Per 70 km
Using ( electricity from grid)
Recycling
300 x 5
1 x 2.33 x 43
-
7 kg
CO2 kg emission
1500
20,000
-
6.
Electricity usage (kWh) per garment
Water usage (L) per garment
Vehicle fuel usage (L) for transportation of 1 kg of finished product
Greenhouse gases emission [CO2] kg per 1 ton of production of garments
Land fill waste (kg) per raw material (kg) incoming to the plant