Science Study – Chapter 4
Physical Properties of Matter
-
Describe physical properties of matter
Perform density calculations
Physical Properties
- Used to describe a substance
- Physical changes – change of state, can be reversed
Qualitative
- NO numbers
- Luster – shiny or dull
- Optical clarity – ability to allow light through
- Brittleness – breakability
- Viscosity – thickness of flow
- Harness – ability to scratch
- Malleability – ability to be hammered
- Ductility – ability to be pulled into wire
- Conductivity – ability to conduct electricity
 Conductor – has a lot of conductivity
 Insulator – has little/no conductivity
Quantitative
- With numbers
- Involve changes of state
- Can be looked up in tables
- Density
- A measure of how much mass is contained in a
given volume
- Usually g/mL – liquids
- Usually g/cm³- solids
Calculating Density:
Particle theory
- All matter is composed of tiny objects called particles
- All particles have space between them
- Particles in matter are always in motion
- Particles attract each other
All matter has
- Mass
- Volume
States of matter
1. Solid – strong bonds, particles close together
2. Liquid – weaker force, further apart
3. Gas – very weak force, very far apart
Changes in state
Melting -
Solid to liquid
Freezing -
Liquid to solid
Evaporation -
Liquid to gas
Condensation -
Gas to liquid
Deposition -
Gas to solid
Sublimation -
Solid to Gas
Ice
-
Heat
Particles can vibrate in place, but they can’t move
Strong attraction which forms a solid
Particles vibrate more quickly
Weakens attraction which forms a liquid
Classifying Matter
Pure substance
Element -
Compound -
Made up of only ONE kind of matter
Has unique properties like colour, hardness, boiling/melting point
Either an ELEMENT or a COMPOUND
A pure substance that cannot be broken down into any simpler
substance by chemical means
A pure substance that is made from TWO or MORE elements
Combined together chemically (like water or H2O)
Mixtures
Mechanical
mixture
Suspension
Solution
- Different substances make up the mixture and ARE visible
Example - sand
- Heterogenous – you can see the different parts
- Cloudy mixture in which particles of one substance are held within
another and ARE visible
- Particles can be separated when poured through a filter
Example – tomato juice or orange juice with pulp
- Heterogenous – you can see the different parts
- Different substance are NOT visible
- Homogeneous - One substance is dissolved in another
Physical Properties of Water
Adhesion
-
where water sticks to ITSELF
Water forms beads on non-absorbent surfaces (such as glass)
Where water sticks to something ELSE
Physical property
-
Something that can be observed
Cohesion
Observing Chemical Properties
Chemical property -
Chemical change
Chemical reaction
Combustibility
Ability of a substance to change into a new substance or substances
-
Always results in the formation of NEW stance(s)
Cannot be reversed
Evidence includes – change in colour, odour, bubbles of gas, new
solid, heat or light given off
-
A process in which a chemical change occurs
-
The ability of a substance to react quickly with oxygen to produce
heat and light
Elements and the Periodic Table
Element
Element Symbol
Compound
Metal
Non-metal
Metalloids
-
A pure substance that cannot be broken down
An abbreviation for a chemical element
Always starts with a capital letter
A pure substance made up of 2 or more different elements
Elements are chemically joined
Only certain elements can combine
They can only combine in certain ratios
A lustrous, malleable, ductile element that conducts heat and
electricity
- Generally on the LEFT and CENTRE of the periodic table
Example – gold, silver, copper
- Element that does NOT conduct heat or electricity
- Usually a gas or dull, powdery solid
- Brittle, shatters if pounded
- Generally in the upper RIGHT portion of the periodic table
Example – oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, charcoal brick
- Elements that are located along the staircase line
- Elements that have properties of metals and non-metals