UTICOM SYSTEMS INC.
- Located outside of Philadelphia, PA.
- Serving clients throughout North
America.
- Started in 1987, Uticom has over 20
years of utility graphics experience.
109 Independence Way
Coatesville, PA 19320-1654
Phone: 610-857-2655
Fax: 610-857-2986
www.uticom.net
- Uticom designs, engineers, and manufactures
graphics for harsh environments.
Theoretical Ink Deposit
WHERE:
w = mesh aperture (opening/microns)
d = diameter (microns)
D = cloth thickness (microns)
D1 = ink thickness (microns) at initial deposit
D2 = ink deposit (microns) after flowout
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158 mesh
420 mesh
Ink Deposits
Uticom uses automotive grade pigmented ink and a technology to create a thick ink
deposit. The thicker a quality ink deposit, the longer it takes for the sun to cause fading.
Thick ink deposit
Thin ink deposit
Current Standards
Safety Red
Safety Orange
Safety Blue
Safety Green
Safety Yellow
Current Standards
Annex C
(informative)
Previous Formats for Signal Word Panels
The following formats for signal word panels
were used in earlier editions of this standard
and were included as an alternate to the
preferred panel format in the 1998 Edition.
They are not included in this edition of the
standard. Existing signs, in use or already
manufactured that use the older format may
continue to be used.
Risk Estimation and Signal word Selection
Definitions
Accident: An incident that results in unintended harm.
Harm: Death, injury, or property damage.
Hazard: A potential source of harm
Incident: an unintentional and undesired event that has the potential to cause harm.
Risk: A combination of the probability of occurrence of harm and the severity of that harm.
Hazardous situation
Safety messages provide instructions, explicit or implicit, regarding how to avoid
hazardous situations. In order to select the appropriate signal word, risk must be
estimated for the particular hazardous situation or situations.
Note that, for the purposes of signal word selection, it does not matter why a
safety message might not be followed (e.g., failure to read the message,
conscious decision to ignore the message); the hazardous situation associated
with a message is the same, regardless of why the message is not followed.
When a safety message addresses more than one hazardous situation, the risk
associated with each hazardous situation should be estimated. In these cases,
the signal word corresponding to the greatest risk level is used.
Figure 1 - Model of Events Resulting
from a Hazardous Situation
The hazardous situation (i.e., the result of not
following a safety message) either results in an
accident (i.e., harm occurs) or in no accident (i.e.,
either no incident occurs, or the incident does not
result in harm). If an accident occurs, it results in
harm. The harm can be classified by severity,
from property damage to death or serious injury.
Current Standards
Risk Estimation and Signal word Selection
Severity
Classification of severity of harm
As shown in the model above, there are three classifications for
severity of harm that are used in selecting signal words
Death or serious injury: Injury to humans that is more severe
than minor or moderate injury. Harm classified as death or serious
injury may also include property damage, or moderate or minor
injuries that occur as a result of the same event.
Serious injuries typically have one or more of the following
characteristics:
• results in permanent loss of function or significant disfigurement
• requires substantial and prolonged medical treatment
• involves long perious of disability
• involves considerable pain and suffering over long periods of time
Current Standards
Signal word selection
A signal word is selected according to the risk of harm presented by the
hazardous situation that the safety message addresses. That is, signal word
selection is based on the risk posed if the safety message is not followed.
The risk is determined based on
• worst credible severity of harm if an accident occurs
• probability of an accident if the hazardous situation occurs (i.e., if the
safety message is not followed)
• probability of the worst credible severity of harm occurring
Signal Word Selection Matrices
The following matrices show the signal words, colors, and presence or absence
of a safety alert symbol that are assigned for each combination of accident
probability, worst credible harm, and probability of worst credible harm.
If Worst Credible Severity of Harm is Death or Serious Injury
Worst Credible Severity of Harm
A hazardous situation can result in a variety of outcomes, each
with varying likelihood. When selecting a signal word, it is
necessary to determine the worst credible harm that can result
from a hazardous situation. Only outcomes that are credible
possibilities should be considered.
Once the worst credible human harm has been identified, it
should be classified by severity (i.e., propety damage only, minor
or moderate injury, or death or serious injury). This category is
the worst credible severity of harm for a particular hazardous
situation.
Probability of Accident if
Hazardous Situation is not Avoided
Will
Will
Probability of Death or Serious
Injury if Accident Occurs
Could
If Worst Credible Severity of Harm is Moderate or Minor Injury
For all probabilities:
If Worst Credible Severity of Harm is Property Damage
For all probabilities:
Could
Risk Estimation and Signal word Selection
Signal word selection Process
Current Standards
ANSI Z535.2–2007 Environmental & Facility Signs Current Standards
4.11.1 DANGER: Indicates a hazardous
situation which, if not avoided, will result in
death or serious injury. This signal word is to be
limited to the most extreme situations.
4.11.3 CAUTION: Indicates a hazardous
situation which, if not avoided, could result in
minor or moderate injury. It may also be used
without the safety alert symbol as an
alternative to “NOTICE”.
4.11.2 WARNING: Indicates a hazardous
situation which, if not avoided, could result in
death or serious injury.
4.11.4 NOTICE: “NOTICE” is the preferred signal
word to address practices not related to personal
injury. The saftey alert symbol shall not be used
with this signal word. As an alternative to
“NOTICE” the word “CAUTION” without the
saftey alert symbol may be used to indicate a
message not related to personal injury.
ANSI Z535.2–2007 Environmental & Facility Signs Current Standards
ANSI Z535.2 – 2007 Environmental & Facility Signs
Current Standards
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United States Sign Council (USSC)
USSC On-Premise Signs/Best Practices Standards
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United States Sign Council (USSC)
USSC On-Premise Signs/Best Practices Standards
Area of Sign – Equation/Broad Usage
To allow for a broader scientific evaluation
of sign size and satisfy the minimal legibility
requirements across a full range of reaction
times and speed zones, USSC has
developed a second equation. This formula
fixes the average sign size determinants,
leaving only Viewer Reaction Time (VRT)
and the speed of travel (MPH) as the sole
variables. It can be used to ascertain the
general size of signs necessary to
adequately and safely convey roadside
information to motorists traveling at a
given rate of speed as well as to establish
size parameters for signs across an entire
community and/or road system. Table 5
below provides some examples of the use
of the equation.
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A
sign
=
[(VRT)(MPH)] 2
800
Current Standards
MPH
VRT
Sign Size
(seconds)
(Square Feet)
1.5625
4
.78125
3.125
4
1.5625
6.25
4
3.125
12.5
4
6.25
25
4
12.5
40
4
32
55
4
60.5
Current Standards
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Current Standards
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Current Standards
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Current Standards
A5.3.1
Stationary, free-standing human figure
The symbol for the human figure is modified when
the person is depicted in a stationary, free-standing
position (viewed from the front or rear).
ANSI Z535.3 – 2007 Criteria for Safety Symbols
Current Standards
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ANSI Z535.3 – 2007 Criteria for Safety Symbols
Current Standards
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ANSI Z535.3 – 2007 Criteria for Safety Symbols
Current Standards
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ANSI Approved Pictograms
Mr. Ouch has been replaced.
Substation Fence Sign Spacing
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Building a Sign / Label
“The primary purpose of the ANSI Standard is to provide an
effective means of communicating information concerning
environmental hazards to the observer, so that injury resulting
from the hazard(s) can be avoided.”
A. At what distance do you need the message to be seen?
B. Signal Word
C. Message panel
Left justified, Sans Serif type, 1:6 to 1:8 ratios
Emergency information:
1) What’s the Hazard?
(Hazardous voltage)
2) How to avoid the hazard
(Keep away, Keep out)
3) Consequences of not avoiding the hazard
(Can/Will shock, burn, or cause death)
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D. Safety Symbols
E. Spacing: 2x to 3x viewing distance for substation fences.
ANSI Approved Templates for Substations
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Substation Bilingual Signs
Fence Exterior
ANSI does not require different languages.
Substation Bilingual sings – interior structures/equipment
ANSI does not require different languages.
Bilingual Padmount Label
Exterior
ANSI does not require different languages
Current Standards
2.1
Scope
Safety tags shall be used to identify a temporary
hazard. They shall be used only until such time as
the identified hazard is eliminated or the hazardous
operation is completed.
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Questions?
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