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A Pacific Women PNG Research Training Program – Research Proposal
Media Representation of Sexual Violence in Papua New Guinea:
‘Analyzing news stories, documenting media experiences and identifying strategies for better
representation on Sexual Violence’
Prepared by Alison Anis,
CIMC-Family and Sexual Violence Action Committee
Participant- Pacific Women PNG Research Training Program, 2018 – 2019
Updated 28/11/2019
This research project is conducted as part of the existing Media Watch and Monitoring Project
(MWMP) of the Family and Sexual Violence Action Committee (FSVAC). MWMP currently
monitors print media reports of Family and Sexual Violence (FSV) and endeavors to improve
and maintain better media representations of FSV through gender sensitization training
opportunities for journalists. However, ongoing media monitoring revealed that the number of
training conducted were not sufficient and recommendations were made by journalists
themselves during the media learning workshop on FSV on July 27, 2018, to develop media
guidelines to guide them to report better on sexual violence and other human rights issues.
While they did not comment openly on training content, journalists who participated expressed
that they wanted training days to be extended to cover all aspects of FSV. One particular
participant, a trainee journalist with UPNG, said she desired to learn more from these training
and recommended a standardized training module inclusive of family and sexual violence and
suggested that this be incorporated as part of the journalism studies curriculum.
The outcome of this research is to develop a training toolkit to assist Papua New Guinean
journalists and editors to better represent issues of sexual violence, including women and
children who survive. To inform the development of media training tools the project is taking a
step further to conducting series of interviews with journalists who have received training on
reporting on sexual violence and journalists who have not received training but who have or are
currently reporting on sexual violence. Apart from informing development of media training
this research will benefit gender equitable practices through improved media representation,
increased ethical sensitivity among reporters and editors to employ ‘do no harm’ approach to
survivors, and will contribute to sensitize media to become lead advocates and use their
influence to reverse the adverse effects of sexual violence.
The project will be conducted in two phases.
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1. Undertaking of a thematic analysis of newspaper articles on sexual violence and;
2. Examining experiences of print media journalists reporting on sexual violence
AIM
The aim of the research is to examine the representation of sexual violence.
OBJECTIVES
The project has two objectives:
1) To identify and analyze media representations of sexual violence
2) To document journalists’ experience of reporting on sexual violence
The first phase will provide a comprehensive review of Sexual Violence news contents
published in The National and the Post Courier newspapers from October 2017 to October
2018. It will do this by:

Identifying, sourcing and grouping incidences and types of sexual violence cases
reported in the two dailies during the proposed period. A news selection criterion
(annex 1) has been developed and will be used to guide article selection process

Identifying and classifying SV reports under themes (Victim Blaming, Sensationalisation,
Perpetuating Myths and Misrepresentations, Gender-Stereotypes) as per the Thematic
Guide (annex 3)

Producing appropriate data of representation of SV in news writing through:

I)
Analyzing language and tone - the use or choice of words
and key phrases to describe sexual violence incidences and
the mood in which the story is told
II)
the labeling or terms used to describe subject(s) of the
story (survivor/victim and perpetrator)
III)
further identifying current knowledge and understanding
of sexual violence and the ethical sensitivity associated
with reporting on SV
Using the Media Monitoring and Analysis Tool (MMAT) , Annex2 and the Thematic
Guide for Collecting and Analyzing Media Content on Sexual Violence (annex 3) to
capture and analyze data for reporting )
Phase 2 is to document media’s experiences of reporting/editing of sexual violence stories by:
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
Conducting interviews with journalists and editors to find out existing gaps in
knowledge and understanding about sexual violence and the challenges of reporting on
SV;

Identifying journalist’s intentions, the common practices and what shapes the choice of
words or use of key phrases that are used in SV stories;

Interviewing key informants of the media industry.
A total of 16 participants comprising journalists, editors, and media industry key informants will
be identified and invited to participate in the interview process. This will comprise reporters
who have reported or are reporting on sexual violence. Furthermore, this list will consist of
reporters who have received training on reporting on sexual violence and reporters who have
not receive any training; reporters who have been identified through the Media Watch &
Monitoring project who have represented SV well and reporters who have misrepresented SV
in their reporting
The Project will be conducted over the period of one year and is to commence tentatively on
November 25 2019 to July 31 2020. It will be conducted in two phases within the National
Capital District.
PROBLEM STATEMENT
Media representation is the way in which media presents news information for publication or
broadcast purposes. In this sense, media representation of sexual violence is defined as the
presentation of sexual violence news stories in the media and the impact these have on
readers.
Media plays a powerful role in shaping public discourse and has the capacity to change
perceptions and shape community attitudes. As a trusted source for news information
dissemination, media’s role in raising issues for public debate and informing public opinion is a
crucial one. Unfortunately, this is not necessarily always done in a sensitive way that is
respectful of the women or children who are subject to the violence. Since Journalists are in a
unique position to shape conversations on sexual violence - they can either reinforce gender
stereotypes or dismantle commonly held views about sexual violence.
Organisations like FSVAC, through its Media Watch project is in a position to guide media
conversations and ensuring that what is reported through the media on sexual violence is done
through a gender sensitive lens and in a safe, dignified and ethical manner.
While we can appreciate the media’s role in creating awareness on the prevalence of sexual
violence, a lot more still needs to be done in guiding and equipping journalists with appropriate
gender knowledge, understanding and sensitivity on how to better represent sexual violence in
a way that it does not cause any harm to the survivor of violence and towards the cause and
efforts towards ending violence in PNG.
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Improving the media’s representation of sexual violence is, thus, crucial to informing national
policies and legislation, and in advancing actions and responses towards bridging the gender
gaps in Papua New Guinea. Mainstream media like the Post Courier and The National have
played and can continue to play key role in raising awareness on the prevalence of sexual
violence, but also the discussion of the issue is done in a sensitive and in nuanced way.
In order to inform the development of media training tools for better representation of sexual
violence this research seeks to explore further to see how media can become active partners to
the national prevention and response strategies to bridging gender inequality. Currently, the
PNG media is not engaged fully as an active partner in the Family and Sexual Violence response
in PNG. The media through the Media Council of Papua New Guinea or through nominated
representative should become fully pledged members to the FSV stakeholders and represented
at each FSV Technical Working Group Committees.
The 2017 Black and White: Reporting on Family and Sexual Violence in PNG report, a key
outcome of the Media Watch & Monitoring project initiated by the Consultative
Implementation and Monitoring Council’s Family and Sexual Violence Action Committee,
highlights number of issues around the representation of violence, including victim blaming and
naming, as well as making excuses for men’s behavior. This report further argues that media
reporting on sexual violence can be insensitive and unfair to the needs and welfare of survivors
of sexual violence.
This project will go further than doing analysis of media representations to include in-depth
interviews with journalists and editors and key informant interviews with other key
stakeholders in the media industry. Key outcomes that my study seeks to address are:

To improve the knowledge and understanding of sexual violence among journalists and
editors to help ensure that it is represented in a sensitive and nuanced way.

To improve the way sexual violence stories are represented in the media, so that there is
fairness, accuracy and gender sensitive representation.

To inform development of a training resource or media guidelines which will be a useful
tool for sensitizing reporters and editors including journalism students in tertiary
institutions on the issue of sexual violence.

That better representation of sexual Violence becomes an embedded and guided
practice that is sustained across all mainstream media.
To achieve this outcome, the study will look at addressing the following research questions:
1. How is sexual violence represented in the media?
2. What themes emerge from the media’s representation of sexual violence?
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3. What does the preliminary review of print media news content (October 2017 to
September 2018) tell us about the media’s representation of sexual violence?
4. What do journalists or editors know and understand about sexual violence and the
ethical sensitivity associated with the representation of it?
5. What are the intentions and challenges of the media when writing stories of sexual
violence?
6. How can the media’s representation of sexual violence be improved?
LITERATURE REVIEW:
Sexual violence stories make news headlines almost every day. The preliminary results of the
2017 Media Watch project captured in the 2017 Black and White, reports a total of 300 stories
on sexual violence after analyzing Post Courier and The National newspapers for that year.
These stories primarily comprise incidences of abuse which are sourced from the police and
court reports and sometimes include follow up stories. FSVAC’s Media Watch Project, currently
monitors Post Courier and The National newspapers and produces a quarterly report which is
compiled into the annual Black and White.
Results and findings of FSVAC’s Media Watch (FSVAC Black & White, 2017), and Kelly-Hanku,
Honer and Toliman 2015 - study, Sex, Violence, HIV and Moral Panics: A Discourse Analysis of
HIV, Gender Based Violence and Key Populations in Papua New Guinea’s Leading Newspapers
are PNG literature that informs this study. The international literature that informs this project
is research by Georgina Sutherland and colleagues as part of the ANROWs landscape series,
Media Representations of Violence Against Women and their Children: State of knowledge
paper (2015).
The Media Watch Project focuses on monitoring newspaper articles on the prevalence of
Gender Based and human rights violations in PNG which include sexual violence. As part of
Media Watch Project the FSVAC collects and monitors reports on sexual violence including
cases of rape, incest, child sexual abuse, marital rape, sodomy, sexual harassment at workplace,
the sex trade and sexual exploitation through pornographic and involving human trafficking
cases. The pervasiveness of the problem of sexual violence and the effects on women and girls
calls for vigorous, evidence-based communication and a sensitized media, which can dispel the
popular myths about sexual violence and change the narrative of the way it is reported, since it
tends to perpetuate gender stereotypes.
The CIMC-FSVAC has conducted GBV sensitization training for journalists, an important
component of the FSVAC Media Watch Project. These training were informed by findings of
Media Watch Project, however, most of the journalists who underwent the training are not
putting into practice what they learn in the training. Only a few of the journalists were cautious
about how they represented stories of family and sexual violence (FSV) and most expressed the
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need for guidelines for reporting on family and sexual violence. The reporters who gave
feedback on the program said they wanted training to last longer than two days and that the
training should cover all aspects of FSV.
While not necessarily identifying overly stigmatizing language in reporting on gender-based
violence, the report by Kelly-Hanku and colleagues highlights the need for journalists in Papua
New Guinea to be supported and trained in how to write engaging articles that go beyond
simply reporting events in order to create more complex understandings and narratives of such
issues.
The report further suggests that there is a dearth of investigative journalism which could
contribute to transformative understandings of gender-based violence in Papua New Guinea.
As is the case of media coverage in Papua New Guinea, the status quo remains unchanged, and
importantly unchallenged (Kelly-Hanku et al. 2015).
The paper by Georgina Sutherland and colleagues explored a number of key themes in the way
the media portray violence against women and particularly sexual violence. These include: not
reporting the social context in which men’s violence against women occurs; sensationalizing
stories through particular types of language or by disproportionately focusing on stories that fit
key news values; perpetuating myths and misrepresentations and directly and indirectly shifting
blame from male perpetrators of violence and assigning responsibility for violence to women;
and relying on law enforcement as the expert “voices” (Sutherland et al. 2015). This paper went
on to explore the media guidelines and the news production practices of the media. The
content of these guidelines are similar to what is reported in FSVAC Black and White Report
with a number of re-occurring themes, including recommendations to: report the social context
in which male perpetrated violence against women occurs; use correct language and
terminology; avoid blaming the victim; avoid offering excuses for men’s violence; consider how
source selection shapes the story; and provide women with information on where to seek help.
The FSVAC Media Watch Report has also highlighted these themes in the Black and White
Report 2017.
Furthermore, the FSVAC’s Media Watch Project highlights the importance for reporters and
editors to be gender-sensitized in language usage or terminologies, interview conduct and
approach to FSV case as media professionals. This approach is to minimize re-victimizing
survivors of family violence and sexual violence. The report stated that journalists tend to
report news “as it is” and not after what happened as in-depth and fair representation.
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Because FSVAC is focused on survivor-centered approach it is important that journalists draw
line between what is deemed safe to be reported and what is not so that FSV survivors’ welfare
and safety is regarded. The approach to the concerns and needs of survivors should be the
driving force in journalists to write ethically. It was also suggested in the Media Watch report
that the breach of confidentiality is the main reason there is victimization of survivors of
violence. Presently monitoring is undertaking for print media because their report is readily
available in hard and soft copies.
Examining Current Media Coverage of Gender-Based Violence in Papua New Guinea:
The media is one of the most important socializing influences in people’s lives. Negative and
stereotypical images of women in the media, and how the media reports gender-based violence
(as a lesser crime or violation) contributes to the acceptance of gender-based violence.
The dominant myth is that the media is neutral and objective. However, each media
representative brings to the coverage his/her views, opinions, beliefs and attitudes. These
inform the way in which media representatives view a particular issue. The media does not
simply transfer information to society without making judgments. The media informs our
understanding of issues, and therefore has a critical role to play (FSVAC Media Watch Report
2015)
The National and Post Courier as the country’s two prominent daily newspapers are seen by
majority of the larger community as having clear and influential role in informing communities
about social issues such as sexual violence, however they do not have a wider reach and are
limited to the literate population who are more informed and have the opportunity to make a
difference and further educate others about sexual violence. In general the media informs the
public on key issues, and increases understanding and knowledge on how to better represent
sexual violence and other social issues, which are keys to addressing gender inequality.
METHODOLOGY
This study will employ a qualitative research design using purposive sampling strategy of a
specific group of a larger study population. The sampling of a total 16 participants, comprising
12 respondents from the media industry and including also 4 key informants of the media
industry. Media respondents will include news journalists and editors who have reported on
sexual violence. Key informant interviews will be conducted in a good background context on
the issue of media representation.
Purposive sampling of study population (interview participants) to be done in following manner
to help me identify understanding and knowledge about sexual violence and the ethical
sensitivity associated with the representation of it:
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
Reporters who have reported or are reporting on Sexual Violence (inclusive of Male and
Female)

Reporters who have reported or are reporting on Sexual Violence Reporters who have
received training or have been sensitized on SV or related subject like FSV

Reporters who have reported or are reporting on Sexual Violence sexual violence who
have not receive training or have not been sensitized on SV

Reporters who have represented well on SV and Reporters who have not represented
well

Reporters reporting on SV who have been identified through Media Monitoring

2 Sub editors (Post Courier and The National)

2 Editor-In-Chiefs – For The Post Courier and The National

Key Informants – President of Media Council of Papua New Guinea, Director of the
Censorship Board, 2 x Project/Advocacy officers of organization doing media advocacy
work and media tracking
Methods and Tools
The research participants will be identified and interviewed using two different interview
techniques which is a key method. An In-depth interview will be conducted for journalists and
editors and key informant interviews will be conducted for 4 key informants of the media
industry.
This sampling process will help in identifying the intentions and challenges of media when
writing stories of sexual violence and further identify ways in which media representations of
sexual violence can be improved.
There are two primary research methods for this study which are outlined below:
Method 1:
The first method is a systematic analysis of newspaper articles sourced from Post Courier and
The National newspapers. Three research tools have been developed or adapted for this
particular method and to ensure sufficient and relevant data is collected and analysed.

Upon selection of newspaper articles for analysis, the Sexual Violence News Article Preselection Tool (annex 1) has been developed as a guide to determine the number and
types of articles published in the two dailies from October 2017 to October 2018. This
will identify sexual violence incidences and types reported for that period.

The selected articles will be assessed manually using The Media Monitoring and
Analysis Tool (annex 2), and the Thematic Guide (annex 3). These tools have been
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developed to assist with assessment and classification process of the selected articles
into identified themes and to provide thematic analysis.

The two forms are to be printed according to the number of selected news item and
attached to each news articles for further analysis.

This project will also look at identifying SV news content recorded under the baseline
survey conducted as part of the Media Watch Report from the period of January 2017 –
December 2017. The information provided through this analysis is important to guide
in-depth interviews with reporters and editors which is the next phase of this project.

SV stories will be further classified according to themes and further analysis will be
done to see how each issues were packaged and presented as news stories by print
media journalists
Method 2:
The second method for this project is in-depth interviews with journalists and editors to
ascertain about their knowledge and understanding on the issue of sexual violence, their
attitude toward reporting the issue and whether this contributes to the way they represent
sexual violence. To get another perspective the interviews will consider interviewing 2 editors
and 2 sub-editors with consideration to include both current and former editors.
Specific interview locations for in-depth interview within NCD will be at The National
newspaper, Waigani Drive and The Post Courier headquarters in Konedobu through prior
arrangement with editors or head of newspaper organisations. If the respondents wish to give
information in confidentiality, interviews will take place somewhere where it is quiet, free from
interruptions and where the interviewee feels safe and comfortable to talk freely.
The interviews will be scheduled to run weekly basis and depending on the availability of
interview participants may need to schedule weekly meetings for the interview process.
Interviews are expected to last an hour and a half depending on the availability or newsroom
schedules for journalists or editors. Time and date preference for interviews is Friday morning
10-11 am over a cup of coffee or during lunchtime. The target group is more relaxed during this
time and do not have to worry about meeting deadlines.
Another method under interview techniques is key informant interviews targeting Media
Council of PNG, the censorship Board, organizations involved in media advocacy and including
key FSV stakeholders
1. Tools for this method is an in-depth interview topic guide. Each topic guide will include two
to three main questions accompanied by probes at the end to get respondents to elaborate
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further about experiences, challenges and share their opinions/beliefs and understanding
about the issue of sexual violence and what beliefs, ideas are influencing the writing of
stories. The in-depth interview will also focus on identifying any training needs for
journalists by looking at level of sensitization of journalists on reporting on the issue of
sexual violence. Key informants will provided back ground context and relevant opinion on
sexual violence representation by journalists based on their expertise or their mandated
task and responsibilities in the area of informing mainstream media.
ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS
There are minimal risks associated with this study. I will not be questioning the reporters if they
have had any experiences of sexual violence. If in any case, the questions asked about their
experiences in representing sexual violence could trigger traumatic experience especially if the
respondents have had some level of experience of sexual violence, a clear statement at the
start of the interview informing respondents that they may skip any questions that they do not
feel like answering. Moreover, if for some reason they opt to end the interview or do not want
to participate further the can freely do so with no penalty or repercussions.
The project will require approval from the FSVAC National Coordinator prior to its
implementation. That means proper endorsement by the FSVAC is a requirement.
The Project will employ a ‘do no harm’ approach across all project activities and interventions
that seeks to limit the risk of unintended negative consequences. FSVAC’s approach to ‘do no
harm’ is informed by the key findings from Do No Harm Research: Papua New Guinea.1
FSVAC aims to set high ethical standards in all project work by employing a rights-based approach
that protects all people involved in project activities. Members of the project team will refer to
the following principles actively during the project when ethical concerns or deliberations arise.
a) The project should have social value. The project has been designed to ensure that the
knowledge and learning generated increases understanding about family and sexual violence and
improves the wellbeing of people living in Papua New Guinea. Moreover, on a macro level, this
project will contribute to the global dialogue about media’s role in primary prevention of family
and sexual violence.
b) Protect project participants from harm. The Project handles protecting all participants from
any potential emotional or physical harm that might occur because of their involvement in the
project and to protect their rights and interests. Harm can arise from discussions that cause
participants to recall distressing personal experiences or feelings. Harm can also occur when
1
Richard Eves, Genevieve Kouro, Steven Simiha and Irene Subalik. Do No Harm Research: Papua New Guinea, 2018
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journalists are targeted by perpetrators because of the stories they report. Participants will not
be asked to talk about personal experiences of violence or abuse.
c) Respect Participants’ Knowledge, Expertise and Customs. The project team will respect and
adhere to local codes of dress and behavior. Team members will respect participants’ point of
view and will not criticize participants. All opinions are valid and must be respected.
The project has many benefits which have been outline in the beginning. These benefits far
outweighs a small number of ethical risks.
Risk and mitigating the risks (see also the Informed Consent Form).
RESEARCH PROTOCOLS (Annexed)
Included (as annexes) a research ethics information document, participant information sheet
and consent form, interview questionnaire including topic guide, a terms of reference (TOR) on
the engagement of and Assistant Audio Transcriber. Content Analysis tool for collection of
newspaper articles including a thematic guide with the key questions around the themes and
what to watch for when conducting newspaper analysis.
DATA MANAGEMENT PLAN:
Sourcing Data for Analysis

Sexual violence news articles sourced using the selection criteria (annex 1).

Identify and collect SV news articles published from October 2017 to October 2018 using
the SV news data information sourcing criteria (annex 1).

Manually select relevant newspaper cuttings, electronic copies and copies sourced
online on sexual violence (pre-identify more specific or main SV stories like ‘pad lock
Sexual violence case’ or reported SV incidents which made headlines in 2018).

Identify at least 1 – 2 stories that show better representation on sexual violence – to
draw comparisons/to further inform second part - the interview process).

Make hard copies of electronic data to be analysed. Cuttings or Scan/Photocopy (if it
can’t be cut out) and saved to physical folder and on computer, saved also to share
drive and external drive and finally – print electronic copies for analysis.
Data Processing:

Once identify and confirm number of articles on SV form as per selection process further
classify these news stories in order of relevance using the Media Monitoring and
Analysing Form and Thematic guide (annexes 3 & 4).
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
Data segregation for quality assurance/ separate most relevant articles from least
relevant articles and put under marked folders. The least relevant articles are important
data and can still be used to draw comparisons).

Arrange accordingly and integrate for thematic analysis

Finalising data to ensure quality, reliability and accuracy for analysis and reporting
purposes.

(It is quality when it contains one or more of the proposed themes - include this in the
adapted monitoring form).
Data Analysis

Photocopy monitoring and analysis forms (adapted newspaper analytical tool and
thematic guide) to be attached with article during the analysis (hire an assistant).

Do a thorough analysis of integrated data, based on the Media Monitoring and
Analytical Form and Thematic Guide and check for quality/relevance.

Go through each relevant articles and highlight language use or choice words, key words
or phrases that perpetuates sexual violence myths or gender stereotypes

Thematic process using again the Media Monitoring Tool and Thematic Guide to enter
findings and attached the forms on to the article for data recording.

Arrange the findings or data into themes and label accordingly and place in each named
folder.

Bind these together (also bind separately other articles collected).

Data scanned to Research Folder on computer, saved to share drive and external drive
and finally – print electronic copies for articles sourced from the internet or
electronically.

Finalising data to ensure quality and reliability and accuracy for reporting purposes.

Ensure follow proposed data entry procedures for relevant data – news analysis data
entry structure (Prepare Excel Spreadsheet).
Data Documentation/Entry
1. Have in hand the Digital IC recorder and ensure that there are enough batteries for
recording interview
2. Have a structure (based on thematic guide) to guide the process for entering data for
reporting
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3. Create an Excel spreadsheet for recording data collected for SV stories
4. Have a separate sections or document on the Findings within the spreadsheet
5. Record findings from the analysis into the spread sheet (Information on the monitoring
forms to be recorded for reporting purposes
6. Ensure that this data is safe and copies are saved in share drive or on external drives
7. Electronic copies of news articles bindings to be made available for ease of reference
8. Physical copy to be kept in the library archives section after use
9. Scan also /make electronic copies (This info to be included at the end- Storage Plan)
Data Reporting
1. Write a research report based on the data collected (Research Writing on findings – with
Guidance from mentors)
2. Report and launch your preliminary findings
3. Publish you Research and share on Research Gate/ Copy on INA Library and PNG
National Library Services
Tools/items for data collection: refer to Expenditure items table 2.
*There is limited to zero risks involved with this Data Management Plan
Phase 2: IN-DEPTH INTERVIEWS – Examining and Documenting experiences of journalists and
editors reporting on sexual violence
Before Data Sourcing:
Identify and select interview participants using purposive sampling of Journalists who have
reported or are reporting on Sexual Violence or similar like FSV
1. Again the Interviews to happen at location or place they are comfortable with. All media
interviews to be conducted over period of 3-4 months with a target 2 reporters in 2
weeks (Gives ample time to analyse and record data from the interviews) Time and date
preference is Friday morning 10 am- 11am over a cup of coffee or during lunch time.
Target group are more relaxed during this time and don’t have to worry about meeting
deadlines. (See annex 5)
Data Storage for this Procedure:
Data Storage: After each recording to transfer audio files to laptop. Also save in the PW
Research Folder.
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
Label each interviewee participants’ interview on audio – capture as (P1). Do this for
Participant 1 up to Participant 10.

Audio Transcription Guide to be included for whoever is doing the transcriptions
(working on this).

Notes in the Notebook to be transferred electronically to Interview & Documentation
Folder.

Labour or hire cost to be included in transcriptions (Go through transcriptions to see if
missed out any important information – also compare transcribed notes with written
notes.
For the Informed Consent Form - Names and signatures contained is confidential and
must remain so. Store this safely and restrict access to this information. Destroy physical
copies after entering data from this sheet or after the publication of the research.

Do a research project schedule or timetable and share this with FSVAC Management so
they are aware of timings on working on the research project.
Research Design:
This research will adopt a qualitative approach using purposeful sampling of interview
participants for in-depth interviews. The following is an outline of the research action plan with
key activities for each objective.
1. News Content Analysis:
a. Using preliminary results from the FSVAC’s Black and White 2017 Report, the
Media Monitoring and Analysis Tool (Annex 2) and the Thematic Guide (Annex 3)
to identify and classify newspaper articles according to previously identified
themes.
b. Identify common themes and classify into these thematic areas

victim-blaming and naming (judgemental or stigmatized views)

sensationalising (language use and tone of story)

letting source selection shape the news stories

reporting on what fits news value and overlooking victim or survivor
sensitivity issues

not reporting the context of what happened and disproportionately taking
the focus away from perpetrator by assigning blame to victim/survivor of
sexual violence
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
no helpful information provided, or reference made or referrals to support
services or to phone counselling and emergency services

no penalties (Laws on Sexual Offences) mentioned for sexual violence
offenders.
c. Using the Media Monitoring and Analysis Tool (annex 1) and the Thematic Guide
(annex 2) to do a systematic review of the articles on sexual violence incidences
published on October 2017 to October 2018

Attached documents (annex 2 and 3) to each selected news article and classify
into themes

Go through each newspaper articles and enter my findings onto the attached
forms (annexes 2 and 3)

Create Excel Spread Sheet for the purpose of entering data from the analysis

Enter your data/findings from the analysis in an orderly manner into the Excel
Spreadsheet

Write a report based on the findings
2. To document journalist’s experience of reporting on sexual violence
a. Identifying and documenting experiences and challenges of journalists who are reporting
on sexual violence

Using the Media Monitoring and Analysis Tool to help identify media respondents and
guide questions for journalists who have reported and are currently reporting on
sexual violence.

Conducting in-depth interviews with journalists who have or are reporting on sexual
violence to find out how they represent SV in their writing, what they know about SV
and the ethical sensitivity associated with its representation.

Finding out from interviews with the journalists and editors the level of sensitivity on
the issue of sexual violence, the common practices (in terms of ethics), their
understanding of the issue and attitudes towards reporting on sexual violence, why
they use certain descriptive words or phrases and what contributes to this and what
shapes the manner in which the story is framed (These areas to be addressed by
interviews using In-Depth Interview Questionnaire).
b. Identifying training needs on how to best represent sexual violence stories to inform the
development of the training tools to improve representation of sexual violence in the
media

Conducting in-depth interviews with selected media participants and
documenting their responses.

Entering data/information.
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**

Analyse the data from the interviewees.
c. Finalising data from the interview

Enter data into spreadsheet or saved into folder/drive which only I can access

Write a report on the data collected from the interviews

Publish report and share with media participants, the media and key stakeholders
BUDGET AND TIME FRAME
This research proposal was independently assessed by the Pacific Women PNG Research
Training Program assessment team and approved for funding. A total of K5000 was earmarked
for the implementation of this research over a period of one year starting (tentatively) on
November 25th, 2019 – July 31st 2020. The budget and time frame for implementation of the
research project is as shown in the table below.
Table 2. ITEM EXPENDITURE (BREAKDOWN)
ITEM /RESOURCES QNTY
needed to conduct
this research
FOR WHAT RESEARCH
ACTIVITY /PURPOSE
Size/Description
EXPENDITURE
COST
TOTAL BUDGET
K 5,000
1. Sony Digital IC
Recorder (Audio)
1
Interview recording/
documenting
1
280.00
2. Batteries
(Duracell)
4 in a
pack
For IC Audio Recorder
5
45.50
3. Sony Headphone
1
Audio Transcriptions of
recorded Interviews
1
45.00
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**
4. Communications
Charges
(Monthly)
X 12
1. Mobile Credits
Monthly
-For Me (researcher)
-for respondents
Data Calls/Communications
(for researcher/me)
5. Hire Experienced
Person
1. Audio transcriptions
(K45)
3 weeks
6. Vest/Carry Bag
1
For Audio recorder/
notebook data safe
keeping when travelling/
going for interviews
7. Flash Drive
1
Purposely to store data
from this research
(protected) apart from
computer files
16gig
8. Payment for
interview
participants
X 12
(report
ers &
Editors
only)
Gifts for the participants
for their time / Digicel
Flex/ B-Mobile/ and
Telikom
- lunch/coffee K 30
9. Folder (brief case
size) plastic
cover
1
10. Emergency Cash
= 540
400
50
35
K 600
- mobile credit – K10
- cab fee (if need be)
K20
Data safe keeping and
Organization
Ease of reference
K15
During interviews Extra cash on hand in case
Eg, transport, firstaid coffee, bottled
water,
K60
11. Copy Editor
1
Provide copy editing for
report after it is written
1-2 day, the least
12.
1
Preliminary
launching/Presentation
Half-Day or lunch
hour seminar
K300
K500
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13.
X 20
copies
14. Have extra cash
Publication fees/printing

Venue
Hire/fee

Refreshments
First 20 copies/or on
line fee for publishing
on research gate
For unplanned costs on
research duration
K 500
K200
TOTAL Expenditure:
K 3, 570
Balance
K 1, 430
ANNEX 1
Sexual Violence news articles pre-selection Criterion
Use this tool as guide to determine number and relevancy of news articles published between
the dates of October 2017 – October 2018 in the two main daily newspapers, the Post Courier
and The National newspapers
Criterion
Post Courier
The National
a) Sexual Violence incidences reported
(police, primary witness, NGO)
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b) Court Reports/Follow Ups
c) SV incidences that made headlines
d) Leadership, Advocacy & Awareness
(Information above is included in the Media Analysis Form)
Further classify into these SV themes
Child Sexual Abuse
- Incest
- Sodomy, Pedophile, molestation
- Sexual assault of minor
Rape/ Sexual Assault
-Marital Rape or rape within families
-Stranger Rape/Sexual Assault
-other (abduction and rape/ prison rape
Alternatively, rape while held in police custody
Sexual Harassment
- Verbal, Physical (eg unlawful touching or
Groping) Public/Street and workplace
Sexual Exploitation (Sex trafficking, slavery
Phonography)
Sexual Violence resulting in death/murder
Leadership. Advocacy and Awareness
ANNEX 2
MEDIA MONITORING AND ANALYSIS TOOL
Analyzing Newspaper Articles on Media Representation of Sexual Violence
Instructions: Please fill in one form for every news article on GBV on every media outlet. Use
separate form with same case number if more media outlets cover the same story. For followup stories please use dame original case number
Case Number:
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Date of Report:
/
/
/
Name of Print Media outlet (Tick only one outlet):
☐ Post Courier
☐ The National
Title of Report:
History of Story:
☐ New/ Incident
☒ Follow-Up /Court Report ( )Awareness
1. Type of Sexual Violence Reported eg; Rape/Sexual Assault -Marital Rape, Child Sexual Abuse
Age of Survivor or Key Person:
Gender of Survivor or Key Person (Circle) : Male ☐
Female ☒
LGBTQ ☐ Sexworker
Source of the Story : (Eg Police)
Sex of Offender: (if applicable)
Male ☐
Female ☐
Relationship with Offender:
Husband ☐ Boyfriend ☐ Father ☐ Brother ☐ Uncle ☐
Nephew ☐ Friend ☐
Neighbor ☐
Teacher ☐ Police ☒
Stranger ☐ Gang
☐ Wife ☐
Other ☐ Specify:
Accurate & Non-Judgemental language used? Yes ☐No ☐ Confidentiality upheld? Yes ☒ No ☒
Sensitivtivity and respect shown to Survivor? Yes ☐ No ☐ Survivor at risk: Yes ☐
FSV experts consulted for more information or clarfication?
Yes
☐
No☐
No ☐
Inset newspaper texts:
Information on Legal and Support services/ FSV hotline provided :
Yes ☐
No ☒
Page Number:
Province:
Who is being quoted in the article/story: Are there adequate sources?
Tone, Langauge and choice of words :

Is there victim blaming in the story?

Discrimation by the use of word victim eg; rape victim
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
Is there appropriate use of SV terminology?

Use of key words and phrases to describe SV incident?
Gender of first author:
Male ☒
Female
☐
☐
LGBTQ
Name of author:
Is there mention of existing laws on Sexual Violence
The tool is adapted from the CIMC-FSVAC’s Media Monitoring Form
ANNEX 3
Thematic Guide for Collecting and Analyzing Media Content on Sexual Violence
Based on the key themes in the way news and information media portray sexual violence the
following guide has been developed for informing this research study and to document and
analyze media information on reporting on sexual violence.
Table with Sexual Violence Media Representation
Key themes of misconceptions by the media when
representing issues of sexual violence
Post
TN
Are there instances
1. Victim Blaming Language – Not reporting
the social context in which male perpetrated of victim blaming?
sexual violence against women occurs
2. Sensationalizing – sensationalizing stories
through use of key phrases and choice of
words, or by disproportionately focusing on
stories that newsworthy
How have print
media approached SV
incident?
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3. Perpetuating Myths and Misrepresentation How is this
represented in Print
and directly shifting blame from male
Media?
perpetrators of violence and assigning
responsibility for violence to victims of
violence
4. Source Selection: Relying on law
enforcement officers as the expert voice and
letting them shape the stories
5. Blaming SV Violence on Substance Abuse –
Letting perpetrators get away with an act of
violence by blaming their actions on alcohol
or drugs
6. Gender Stereotyping/Stigmatized
Representation
Naming, labeling and the use of stigma or
discriminatory remarks
*The thematic guide is informed by the Family and Sexual Violence Black & White 2017 Report
and the Sydney : ANROWS, c2015. State of knowledge: 15/2015) I. Violence against women. II.
Media coverage. III. Women – Violence against – Press coverage. I. Sutherland, Georgina. II.
McCormack, Angus. III. Pirkis, Jane. IV. Easteal, Patricia. V. Holland, Kate. VI. Vaughan, Cathy
ANNEX 4
Representation of Sexual Violence in Papua New Guinea's Print Media:
MEDIA PARTICIPANT INFORMATION SHEET: ONE-ON-ONE INTERVIEW
Research Investigator: Alison Anis, Family and Sexual Violence Action Committee, 2019
Prevalence of sexual violence occurrences in PNG is a big threat to the safety and security of
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**
our women and girls, and particularly our growing children population. Statistics for PNG show
that sexual violence is exceptionally high with recent MSF (Medecins Sans Frontieres) reports
citing that children were the victims in over 50% of the sexual violence cases referred to their
clinics (Unseen, Unsafe 2019). The problem of sexual violence continues to have adverse
physical, psychological and emotional effects on women and children and family members, and
further contributes to disunity amongst family units and social disharmony in our societies.
Despite collaborative efforts at the national level to minimize occurrence and the risks
associated with it, the problem of sexual violence continues to persist.
The media plays a crucial role and is seen as an important partner in advocating against sexual
violence. FSVAC acknowledges the excellent effort by media in continuously advocating against
the issue however is aware that in order to see real progress to reducing this pervasive form of
violence, FSV stakeholders need to fully engage with media as an effective and active partner in
the national response and prevention strategies towards addressing family and sexual violence
in Papua New Guinea. Journalists and editors are the ones at the frontline of reporting and in
shifting communities’ thinking away from harmful practices and towards embracing valuable
and safe practices of gender equality that entails profound respect, love, care and fairness
towards one’s self and others.
Research Purpose
The purpose of this study is to examine media representations of sexual violence by
undertaking a comprehensive analysis of newspaper articles on sexual violence; and
documenting experiences of print media reporting on sexual violence stories in order to help in
identifying strategies to improve reporting on SV stories and help journalists to better represent
sexual violence in the way that it promotes gender equality practices and anti-sexual violence
behavior. In order for this to happen the study is seeking to do the following:

Conducting interviews with journalists and editors to find out existing gaps in
knowledge and understanding about sexual violence and the challenges of reporting on
SV;

Identifying journalist’s or editor’s intentions, the common practices and what shapes
the choice of words or use of key phrases that are used in SV stories;
Key outcomes that my study seeks to address are:

To improve the knowledge and understanding of sexual violence among journalists and
editors to help ensure that it is represented in a sensitive and nuanced way.

To improve the way sexual violence stories are represented in the media, so that there is
gender-fairness, accuracy and gender sensitive representation.
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
To inform development of a training resource or media guidelines which will be a useful
tool for sensitizing reporters and editors including journalism students in tertiary
institutions on the issue of sexual violence.

That better representation of sexual Violence becomes an embedded and guided
practice that is sustained across all mainstream media.
The outcome of this research is to develop a training toolkit to assist Papua New Guinean
journalists and editors to better represent sexual violence. Apart from informing development
of media training this research will benefit gender equitable practices through improved media
representation, increased ethical sensitivity among reporters and editors to employ ‘do no
harm’ approach to survivors when reporting on SV, and will contribute to sensitize media to
become lead advocators and use their influence to reverse the devastating effects of sexual
violence on families.
Your input to this study, if you decide to take part, will help inform media training to help media
and journalists become active partners in national efforts towards ending sexual violence.
Read the details below for more information before deciding to participate in this study
What does it mean if I join this study?
If you agree to participate in this study, I will ask you to sign an Informed Consent Form to show
that you understand why this research is being carried out and that you agree to take part and
contribute.
You will then be asked to take part in one-on-one interview. The interview setting will be in a
place where you feel comfortable and safe and where nobody will be able to hear what is being
talked about. The interview will take between 45 minutes and an hour and a half.
Do I have to join the study?
It is completely up to you to decide if you want to take part in the study, or if you do not want to.
If you make a decision to take part and contribute to this study you will also have the freedom to
withdraw any comments you make during the interview.
What are the good things of being involved in the study?
Your taking part in this study will give helpful information that will contribute to development of
training tools which will help journalists’ writing on the issue toward a more gender-sensitive and
gender-fair reporting.
Are there any risks involved in joining the study?
In terms of the interview questionnaire (provided for your perusal) there are few questions about
how your experience in reporting on sexual violence may affected you and about your personal
views on the issue. Let me know if you do not want to answer those questions so we can skip
those. If during the interview you feel a little uncomfortable or just overwhelmed by some of the
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**
questions, feel free to interrupt or stop the interview. You can also ask to pause the interview on
the audio if you want to make a comment off the record.
Will my details and the information I give you be kept secret?
It is up to you, if you want your name cited by all means let me know. If you do not want name
cited I will not cite it.
If you prefer to comment confidentiality, during the one-on-one, an audio recording will be
made. I will use these to make a written record of the interview but will remove all names so that
it will not be possible to name you from these records.
The information collected will remain strictly secret, including any information relating to issues
of sexual violence.
You will not be identified in the write-up of the results of this study or in any report or publication.
A summary report will be made available to interview participants at the end of the study, and
also to community groups and key stakeholders.
Who has approved this study?
This study will go through proper ethics approval process through Medical Research Advisory
Committee.
Who can I speak to if I have a problem?
If you would like any more information about this study please contact me the following details:
Alison Anis, Communications Officer, CIMC Family and Sexual Violence Action Committee on
Phone:
321 1714, 32/321 1398 or through email alison.anis@cimc.org
Mobile: 71857003/752 99620; alison.anis@gmail.com
If you would like to speak to someone not directly involved with the study you may contact (in
PNG):
Marcia Kalinoe, National Coordinator for Family and Sexual Violence Action Committee
Phone: 321 1714 / 321 1398
Mobile: 719 41399
Email: Marcia.Kalinoe@cimcpng.org or FSVAC@cimcpng.org
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**
ANNEX 5
CONSENT FORM
Please prove that you agree to take part in the study by signing below.
I, _____________________________________________________ (write name here) declare
that I understand the information contained in the Participant Information Sheet and that I
agree to take part in the study called Media Representation of Sexual Violence in Papua New
Guinea
I hereby prove that:
I have been given a chance to ask questions about the research and my taking part in it.
The study has been explained to me and I have been told how long the discussion will take and that it
will be recorded and entered into a computer.
I understand that all information from the interview will be kept strictly in secret and will not be
shared with anyone who is not working with the research team. I understand that as a participant in
the focus group discussion I cannot share what has been said with anyone else.
I understand that my privacy will be kept at all times and that I will not be identified in any report
about this study.
I understand that even if this study is important for informing better outcomes for media
representations, my taking part in it may not help me straight away.
I understand that I am free to withdraw from the study at any time I want and there will be no penalty.
Signature of Participating Journalist
Signature
Date
Signature of witness
I, _____________________________________________________ (please write name) hereby
prove that the person named above has already got a full understanding of the research study
and has freely given the okay to take part.
Signature
Date
Signature of researcher taking the permission
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**
I, _____________________________________________ (write name here) hereby prove that
the person named above has already got a full understanding of the research study and has
freely given the okay to take part.
Signature
Date
*IMPORTANT NOTICE: this safely and restrict access to this information. Destroy physical copies after entering
ANNEX 6
data from this sheet or after publication.
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Examining Media Representation of Sexual Violence in Papua New Guinea’s Print Media
Interview Questionnaire
Interview subjects:
Reporters and editors who are currently or who have had some experience of reporting/editing
editorial content on sexual violence
Background:
1. Can you tell me a bit about your background in journalism? How long have you been a
journalist? What kinds of stories have you covered?
2. When was the last time you reported on sexual violence? What was your personal
conviction/view at that time when writing about this particular story? Are you still on
the same view or has that changed? (if yes) How? Why?
3. Can you define for me in your own terms the meaning of Sexual Violence? [probe] What
is Sexual Violence?
EXPERIENCE: Beliefs, Opinions and Attitude
1. Could you tell me about your experience of reporting on Sexual Violence in the country?
What have you learnt about sexual violence in PNG from writing stories about it?
2. Why do you think sexual violence exists in our communities?
3. What happens from the time you receive information about sexual violence. Personally
for you, what is your reaction? Why? How about your reaction towards subjects of the
story; survivor/victim of violence and perpetrator? (See ethics of confidentiality –
informed consent form)
4. What are some of the things that you gained from writing about sexual violence? What
is the most rewarding thing perhaps for you and what is the most challenging thing?
Why?
SHAPING NEWS CONTENT: Language and tone
1. When you are writing a story on sexual violence how do you go about it? Give me an
example of a story that you have written and work through it for me? I’m really
interested in how journalists go about writing a story and what are the challenges in
writing.
2. Have you tried overcoming those challenges? In what ways? Or (Why? if answer is no)
3. Is there an internal style guide that you follow when writing about sexual violence? If so
what are some key things that are there and how much of this that you use in your
writing? If not what help do you get to represent your news story?
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**
CHALLENGES IN REPORTING ON SEXUAL VIOLENCE
1. What are some of the challenges that you face in reporting on sexual violence? Have
you ever received any feedback regarding a story you covered on sexual violence? How
did you respond to this feedback? Prompt: Did it change the way you approach the
story?
2. Personally for you, how has reporting on sexual violence affected you? (See ethics of
confidentiality – informed consent form)
SENSITVITY
1. Do you try to represent survivors and perpetrators in a particular way? In what ways
and why?
2. What things do you wish to convey when you write a story about sexual violence?
3. What goes through your mind covering sexual violence stories? Do you sympathize with
Sexual Violence Survivors? In what ways
Probes for later

Do you sympathize with SV survivors of sexual violence?

Are you sensitive to their needs? eg, referral to legal and support services, or
point readers to existing services and the emergency help or phone counselling
services?

Does your organization has ethical style guide for reporting on sexual Violence?

Has the number of stories you are exposed had an impact on the way you view
or represent sexual violence stories?

How important are some sexual Violence stories compared to others?
TRAINING/SENSITIZATION

Can you think of any way that reporters could be helped to write about sexual violence?

Do you think you as a journalist can change the way we view sexual violence. Can you
propose some ways you think you can help reporters like yourself report better on the
issue?

Do you think more needs to be done in the way we address sexual violence? And how
do you view media or your role in addressing sexual violence?
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**
Closing Question:
Is there anything you want to add or say about what we have discussed before we close the
interview? Any personal feedback or recommendations regarding what we have discussed?
(Thank the participants for their time and contributions and remind them again on how
important their input is to inform the training program.) Also mention here what is going to
happen with information collected from the interview
The conversation captured on the tape is confidential and will remain confidential until or unless
you specify otherwise. It is really up to you if you want your name to appear as participant on
areas of acknowledgement on the publication of this report or if you wish to remain anonymous.
You will get a copy of the publication.
EDITOR (Interview with the editors)
1. Tell me about your experiences of publishing stories on sexual violence? When it comes
to publishing a story on sexual violence what do you as an editor look for?
2. What about if a story is going to be on the front page? What things about a story on
sexual violence would make the front page? Could you explain to me the process and
the kinds of issues that are foremost when it comes to selecting a story?
3. What are your experiences with reporting on and in now editing sexual violence stories?
4. What are the types of feedback you received from the public regarding the way in
which you presented sexual violence story in your newspaper?
5. . Have there been any particular Sexual Violence stories that have impacted on you as a
person? How so?
6. What do you think makes a good story on sexual violence?
Newsroom Protocol:
1. What is newsroom protocol in approving stories on sexual violence?

Who decides on the headline?

How do you decide on the headline?

What type of training would you recommend for your journalist who is covering
sexual violence?
Pictures and Cartoons – Print Media
1. Use of pictures – victims – taste and decency
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**
2. Use of pictures – perpetrator (mugshots) (if proven guilty/evidence)?
Are you happy with the questions so far? Have I missed anything of importance regarding this
subject? Is there anything that you want to add to this discussion before we close?
(Thank the participants for their time and contributions and remind them again on how
important their input is to inform the training program.) Also mention here what is going to
happen with information collected from the interview
The conversations captured on the tape are confidential and will remain confidential until the
time of publication of the reports in which you will be notified. It is really up to you if you want
your name to appear as participant on areas of acknowledgement on the publication of this
report or if you wish to remain anonymous. You will get a copy of the publication.
ANNEX 7
NOTE: With regards to the research activity updated as per table below:
1. All media interviews to be conducted over period of 3-4 months with a target 2
reporters in 2 weeks (Gives ample time to analyse and record data from the interviews)
Time and date preference is Friday morning 10 am- 11am over a cup of coffee or during
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**
lunch time or as agreed by respondent. Target group are more relaxed during this time
and don’t have to worry about meeting deadlines. Interviews to begin January 24 th 2020
2. Interview with editors to be conducted soon after interview with journalists (June 1 st, June 30th, 2020)
3. Interview with key informants soon after interview with the editors (July 1 st – July 31th)
Research Activity
Tool & Methods
Time Frame
Budget
(K5000)
PHASE 1: Undertaking of Systematic Analysis of Newspaper articles
1. Manually go through
newspapers, Identify and
mark relevant articles for
cutting, sourcing content
from internet
2. Develop or adapt tool for
Systematic review of
newspaper articles of SV in
PNG including a thematic
guide for article selection
(both need refining to
accurately capture relevant
data
3. Identify thematic areas to
guide the newspaper
analysis on media
representations of SV in
PNG. And sourcing of
specific stories from the
internet
4. Newspaper cuttings
completed
Newspaper cuttings done already
as part of the FSVAC internal
Media Watch and Monitoring
Project
September 1st2019- July 31st2020
Using the adapted media
monitoring form and thematic
guide:
Deadline for this
activity is
November 25th,
2019
1. Article selection (screening),
2. Classification (into themes)
3. Cutting/ collection, scanning
4. Providing Analysis

Article selection
(screening),

Classification (into
themes)
Arrange into thematic folders
(could be conducted as part of
FSVAC activity (This has been
October 25th –
30th, 2019
K20 (data
usage as
internet is
down
sometimes)
October 25 – Nov
5th , 2019
(2 -3weeks)
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**
done in part under Media
Watch)
5. Content analysis -Examine
and provide analysis on
selected news articles
Go through binding of newspaper November 5th
articles and do systematic
2019
analysis using media monitoring
(2 weeks)
forms/thematic guide
Print out Media forms to
attached to each article
November 20th
6. Conduct Preliminary Review
of news articles under
Media Watch.
Using Black & White report to
inform the interview process.
November 26th
7. Create Excel Spreadsheet to
enter valuable info collected
from analysis
Modify current spreadsheet to
enter findings from the
newspaper analysis
To be completed
before the
analysis process
8. Enter data/.findings from
the analysis into
spreadsheet
Modify current spreadsheet to
enter findings from the
newspaper analysis
November 26th –
December 05th
9. Write report based on the
data provided
Using the captured data on the
Excel spreadsheet to write report
about research findings
Attached Media Watch and
Monitoring Tool on Sexual
Violence to each story and
classify into themes
January 08th,
2019
January, 09th
10 First Draft
PHASE 2: EXAMINING PRINT MEDIA’S EXPERIENCES OF REPORTING ON SEXUAL VIOLENCE
January 21st,
2020
1. Identify/Select reporters
including editors of two
newspapers
Using selective sampling and the
Media Watch & Monitoring Tool
to identify reporters – on how
they represented on sexual
violence stories in newspapers
2. Draft Letters
Include FSVAC organization letter January 23rd, 2020
head and get FSVAC National
Coordinator to endorse the letter
Make direct contact with each
journalists to tell them about the
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**
3. Establish Contact with
the reporters
research and the reason for the
January 25- 27th ,
research before sending them the 2020
interview questionnaire
4. Test the questionnaire
Test it with workmate
January 29th ,
2020
5. Send the questionnaire
forms along with
information sheet
Confirm to see if they have
received information sheet and
questionnaire
February 1st ,
2020
6. Call to follow up on the
request for interview
and to confirmn
If the reporter agrees to
participate, go ahead a arrange
for venue and schedule
interviews for Fridays or any
other days that are free
February 08th,
2020
7. Interview with Journalists A total of 4 journalists to be
interviewed and audio uploaded
and stored safely for
transcriptions
March 5th, 12th,
19th, 26th, 2020
8. Interview with Journalists 4 journalists
April during
Fridays
9. Interview with Editors
Interview first with two sub
editors and later 2 editor in chief
May 1st – May
31st on Fridays
or as agreed by
the editors
10. Interview with Key
Informants
X 4 key informants
June 1st – June
30th (Fridays or
as agreed)
11. Transcriptions
Transcriptions to be done after
interviews
To be completed
by July, 30th ,
2020
Finalize transcriptions of audio
from the interviews,
12. Analyse information /
Structure and reporting
writing for research
Put together / Organize
information from the
transcriptions and start writing
reports
July first week
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July second week
13. With the help of mentors
to fine tune research
writing
14. First Draft Completed
Submitted for copy editing
15. Edited copy submitted
for feedback from mentors
Before July 31st,
2020
16. Based on Feedbacks plan
for publication and
launch of the preliminary
report
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**
Annex 8
Pacific Women Research Training Program – FSVAC
Research Proposal Interview Audio Transcriptions
2nd Floor, IPA Haus, Corner Lawes Rd & Munidubu St, Konedobu. PO Box 1530, Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea Tel: (675) 321 1714/321
1398 Fax: (675) 321 1718
In-Depth Interview Audio Transcriber
Terms of Reference
Research Topic:
Organization:
Title:
Media Representation of Sexual Violence in Papua New
Guinea
CIMC Family and Sexual Violence Action Committee
Assistant Transcriber (assisting Researcher) – Research
Interviews Audio Transcriptions Only
Start Date:
January
Reports to:
FSVAC Researcher
Location:
Port Moresby
About the Research Proposal:
This research project is conducted as part of the existing Media Watch and
Monitoring Project (MWMP) of the Family and Sexual Violence Action Committee
(FSVAC).
The outcome of this research is to develop a training toolkit to assist Papua New Guinean
journalists to better represent sexual violence.
In order to inform the development of media training tools the project is taking a step further
to conducting series of in-depth interviews with journalists and editors who have had
experiences in reporting or editing sexual violence stories for print media.
There will be also key-information interviews with key informers of the media industry which
include Media Council of Papua New Guinea, the Censorship Board, Media Advocacy Group
etc.
Data (Audio Recordings) collected from these interviews is a substantial part of this research
and the need to adhere to and maintain confidentiality is strongly recommended.
About the role:
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FSVAC Researcher has assessed the need to hire an experienced person to assist with
transcribing audio recordings captured during interviews with selected respondents.
The assistant transcriber will work under the supervision of the principal research investigator
and as per the guidelines provided or as directed by the research investigator.
This role comes with clear understanding of and mandatory compliance with set confidentiality
procedures regarding audio data transcriptions
Duties and essential job functions:
Key responsibilities and deliverables include:
 Assisting the Principle Research Investigator with audio transcriptions
 Strict Compliance to confidentiality issues in ensuring audio data on the computer is
kept safe, confidential and remains in a secured location
___________________________________________________________________________
Job Engagement Requirements:
Read, understand and abide by the rules of confidentiality outline herein
 Sign an agreement form to show your understanding to protect audio data
 Do not repeat or discuss the contents of the recording with anyone apart from the
principal research investigator.
 Data confidentiality is important therefore cannot be removed or stored anywhere else
rather than preferred folder or storage area
 To follow and observe audio transcriptions procedural guidelines when doing
transcriptions
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ANNEX 9
Audio Recordings Transcription Format /Guide
[Instructions: Fill in the details below for audio transcriptions for each interview recordings]
RESPONDENTS DETAILS :
Respondent: _________(in number sequences as instructed below)
In-depth Interviews (circle/highlight): [Journalists, Editors, Former Journalists, former editors)
Key Informant Interviews (circle/highlight): – [Media Council of PNG Censorship Board, Media
Advocacy Group, Media & Communications Officers in Gender Equality programs]
Name (Initials or as requested):____________________________________
Status/titles [optional or as requested]:___________________________________________
Interview Location: __________________
Audio Duration:_____________________
Note: Transcribe word for word and in detail audio conversations between interviewer and
Respondents
1. Always include at the beginning of each Transcriptions the word “Start” (in brackets) to
indicate the beginning of an audio recording, and at the end of each recording the word
“End” (in brackets) to indicate end of audio recording for each interview recordings.
2. Each Recording will be saved under Audio file titled folder on the Digital Recorder and
will appear as R1, R2 all the way to R16 (Respondent 16). Include these initials at the
start of each audio conversations in which respondent responding to questions raised by
interviewer. Input Interviewer for the person doing the interview.
3. Hear out also for obvious sounds made by respondents, such as Pauses in
conversations, sighs, cough or clearing of voices; laughing or chuckling; and include
these in brackets exactly where you hear them in between or at the start or end of each
conversations
4. See example below for more info:
[start]
Interviewer:Can you tell me briefly about your job as a journalist?
R1:(Clears voice) My job as a journalist involves…(pause)...
Interviewer:Thank you what would you like to see change…. ?
R1:uhh….i would like to see…….
[end]
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Research Project Implementation Schedule -Gant Chart
Sept 2019 – July 2020
SEP
Secondary Data
Collection – Media
Watch Project
(Sexual Violence)
content
OCT
21st
News Content Data
Analysis
28th
Reporting /first draft/
Secondary Data
DEC
JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUN
2nd
Finalization - Refining
Research Proposal
for Ethics\
Enter data for
reporting
NOV
11th
25th
5th
8th
Identify list of
respondents
(Journos)
*
Draft Letters
9-16
Send Letters
1st
Follow Up to confirm
interviews
5th
Conduct Interviews
with journalistsX4
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JUL
**
Interview with
Journalists x4
Letters sent to
editors
Follow up to confirm
interviews
Fridays
1st
9 -12
Fridays
Interviews with
editors x 4
Letters to Key
informant
*
Interviews with Key
Informants
Fridays
Finalization of
Transcriptions
*
(writing of report)
First Draft
*
Final Draft
31st
Publish & Share
*
REFERENCES
_____________________________________________________________________
PNG Literature
2017 Black and White:Report on Family and Sexual Violence/Preliminary survey of Family &
Sexual Violence articles in Print Media January 1, 2017 to December 2017 to, Family and Sexual
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Violence Action Committee (FSVAC), Consultative Implementation and Monitoring Council
(CIMC)
CIMC FSVAC, Media Watch and Monitoring Project,
(Kelly-Hanku, A., Honer, J. and Toliman, P. (2015) Sex, Violence, HIV and moral panics: A
discourse analysis of HIV. Gender based violence and key population in Papua New Guinea’s
leading newspapers) –
Richard Eves, Genevieve Kouro, Steven Simiha and Irene Subalik. Do No Harm Research: Papua
New Guinea, 2018
International Literature
ANROWS Landscapes, 2015, Media Representation of Violence Against Women and their
children
Sydney : ANROWS, c2015. Pages ; 30 cm. (Landscapes : State of knowledge: 15/2015) I.
Violence against women. II. Media coverage. III. Women – Violence against – Press coverage. I.
Sutherland, Georgina. II. McCormack, Angus. III. Pirkis, Jane. IV. Easteal, Patricia. V. Holland,
Kate. VI. Vaughan, Cathy
End of Proposal
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