International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET)
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Volume: 06 Issue: 10 | Oct 2019
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AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON WARM MIXES USING VG-40 AND CRMB
ON BITUMINOUS CONCRETE
Sahil Pathania1, Er. Sameer Malhotra2, Er. Himanshu Rao3
1M.Tech
Scholar, Gurukul Vidyapeeth Institute of Engineering and Technology.
Professor, Gurukul Vidyapeeth Institute of Engineering and Technology.
3Assistant Professor, Swami Vivekanand Institute of Engineering and Technology.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------***---------------------------------------------------------------------------Abstract- The present study was carried out to observe the effect of mixing of warm mix chemicals on some of the
properties of Bituminous Mixes. Further, the cost benefit analysis was also carried out to check
the economical viability by using sasobit vis-å-vis zeolite, their combination and with different grades of pavement
mixes. Desired viscosity to fully coat aggregates is obtained by adding certain chemicals these chemicals can either
be in powder form or in liquid form. With the reduction in production temperature there are some additional
benefits, such as reduced greenhouse gas emissions, fumes, and odors generated at the plant and the paving site.
From the results of present study, it can be concluded that in spite of being expensive WMA have good
performances than HMA.
2Assistant
Keywords: Bitumen, Bituminous Concrete, Warm Mix Asphalt, Hot Mix Asphalt.
1. Introduction
Bitumen is the oldest known engineering material and has been used from the earliest times as an adhesive,
sealant and waterproofing agent. As long ago as 6000 BC the thriving ship-building industry in Sumeria used
naturally occurring bitumen, found in surface seepage in the area.
CRMB is produced by the so-called wet process in which crumb rubber is added to hot bitumen and the mixture
is agitated mechanically until there is a "reaction" between the bitumen and crumb rubber. Improved adhesion
and bonding with aggregates, higher softening point, high flow resistance and higher impact resistance, takes
heavy vehicular traffic etc.
Polymer modified bitumen (PMB) with elastomers is most commonly used with success on major highways in
the developed countries because elasticity in this PMB provides resistance to both rutting and fatigue cracking.
Used for much stressed pavements, high traffic volumes, high loading, and high temperature amplitudes,
draining pavements etc.
Due to less greenhouse gas emissions, fumes/odors and energy conservation are making WMA preferred due to
its reduced asphalt mix production and placement temperatures. The paving industry is continuously in search
of technological improvements that will enhance the material's performance, increase construction efficiency
conserve resources, and advance environmental benefits. Warm mix asphalt is developed at a temperature
lower than typical hot mix asphalt (HMA) 20 - 40 degree Celsius. WMA is famous worldwide to decrease the
bituminous mixing temperature compromising its strength. There are some additional advantages that are
reduced greenhouse gas emissions, fumes, and odors generated at the plant and the paving site etc.
2. Objectives of the Study
The objectives of this study are to include the following aspects:1. To compare the various properties of normal vs. warm mix asphalt by Marshall Method




Marshall stability
Flow value
Density
VMA (Voids in Mineral Aggregates)
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International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET)
e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 06 Issue: 10 | Oct 2019
p-ISSN: 2395-0072



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VFB (Voids Filled with Bitumen)
Vb(Volume of Bitumen)
Va (Volume of Aggregates)
2. To ascertain the effect of changing grade of binder, VG-40. CRMB.
3. The effect of any change in Optimum Binder Content due to usage of warm mixes
4. To make a Cost comparison between Hot mix and Warm mix.
3. Methodology
In order to achieve the proposed objective the following methodology will be adopted:
1. Prepare the samples of Bituminous Concrete (BC) using VG-40, CRMB 55 from Marshall Method for normal
mixes.
2. For Normal Mixes:
 For BC we need to find out optimum binder content by Marshall Stability Method using VG-40, CRMB
55.
 Find VMA, VFB, Air void, Stability, Flow value
3. For Warm-Mixes:
 Find out the Optimum Binder Content using Zeolite by Marshall Stability method with VG-40, CRMB 55.
According job mix formula quantity of aggregates used are as follows




20 mm = 10% of 1200g= 120g
10 mm = 26% of 1200g=312g
6.7 mm = 45% of 1200g= 192g
Stone dust = 16% of 1200g = 540g
Cement = 3% of 1200g =36g
4. Results and Discussion
Table1. Test Results of Marshall Stability for CRMB-55: Normal Mix.
Bitumen%
Density, g/cc
Volume of bitumen, Vb%
Volume of aggregates Va%
Voids in mineral aggregate
(VMA)%
Void filled with bitumen
(VFB)%
Stability,(KN)
Flow value, mm
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5.5118
2.348
12.941
81.23
17.221
5.66
2.351
13.289
81.05
17.251
5.808
2.346
13.625
80.7065
17.556
5.956
2.331
13.889
80.035
18.232
75.14
77.033
77.608
76.146
13.88
3.7
13.96
4.2
18.01
4.25
15.53
4.35
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e-ISSN: 2395-0056
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p-ISSN: 2395-0072
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Table: 2. Test results of Marshall Stability For CRMB-55: Warm Mix
Bitumen %
Density,g/cc
Volume of Bitumen, Vb%
Volume of aggregates, Va%
Voids in mineral aggregate (VMA)%
Voids filled with bitumen(VFB) %
Stability,(KN)
Flow value ,mm
Marshall Quotient (stability//flow)
5.5118
2.3305
12.854
80.63
17.844
72.035
14.56
4.05
3.59
5.66
2.344
13.267
80.808
17.507
75.78
15.44
4.2
3.67
5.808
2.342
13.602
80.568
17.697
76.89
21.35
4.4
4.85
5.956
2325
13 .847
79.829
18.437
75.104
2123
4.55
4.66
Table: 3. Test Results of Marshall Stability For VG 40 Normal Mix
Bitumen %
Density,g/cc
Volume of Bitumen, Vb%
Volume of aggregates, Va%
Voids in mineral aggregate
(VMA)%
Voids filled with bitumen(VFB) %
Stability,(KN)
Flow value ,mm
Marshall Quotient
(stability//flow)
5.5118
2.3465
13.032
81.096
17.25
5.66
2,358
13.459
81.306
17.01
5.808
2.343
13.068
80.62
17.54
5.956
2.34
13.937
80.34
17.76
75.53
15.18
4
3.75
79.07
15.18
4.6
3.3
77.58
18.35
4.7
3.90
78.49
18.28
4.8
3.80
Table: 4. Test results of Marshall Stability for VG 40 Warm Mix
Bitumen %
Density,g/cc
Volume of Bitumen, Vb%
Volume of aggregates, Va%
Voids in mineral aggregate
(VMA)%
Voids filled
with bitumen(VFB) %
Stability,(KN)
Flow value ,mm
Marshall Quotient
(stability//flow)
5.5118
2.36
12.875
80.73
17.525
5.66
2.3485
13.292
80.97
17.042
5.808
2.337
13.573
80.41
17.755
5.956
2.33
13.877
80.00
18.11
73.466
78.004
76.44
76.26
15.08
3.9
3.87
15.88
4.075
3.89
21.86
4.45
4.91
21.00
4.95
4.24
For cost comparison analysis i have gathered data from different hot mix plants:
Fuel Used For Heating Material in One Day For 110t Mix = 5.5 To 6 Liters/Ton
Material Prepared In One Day = 200 Ton
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Cost Of Fuel Used (Furnace Oil) = 43 Rs/ Liter
Therefore Fuel Used In One Day = 1200 Liters
Total Cost Of One Day Fuel = 1200 X 43 = Rs. 51600/As Per Our Study Fuel Used For Warm Mix = 4.5 Liters/ Day
Therefore Fuel Saving In One Day = 1.5 Liters/ Ton= 1.5 200 = 300 Liters
Total Money Saving In One Day = 300 X 43 —Rs 12900/For 5.66% of Bitumen
Bitumen Used In One Day (For 200 Ton Material/ Day) = 11.32 Ton i.e. 11320 Kg
Warm Mix Chemical Used In One Day (1% Of The Bitumen) = 113.2 Kg
Cost Of 100 Gm Warm Mix Chemical = Rs 6,500/Cost Of 1 Kg Warm Mix Chemical = Rs 25,000/Therefore Cost Of 113.2 Kg Warm Mix Asphalt =Rs 28,30,000/From this calculation we have seen that the warm mix chemical is not cost effective at all. The reason of this
may be non-availability of this chemical in India. If cheaper alternative is available then it can be tried and
tested.
5. Conclusions
Following are the outcomes of the experiment conducted for comparison of WMA mixes and HMA mixes:
1. Density: of Warm Mix Asphalt samples is lower as compared to Hot Mix Asphalt.
2. O.B.C: optimum binder content for Normal Mixes is found out to be 5.75 by comparing certain specifications
from MORTH 5 th revision it is found out that Optimum Binder Content for Warm Mixes is same as that of
Normal samples. It clearly indicates that there is no change in Optimum Binder Content for Warm Mixes.
3. Marshall Stability: There is a considerable increase in Marshall Stability value of Warm Mix as compared to
Hot Mix Asphalt. It concludes that Warm Mix sample have higher strength than Hot Mix samples.
4. Percent VFB: it was found to be decrease in warm mixes as compared to hot mixes
5. Percent VMA: (Voids in Mineral Aggregates) were found to be increased in warm mixes than hot mixes.
6. Va and Vb were found to be decreased in warm mixes when compared to hot mixes. Time of mixing in
warm mixes is approximately 5-6 min which is less than hot mixes that is found to be 8-10 min in
laboratory conditions resulting in fuel saving.
6. References
1) Ali Ayman, Abbas Ala, NazzalMunir, Alhasan Ahmad, Roy Arjun, Powers David; “workability Evaluation of
Foamed Warm-Mix Asphalt” Journals Materials In Civil Engineering, June' 2014, Vol. 26, No. 6.
2) Cooper B. Samuel, Mohammad N. Louay, Elseifi A. Mostafa; "Laboratory Performance Characteristics of
Sulfur-Modified Warm-Mix Asphalt" Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 2011, Vol. 23, No. 9, pp 13381345.
3) Hurley C. Graham and Prowcll D. Brian; "Evaluation of Aspha-Min Zeolite for use in Warm Mix Asphalt"
NCAT report 2005-06, June 2005.
4) Hurley C. Graham and Prowell D. Brian; "Evaluation of Sasobit for use in Warm Mix Asphalt" NCAT report
2005-06, June 2005.
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5) Kandhal P S; "Warm Mix Asphalt Technologies: An Overview" Journal of Indian Road Congress, JulySeptember' 2010, pp 143-152.
6) Kim Hakseo, Lee Soon-Jae, Amirkhanian N. Serji; "Influence of Warm Mix Additives on PMA Mixture
Properties" Journal of Transportation Engineering, August' 2012, Vol. 138, No. 8, pp 991-997.
7) Lugo Alvarez Eduardo Allex, Pimienta Aaron L.A. et all; "Laboratory Evaluation of compactiblity and
Performance of Warm-Mix Asphalt" 2013 Revista EIA, Vol. 10, No. 19, pp
8) Liu juanyu, SaboundjianStephon, Li Peng, Connor Billy, Brunette Bruce;“Laboratory Evaluation Sasobit
modified Warm-Mix Asphalt for Alsakan conditions” Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, November’ 2011
Vol. 23 No. 1l, pp 1498-1505
9) Liu J,Li Peng; “Low temperature Performance of Sasobit- Modified Warm-Mix Asphalt” , Journals of
Materials in Civil Engineering January 2012, Vol. 24. No. l, pp 37-63.
10) Sarganand Shad et all; "Field evaluation of Warm-mix Asphalt Technologies" Journals of Materials in Civil
Engineering, November'2012 pp 1343-1349.
11). Silva M.R.D. Hugo, Oliveira R.M. Joel, Ferreira I.G. Claudia et all; "Assessment of the Performance of Warm
Mix Asphalt in Road Pavements" International Journal of Pavement And Technology, May' 2010, vol. 3, No. 3. pp
119-127.
12) Xino Feipeng, Zhao Wenbin, Gandhi Tejash, Amirkhanian N. Serji; "Influence of Antistripping Additives on
Moisture Susceptibility of Warm Mix Asphalt Mixtures" Journals Of materials In Civil Engineering, October'
2010, Vol. 22, No. 10, pp 1047-1055.
13) Xiao Feipeng, Punith V. S., Puttnan Bedley, Amirkhanian N. Serji; "Utilization of Foaming Technology in
Warm-Mix-Asphalt Mixtures Containing Moist Aggregates" Journal Of Materials In Civil Engineering,
September' 2011, Vol. 23, No 9, pp 1328-1337.
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