1 motivation
1.1 classification ( cox 1991
1.1.1 primary/ intrinsic
1.1.1.1 perfomed at it own sake
1.1.1.2 Derived from activity itself 1.1.1.3 (Ryan & Deci, 2000): people have 3 innate needs:
1.1.1.3.1 competence
1.1.1.3.2 autonomy
1.1.1.3.3 relatedness to others
1.1.2 extrinsic/ secondary
1.1.2.1 acquire material or social rewards 1.1.2.2 avoid punishment
1.1.2.3 Influence from outside the activity
1.1.2.3.1 praise
1.1.2.3.2 rewards
1.2 a force that helps us to initiate and sustain actions or behaviours
1.3 motivation theories
1.3.1 biopsychological (extrinsic)
1.3.1.1 drive theory/ homeostatic
1.3.1.1.1 proposed by Cannon
1.3.1.1.2 behaviour is motivated by external sources 1.3.1.1.3 to reduce internal drive
1.3.1.1.4 balance homeostasis
1.3.1.1.5 eg: internal drive: thirst, motivate to drink, to reduce the thirst
1.3.1.2 drive reduction theory
1.3.1.2.1 by Hull
1.3.1.2.2 combine with learning theory
1.3.1.2.3 process of reducing external drive is then conditioned
1.3.1.2.4 reducing drives acts as positive reinforcement
1.3.1.2.5 we learn to drink to avoid feeling thirsty
1.3.1.3 arousal theory
1.3.1.3.1 Hebb
1.3.1.3.2 each has own level of arousal
1.3.1.3.3 strive to balance/optimised level of arousal
1.3.1.3.4 person with low level will seek high arousing activities 1.3.2 psychosocial theory (see:cognitive)1.3.2.1 theory of need
1.3.2.1.1 by McClelland
1.3.2.1.2 Needs produce drives which in turn motivate behavior 1.3.2.1.3 need of achievement- to aim a sense of accomplishment, to do better than others
1.3.2.1.4 need of affiliation- to receive approval from others, to gain relation
1.3.2.1.5 need of power- to exert control over others
1.3.2.2 theory of goal
1.3.2.2.1 by locke
1.3.2.2.2 a goal is an aim that motivate to perform an action, aspire to achieve
1.3.2.2.3 mastery: to gain competency
1.3.2.2.4 performance: to gain favorable judgment from others
1.3.3 humanistic approach
1.3.3.1 by Abraham Maslow
1.3.3.2 hierarchy of needs
1.3.3.2.1 base physiological need: will die if absent : 1.3.3.2.1.1 food
1.3.3.2.1.2 warmth
1.3.3.2.1.3 water
1.3.3.2.1.4 air
1.3.3.2.2 2nd tier: need of shelter, safety
1.3.3.2.3 3rd tier: need of love/affiliation
1.3.3.2.4 4th: esteem: self/social worth
1.3.3.2.5 5th: knowledge
1.3.3.2.6 6th: esthetic
1.3.3.2.7 7th: self actualization
1.3.3.2.7.1 acceptance of self, not influence by society
1.3.3.2.7.2 wisdom/experienced
1.3.3.2.7.3 ethical
1.3.3.2.7.4 creative
1.3.3.3 the first 4 levels are needs to satisfy deficiency, the top 3 to satisfy innerself/ enrich life
1.3.3.4 to fulfill at least partial each level before can move on to the next level 1.4 Cohen (1990) motivation is something that drives people to do what they do.
1.5 used in clinical seting
1.5.1 behavioral modification
1.5.2 improving compliance
1.5.3 behaviour activation therapy
1.6 cognitive
1.6.1 Expectancy-value theories
1.6.1.1 Vroom's expentancy
1.6.1.2 tendency to act in a specific way depends on the strength of an expectation 1.6.1.3 on the attractiveness of that outcome to the individual
1.6.1.4 Efforts and performance relationship
1.6.1.5 Performance and reward relationship
1.6.1.6 1.7