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English
- a form of literature in which a story
is told through the words and actions
of characters
- meant to be performed
- acted on stage or on film, radio or
television
- “dran” – greek – to do
- earliest written plays - ancient
Greece around 500 B.C
VOCABULARY
The Gift of the Magi
1. merchant – (n) trader, storekeeper
2. mitigate – (v) to lessen in force or
intensity; to make less severe
3. forfeiture – (n) penalty
Dramatic Structure
4. alter – (v) change or cause to
change in character or composition,
typically in a comparatively small but
significant way.
11. Exposition – characters and conflict
are introduced
5. Beseech – (v) ask (someone)
urgently and fervently to do
something, implore entreat.
13. Complications – tensions builds
6. Monarch – (n) a sovereign head of
state, esp. a king, queen, or
emperor.
7. Provision – (n) the action of
providing or supplying something for
use.
8. Sceptre – (n) an ornamented staff
carried by rulers on ceremonial
occasions as a symbol of
sovereignty.
12. Rising action
14. Climax – point of highest tensions
- action determines how the
conflict will be resolved
15. Falling action
16. Resolution – conflict is resolved
- play ends
17. Conflict - a struggle or clash
between opposing characters or
forces.
9. Bond(s) – (n) something that binds,
or restraints

Man vs. self – (internal) personality,
emotional, intellectual, or moral
10. Tenure – (n) the act, right, manner,
or term of holding something

Man vs. man - (external) between
friends, lovers, antagonists, and
other characters

Man vs. society – (external) between
a character and a social force or
condition, or a large group
DRAMA
- is a story enacted onstage for a
live audience.
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
Man vs. nature – (external) between
a character and some natural
obstacles or natural condition

Man vs. machine / technology –
between characters and something
about scientific discoveries

Man vs. fate / supernatural –
between characters and paranormal/
other worldly events
Dramatic Elements
18. Focus – memorize lines (actions,
moves, facial expression)
- emphasize the goals or
objectives of a character
19. Tension – focus on its conflict
- audience predicts the result
- mystery story
20. Timing – timing of movements and
gestures, and execution
- carefully done
- rhythm and speed or pace
21. Rhythm – period of timing and
speed of the drama
- speed of the performance
- should never be repeated
Types of Drama
22. Tragedy - a serious drama which
the protagonist, traditionally of noble
positions suffers a series of unhappy
events that lead to catastrophe such
as death or spiritual breakdown.
 Protagonist – tragic hero –
has a tragic flaw
23. Comedy - intended to interest and
amuse the audience rather than to
make them deeply concerned about
the events that happen
- characters experience
difficulties, but they always
overcome their ill fortune and find
happiness at the end.
 Play that ends happily
 Romantic conflict
 Could be any protagonist
24. Tragicomedy - does not adhere
strictly to the structure of tragedy.
- usually a serious play that
also has some qualities of comedy.
25. Farce - comic dramatic piece that
uses highly improbable situations,
stereotyped characters, extravagant
exaggeration, and violent horseplay.
- intellectually inferior to
comedy because the plots and the
characters are substantially crude,
ambiguous, and unimaginative.
26. Melodrama - exaggeration of
emotions
- marked by a surge of
emotions, which is a technique to
make the character and the plot
more appealing to the audience
- sometimes fail to derive
applause, because excessive
display of emotions can become
monotonous
27. Fantasy - complete fictional work
where characters virtually display
supernatural skills.
- more appealing to children
as fairies, angels, superheroes, etc.,
are embedded in the plot
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- Use of magic, pseudo
science, horror, and spooky themes
through various kinds of technical
devices create a perfect world of
fantasy.
- modern version of drama
incorporates a great deal of special
effects
28. Musical - combines Music, melody,
and dance play a significant role in a
musical drama.
- conveyed through music
and dance along with dialogs and
acting.
- music should be in sync
with the actions, and the performer
often uses dance as a means of selfexpression.
- stage may be equipped with
an orchestra, well-rehearsed with
the plot and the use of music.
- popular as opera, which is
still considered to be intensely
sensuous.
make exit and entrance through the
aisles
31. Medieval - theater used in playing
areas called mansions inside the
churches and portable wagons
wheeled about outside the churches.
32. Elizabethan - theater with a wooden
structure providing an enclosed
space around a courtyard open sky.
33. Proscenium - stage of the
nineteenth century.
- distances the audience
from the play , providing a clear
frame behind which the performer
act out their scenes
34. Theatre of Cruelty - was developed
in France
- closed the gap between the
actor and audiences Its purpose was
to confront the members of the
audience individually
Setting the Stage
29. Modern drama - modern play
- may be tragedy, comedy, or
a mixture of the two
- usually focuses on personal
issues
- usually is about ordinary
people
- unconventional plot
structure
Kinds of Theatre
30. Arena - theatre style of the early
Greeks.
- actors are surrounded on all
sides by the audience and they
35. Props – properties - items that the
characters carry or handle onstage.
36. Dialogue - conversations of
characters onstage
37. Monologue - long speech given by
one character to others
38. Soliloquy - speech by a character
alone onstage to himself or herself
or to the audience
39. Asides - remarks made to the
audience or to one character; the
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other characters onstage do not
hear an aside
40. Audience - experience the
performance
- understand the story
- respond to the characters
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41. Blocking – the physical
arrangements of actors on a stage
42. stage direction. - Part of the script
of a play that tells the actors how
they are to move or to speak their
lines.
- an instruction in the text of
a play, esp. one indicating the
movements, position, or tone of an
actor, or the sound effects and
lighting,
43. steps –
44. act - a way to divide an opera, play.
- Each act is a group of
scenes that form an important part of
the story.
- perform a fictional role in a
play
45. tragedy – a play dealing w/ tragic
events and having an unhappy
ending, esp. one concerning the
downfall of the main character.
46. Comedy – a play intended to make
an audience laugh
- the style or genre of such
types.
- a play characterized by its
humorous or satirical tone and its
depiction of amusing people or
incidents, in which the characters
ultimately triumph over adversity.
47. Conflict – a serious disagreement
or argument, typically a protracted
one.
- in which a person
experiences a clash of opposing
wishes or needs.
48. Climax – the most intense, exciting,
or important point of something; a
culmination or apex
49. Character – a person in a novel,
play, or story
- a part played by an actor.
- person or other being in a
narrative
50. Props – a portable obj other than
furniture or costumes used on the
set of a play.
51. Flashback – a scene in a
play/narrative, set in a time earlier
than the main story
- analepsis
- is an interjected scene that
takes the narrative back in time from
the current point in the story.
- often used to recount
events that happened before the
story's primary sequence of events
to fill in crucial backstory.
52. Foreshadowing – be a warning or
indication of ( a future event )
- a literary device in which a
writer gives an advance hint of what
is to come later in the story.
- often appears at the
beginning of a story, or a chapter,
and helps the reader develop
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expectations about the coming
events in a story.
53. Antagonist – a person who actively
oppose or is hostile to someone or
something: an adversary
- a person who is opposed
to, struggles against, or competes
with another; opponent; adversary.
- the adversary of the hero or
protagonist of a drama or other
literary work: Iago
54. Protagonist – the leading character
or one of the major characters in a
drama/
55. Foil character - character who
contrasts with another character,
- usually the protagonist, to
highlight particular qualities of the
other character.
- a subplot can be used as
a foil to the main plot.
56. Static character - one who doesn't
undergo any significant change in
character, personality or perspective
over the course of a story
- undergoes a major
transition in one or more of these
ways.
57. Denouement – the final part of a
play, in which the strand of the plot
are drawn together and matters are
explained or resolved.
- The final resolution or
clarification of a dramatic or
narrative plot
- The events following the
climax of a drama or novel in which
such a resolution or clarification
takes place
- The outcome of a sequence
of events; the end result.
58. Exposition – the part of a play or
work of fiction in which the
background (to the main conflict) is
introduced
59. Monologue – a long speech by one
actor in a play as part of a theatrical
program.
60. Prologue – an even or action that
leads to another event/situation.
- “before word,”
- an opening of a story that
establishes the setting, and gives
background details.
- tells some earlier story, and
connects it to the main story.
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61. Provision – establishment
62. Forfeit - surrender / penalty
63. Alter – change
64. Beseeched – begged
65. Tenure – term
66. Sceptre - ornamented staff
67. Conspicuous – noticeable
68. Monarch – ruler
69. Mitigate – lessen
70. Bonds - ties/binds
71. TRUE - Shylock hates Antonio, but
allows him to borrow 3000 ducats
72. Antonio - The merchant of Venice,
a wealthy and generous man.
73. FALSE - Antonio has been taken the
court of Rome and has to give
Shylock a pound of his flesh
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74. TRUE - Antonio, The merchant of
Venice, a wealthy and generous
man
75. FALSE - Antonio wants to reward
the young judge (who is actually his
wife), but she asks for the ring she
gave her
76. Nerissa - She is Graciano's wife.
77. Portia - Bassanio's wife, a wealthy
heiress
78. Shylock - Antonio’s arch-rival, a
Jewish moneylender known for his
selfishness
79. TRUE - Graziano marries Portia’s
maid, Nerissa, and she gives him a
ring as well.
80. Jessica - Shylock’s daughter
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-indirect-speech-2084361
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