Part I. Dissertation Research/Scholarship summary. Provide a brief summary of the
dissertation research/scholarship including the statement of purpose, hypotheses, or
specific aims, plus the research/scholarly methodology, and significance of
research/scholarship.
Sonic Infrared Imaging (SIR) technology is a thermal-based, hybrid, non-destructive testing
technology for detecting surface or subsurface defects . This technology utilizes a short ultrasound pulse
of 20 kHz-40 kHz to induce mechanical vibration between defect surfaces causing frictional heating.
An infrared camera can be used to expose defects by revealing the spots with high-temperature change
during the inspection.
The nonlinearity phenomena in SIR was observed, named and studied by Favro et al. It is also
referred to as ‘acoustic chaos’. The non-linear coupling between the transducer and the target can result
in a complex waveform. In addition to the original pure driving frequency, other frequency components
which are multiples of fractions of the driving frequency also appear in the resulting spectrum.
Nonlinearity is associated with a strong heat signature in the defect area; this encouraged researchers to
explore excitation methods that contain a range of frequencies rather than a single frequency, on of the
method is utilizing nonlinear narrow sweep frequency excitation method to reveal defects in IR image
during the inspection. In some situations, the IR signal of a defect may have a minimal heat signature
only, which makes it hard to detect the defect. Pre-processing is used to improve detection probability.
Nonlinearity in SIR can improve the probability of crack detection either by increasing the resulting
heat signature in the crack vicinity or reducing undesired heat patterns such as mode patterns.
Nonlinearity in SIR can also reduce the effort to post-process the captured image sequences during
inspection. Therefore, studying nonlinearity and the underlying vibration mechanisms, as well as the its
energy consumption, are essential to improve detection probability and system repeatability. Other
studies have also been done to demonstrate the various factors that affect the nonlinearity in SIR. The
effect of engagement force applied to the transducer is studied that when increasing the engagement
force, the kinetic energy of the sample is also increased, and more frequency components appear in the
resulting spectrum. The increment of force can also affect the detectability of the defect and the resulting
IR image. The effect of coupling materials between the transducer and the target is studied which states
different coupling materials have different acoustic transmission efficiency which affects the inspection
result significantly. The role of driving frequency is studied which describes the acoustic energy and
resulting thermal image is impacted by the driving frequency. It is suggested to choose the appropriate
power supply and transducer system to obtain the optimum results.
The abovementioned studies emphasized that one key factor to improve system detectability is
utilizing the nonlinearity phenomenon to control the energy consumption level. Thus, it is necessary for
the further study of nonlinearity in SIR NDE. The crack length and its vibration characteristic , the
energy consumption in the crack area needs to be quantitative measured ,study and describe their inner
relationship. On this account, the experimental work along with FEA modeling is presented in this
dissertation to demonstrate the relationship between energy consumption ,crack length and gun tip size.
The specific aim for this research indicates a systematical relationship among energy
consumption ,crack length and gun tip size. In order to study the mechanisms and inner relationship the
following factors will be considered for this research in current stage:1.Different ultrasound transducer
size 2.Different crack length.
A typical experiment set-up is shown in figure 1 and figure 2. The sample is clamped on the rigid
holder, coupling material is used between the ultrasound transducer and the sample. The sample is a
230 mm X 40 mm X2.4 mm aluminum bar with three different lengths (1mm,5mm, and 10mm) edge
crack. Two laser vibrometers are used to measure the relative velocity of the crack area. The laser shots
at each side of the crack to measure the vibration difference. The ultrasonic frequency is 20K Hz, and
pulse length is 200 ms. the load is 89 N. Gun tip Size is 1/2’’, 3/4’’and 1”, respectively.
Figure 1 Typical experimental set-up
Figure 2 Typical experimental set-up (the top figure is ultrasonic gun transducer, bottom figure is
close view of the sample clamped on the rigid support
The FEM analysis is widely used to do thermal and structural nonlinearity analysis. The most advantage
of FEM analysis is can apply arbitrary loading to the model and solve its dynamic response. Therefore, the
FEM modeling is an appropriate method to study the nonlinearity phenomena of the crack contact surface
in Sonic infrared imaging technique.
In the typical SIR experimental, the short high-power ultrasonic pulse is generated by the
ultrasonic transducer tip and introduced into the target object. The complex nonlinearity interaction
between transducer tip and object will bring multiple induced frequencies to the object. The experiment
equipment is not able to access the node vibration at same time, due to such experiment equipment
limitation, the thermo-mechanical coupled FEM model is created to collect and analyze data from
different scenarios
The FEM model analysis contains two steps to simulate the SIR experimental inspection condition: the
pre-static model and the dynamic model. The static model is built to simulate the pressure coupled sample
condition and the dynamic model is created to simulate the response of different gun tip at 20 kHz excitation.
The model is shown in Fig. 3: 3(a) is the Geometry of the whole model, 3(b) is a Side view. And 3(c)
Finer mesh in the crack vicinity. The plate dimensions are identical to actual an aluminum bar sample
with dimensions 230𝑚𝑚 × 40𝑚𝑚 × 2.4𝑚𝑚. Three layers of total 7500 eight-nodes, hexahedral
continuous solid elements are used in plate model. The fine mesh is applied to the crack region to extract
more information from the simulation. The smallest mesh size for crack is 0.25 mm x 0.25mm, and the
dimensions of the mesh are increased to 0.25 mm x 0.75mm as demonstrated in figure 2.c, the red line
in the center of semicircle area represents the position of crack. The simulated ultrasonic transducer is
8 mm long with different radius here is 1/2” and applied a continuous sinusoidal function to simulate
the experimental condition. The boundary condition in the model is that all six degrees of freedom were
constrained, which occurs on the rigid post and one edge of the plate. The plate with six-DOF
constrained (Mark as yellow in Figure 3. (a) and 3. (b)) is designed at transducer side to simulate the
rigid post; the six-DOF constrained boundary condition applied another side of sample plate to simulate
the clamp condition. The position of boundary condition and the reasonable friction coefficient of the
crack interface is chosen by performing a sensitivity analysis to the model. All the contact surfaces
between transducer and plate and that between the plated and rigid posts are not bounded. The so-called
“bouncing” phenomena can occur during the simulation period causing “chaotic excitation”. Clapping
and rubbing of crack will be produced spontaneously due to the nonlinearity between the transducer
and the target.
(b)
(a)
(c)
Figure 3. a) Geometry of the model showing the finite-element mesh with the transducer tip, (b) Side
view. (c) Finer mesh in the crack vicinity, the red line represents the position of the crack
The correlated thermal energy data and acoustic energy data from the experimental and FEM
analysis show a similar result ,and it reveals that the gun tip size is not a direct factor that contributes
to the acoustic energy and thermal energy , the crack length dominates the energy consumption. After
data fitting process, the thermal energy is proportional to square of crack length and reciprocal of depth,
which k is coefficient
𝐿2
𝐷
In this study, all the crack is surface crack, then D=1. Therefore, the relationship can be simplified to
E ∝ k ∗ 𝐿2 .
Where k is coefficient
This study reveals the gun tip size is an interference factor, and the crack length will directly
affect energy consumption.
E∝ k∗
Part II. Please document the work completed thus far toward a completed dissertation.
The experimental work is completed
The main FEA simulation work is completed, some extra data may need to be collected and analyzed
as a supplement toward a completed dissertation.
The writing part of the dissertation is under progress.
Part III. Please describe in a timeline the activities to be pursued during the award period.
Explain how these activities will expedite the dissertation progress.
During the award period, the data re-validate, the supplement FEA data collected and analysis as
well as the dissertation writing will be undergoing orderly, From January 2020 to May 2020, the data
re-validate, supplement FEA data analysis will be completed, and the first dissertation draft will be
finished before May 2020. From May 2020 to August 2020, I will polish my dissertation and complete
the dissertation. The dissertation will be all finished before September 2020. And will do defense during
November 2020.
The data recheck progress will validate the data I used in my dissertation, and make sure the data
is perfect, validate and completely to be present in my dissertation, the writing progress is directly
leading to the success of the dissertation. Hence, all these activities pursued during the award period
are essential and the key to successful graduation.
Part IV. The list below any professional presentations and publications and works in
progress. Please include names, dates, and locations of the conferences and journals. List
any honors, awards, and scholarships received. List conferences attended (where you did
not make a presentation).
HONORS & PROFESSIONAL ASSOCIATIONS
•Rumble fellowship by Wayne State University 2014-2015 School Year
•Rumble fellowship by Wayne State University 2018-2019 School Year
•SPIE Student Member
•Reviewer as Photonic Sensors Journal
Publication
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Yu, Qiuye, Omar Obeidat, and Xiaoyan Han. "Ultrasound wave excitation in thermal NDE for
defect detection." NDT & E International (2018).
Yu, Qiuye, Omar Obeidat, and Xiaoyan Han. "Characterizing the vibration behavior in crack
vicinity in sonic infrared imaging NDE." AIP Conference Proceedings. Vol. 1949. No. 1. AIP
Publishing, 2018.
Yu, Qiuye, Omar Obeidat, and Xiaoyan Han. "Studying the nonlinearity in Sonic IR NDE." AIP
Conference Proceedings. Vol. 1806. No. 1. AIP Publishing, 2017.
Yu, Qiuye, Omar Obeidat, and Xiaoyan Han. " Finite element modeling of Studying Energy
Consumption of Defects Excited by Single Excitation Ultrasonic Pulse Frequency in Sonic
Infrared Imaging." AIP Conference Proceedings, Under reviewing, 2019
Yu, Qiuye, Omar Obeidat, and Xiaoyan Han. " Studying the energy consumption in Sonic IR
NDE." Manuscript, 2019
Obeidat, Omar, Qiuye Yu, and Xiaoyan Han. "Analytical model for depth profiling using sonic
IR NDE." NDT & E International 100 (2018): 11-19.
Obeidat, Omar, Qiuye Yu, and Xiaoyan Han. "Profiling defect depth in composite materials
using thermal imaging NDE." AIP Conference Proceedings. Vol. 1949. No. 1. AIP Publishing,
2018.
Obeidat, Omar, Qiuye Yu, and Xiaoyan Han. "Further development of image processing
algorithms to improve detectability of defects in Sonic IR NDE." AIP Conference Proceedings.
Vol. 1806. No. 1. AIP Publishing, 2017.
Obeidat, Omar, Qiuye Yu, and Xiaoyan Han. "Developing Algorithms to Improve Defect
Extraction and Suppressing Undesired Heat Patterns in Sonic IR Images." Sensing and
Imaging 17.1 (2016): 22.
Obeidat, Omar, Qiuye Yu, and Xiaoyan Han. "Develop algorithms to improve detectability of
defects in Sonic IR imaging NDE." AIP Conference Proceedings. Vol. 1706. No. 1. AIP
Publishing, 2016.
Conference Attendance
 Paper, 42th Annual Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation, July
2015
 Paper, 43th Annual Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation, July
2016
 Presentation, 44th Annual Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation,
July 2017
 Presentation, 45th Annual Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation,
July 2018
 Poster,23rd Electromagnetic NDE Workshop, September 2018
 Poster, 2019 Graduate and Postdoctoral Research Symposium by Wayne state
university