Financial Statements
of Not for profit
Organisations
Made By : Pradhyumn Somani
 These are those organisations which are established for a
charitable or social purpose and not with a view to earn profit.
These also render services to their members and to the society
on voluntary basis.
 These non-profit seeking entities exist with a primary motive
of providing service. Such as, a club provides sports and
recreational facilities; a hospital renders medical services;
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• SERVICE :- Such organisations are set up to provide service to a specific group or the public
at large such as education, health care, sports, entertainment etc. The main aim of these
organisations is to provide service either free of cost or at nominal rates and not to earn
profit.
• FORM:- Since the basic objective of NPO is to render services such as social, religious,
educational, charitable, etc. so they take the form of clubs, schools, colleges, societies, trusts
or charitable bodies.
• SEPARATE LEGAL ENTITY:- As every organisation has distinct entity from its members, so
has the NPO. Its name and entity is different from the people who have contributed towards
its capital fund. It takes birth by law and winds up in the same way.
• MANAGEMENT BY ELECTED PERSONS:- Management of NPO is done by the people who
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• NO PROFIT MOTIVE:- These institutions do not operate with a view to earn profit
rather their aim is to promote education, sports, charity, religion, culture, etc.
• ACCOUNTS:- They prepare financial statements at the end of their accounting
period in the form of RECEIPTS AND PAYMENT ACCOUNT, INCOME AND
EXPENDITURE ACCOUNT and BALANCE SHEET.
• MAJOR SOURCES OF INCOME (FUNDING):- These organisations collect
subscriptions from their members, grants from government, donations, income
from investments etc. to meet the operating cost and cost of projects undertaken.
• SURPLUS NOT DISTRIBUTED AMONG ITS MEMBERS:- Current year’s surplus in
the form of excess of income over expenditure is not distributed among its
members. It is added to Capital Fund.
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FINAL ACCOUNTS OF NPO…!!!
 NPO prepares annual or final accounts reflecting the financial
transactions of the organisation .
Final accounts of NPO includes :
1 . RECEIPTS & PAYMENT A/C
2 . INCOME & EXPENDITURE A/C
3. BALANCE SHEET
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RECEIPTS AND PAYMENTS A/c
 RECEIPTS AND PAYMENTS a/c is a summary of cash transactions .
It records all receipts and payments , whether of revenue or capital
nature , and irrespective of the period to which they relate.
 It begins with cash and bank balances in the beginning & ends with
the cash & bank balances at the end of the accounting period .
NOTE :
•
No adjustments for o/s , depreciation , accrued
•
Income , etc. are made in it.
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SPECEIMEN OF RECEIPTS
AND PAYMENTS A/C
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Receipts
TO BALANCE B/D
Amount
Payments
BY CAPITAL PAYMENTS
To Subscription
Building
To Donation
Furniture
To Legacy
Investments
To Entrance Fee
Tournaments expenses
To Life membership fee
Books
To Endowment fund
BY REVENUE PAYMENTS
To Donation for Building
Salary
To Tournament Fund
Honorarium
To Lockers Rent
Rent & Taxes
To Sale of Assets
Advertisements
To Sale of old newspapers / periodicals
To Proceeds from charity show
Electricity
BY BALANCE C/D
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Amount
ILLUSTRATION
 From the following particulars , prepare receipts and Payments a/c
of metro club, Delhi for the year ended Dec. 31st ,2008Opening
balance of cash and bank on jan 1, 2008 was rs. 8,500 .
 Subscription received for current year Rs. 30,000,previous year Rs.
2,000 & future year Rs. 1,000.
 Life membership fees Rs.7,000 , investments Rs.30,000, Donations
Rs.4,000, Tournament Fund Rs.4,000, Furniture Rs.15,000,
Tournament expenses Rs.2,500, Salary Rs.7,000.
 Charge depreciation on furniture @ 10%p.a., Salary o/s Rs.400,
Accured interest on investment Rs.500.
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RECEIPTS & PAYMENTS A/C
For the year ended 31st dec. ,
Dr.
Cr.
Receipts
Amount
To bal b/d
8,500
Payments
Amount
By investments
30,000
To Subscription:
Previous year 2,000
Current year 30,000
FutureYear
1,000
By furniture
15,000
33,000
To life membership fees
By tournaments
expenses
7000
To Donations
4000
To Tournament fund
2,500
By salary
7,000
By balance c/d
2,000
4000
56,500
56,500
NOTE : Depreciation , salary o/s & accrued interest will not come as these
are non – cash items.
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INCOME AND
EXPENDITURE ACCOUNT
o Income and Expenditure is like a Profit&Loss a/c of a
business firm.
o It should be noted that Income & Expenditure a/c does not
have an opening balance . Closing balance is either surplus or
deficit, which is transferred to Capital Fund, shown in the
Balance Sheet.
o Income & Expenditure A/c is prepared on accural basis so
adjustments related to o/s expenses, prepaid expenses and
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SPECIMEN OF INCOME
AND EXPENDITURE A/C
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Expenditure
Amount
Income
To Salaries
ADD: O/s at the end
LESS: O/s in the beginning
LESS: P/p at the end
ADD: P/p at the beginning
By Subscriptions
ADD:O/s at the end
LESS: O/s in the beginning
LESS: adv. at the end
ADD: adv.at the beginning
To Rent
By Entrance Fees
To Insurance Premium
By Donations
To Printing & Stationary
By Interest on Investments
To Honorarium
By Misc. Receipts
To Depreciation
By Sale of Old Newspapers
To Loss on Sale of Assets
By Profit on Sale Assets
To Audit Fees
By Deficit
To Surplus
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Amount
BALANCE SHEET
o It is a statement that shows the financial position of an
organisation or enterprise as at a particular date. The method of
preparing the Balance Sheet of a NPO is similar to that of a
business firm.
o The surplus or deficit as per the Income & Expenditure A/c is
transferred to the Capital Fund.
o Where Opening Balance of Capital Fund is not given, the same
is arrived at by preparing the Opening Balance Sheet.
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FORMAT OF BALANCE SHEET
Of ‘NOT-FOR- PROFIT
ORGANISATIONS’
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Liabilities
Balance Sheet
Amount
Assets
CAPITAL FUND :
FIXED ASSETS :
Opening balance
ADD: Surplus
LESS: Deficit
Building(op. Balance)
ADD: Addition
LESS: Depreciation
Life Membership Fees
FURNITURE :
Donations for buildings
Opening balance
ADD: Purchased
LESS: Sale(book value)
LESS: Depreciation
Legacy
INVESTMENT
Entrance Fees
CURRENT ASSETS :
SPECIAL FUNDS :
Cash in hand
Match Fund/tournament Fund/Prize Fund
Stock of Consumable items like food stuff/stationery
Opening balance
ADD: income
LESS: expenses
Interest on Investment Accrued
Bank O/D
Subscription Outstanding
O/S Expenses
Prepaid Expenses
Creditors
Cash at Bank
Subscription Rece. in adv.
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Amount
SOME IMPORTANT ITEMS
 ENTRANCE / ADMISSION FEES:- It is the amount paid by a person at the time
of becoming a member of a NPO. It is a revenue receipt and therefore is
accounted as an INCOME and CREDITED to INCOME AND EXPENDITURE
ACCOUNT.
INCOME AND
Dr. Particulars
Cr.
Amount
Particulars
EXPENDITURE
A/C
By entrance fees
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Amount
1000
 LIFE MEMBERSHIP FEE :- It is accounted as a Capital Receipt
and added to Capital Fund on the liability side of the balance
sheet.
It would be improper to account Life membership fee as income
because a Life Member makes one time payment and avails
services all through his life.
LIABILITIES
Amount
ASSETS
Capital fund xxx
Add : life
membership
fee
Balance Sheet
xxx
xxxx
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Amount
 LEGACY:- It is the amount which a not-for-profit organisation will receive
as per the will of a deceased person . Since it is non-recurring in nature so it
is capitalised and added to capital fund on the liabilities side of the balance
sheet . However if it ,is for a specific purpose , it should be capitalised in the
name of the ‘fund’.
BALANCE SHEET
liabilities
Legacy
Amount
Asset
xxxx
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Amount
 SALE OF OLD ASSETS:- It appears on the debit side of Receipt and
Payment a/c. It is a capital receipt and as such should not be transferred to
Income and Expenditure a/c.
However, the profit and loss on the sale of an asset must be taken to the
Income and Expenditure a/c.

For example, if the book value of furniture appearing in the books is Rs.
5000, out of which furniture of Rs. 1000 is sold for Rs. 400, the loss of Rs.
600 will be taken to the debit side of Income and Expenditure a/c and the
furniture of Rs. 4000 (Rs. 5000 less Rs. 1000) will be shown on the Assets
side of the Balance Sheet.
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INCOME AND
Dr.
EXPENDITURE A/c
Particulars
To furniture
Amount
Cr.
Particulars
Amount
600
BALANCE SHEET
Liability
Amount
Asset
Furniture
Pradhyumn Somani
Amount
4000
 SALE OF OLD NEWSPAPERS AND SPORTS MATERIAL:- The
sale of old newspapers is an income and is CREDITED to
INCOME AND EXPENDITURE ACCOUNT.
• As regards sale of sports material is concerned, it is also
considered as income of the organisation. Sports material
consumed is in the nature of depreciation of sports material so
it is shown on the DEBIT side of INCOME AND
EXPENDITURE ACCOUNT.
• If this consumed sports material is sold, money realised is in the
nature of income to be CREDITED to INCOME AND
EXPENDITURE ACCOUNT.
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INCOME AND
Dr.
Particulars
Cr.
To depreciation on
sports material
EXPENDITURE A/C
Amount
xxx
Particulars
Amount
By sale of old
newspapers
xxx
By sale of sports material
xxx
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 HONORARIUM:- Special payment made to a person who is not the regular
employee of organisation and rendered some special and extra ordinary
service to the organisation is called Honorarium.
This is made on regular basis that is why it is considered as revenue in nature
and will be DEBITED to INCOME AND EXPENDITURE A/c.
INCOME AND
Dr.
Particulars
To honorarium
EXPENDITURE A/c
Amount
Particulars
xxx
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Cr.
Amount
SUBSCRIPTION
• SUBSCRIPTION:- It is the amount paid by the members of NPO on
periodical basis so that their membership is not cancelled. Thus, it
is a recurring source of revenue from its members.
•
It is the main source of revenue of NPO so it is CREDITED to
INCOME AND EXPENDITURE A/c.
•
It is appeared on the DEBIT side of RECEIPTS AND PAYMENT
A/c.
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Broadly, subscription received has the following FOUR adjustments :1. SUBSCRIPTION O/S AT THE END OF CURRENT YEAR :- Since
subscription has not been received so far, so on accrual basis it is ADDED to
subscription received on the credit side of income and expenditure a/c and
will be shown on asset side of b/s.
2. SUBSCRIPTION O/S AT THE BEGINNING OF CURRENT YEAR :- It refers
to o/s subscription of last year and it is DEDUCTED from the subscription
received on the credit side of income and expenditure a/c and will not be
shown in closing b/s.
3. SUBSCRIPTION RECEIVED IN ADVANCE AT THE END OF CURRENT
YEAR :- It refers to income received in advance and hence it is DEDUCTED
from subscription received on credit side of income and expenditure a/c and
will be shown on liability side of b/s.
4. SUBSCRIPTION RECEIVED IN ADVANCE AT THE BEGINNING OF
CURRENT YEAR :- It will be ADDED to subscription received on the credit
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Subscription can be calculated in three ways :-
1. By showing it in income & expenditure a/c itself.
2. By preparing subscription account.
3. By preparing statement of subscription.
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INCOME AND
Dr.
Cr.
Particulars
EXPENDITURE A/c
Amount
Particulars
By subscription
Amount
xxxx
ADD: closing o/s subscription
.
xxxx
ADD: opening advance
subscription
xxxx
xxxx
LESS: opening o/s subscription
.
xxxx
LESS: closing advance
subscription
.
xxxx
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xxxx
Dr.
Cr.
SUBSCRIPTION A/C
Particulars
Amount
To opening o/s
subscription
To income & expenditure
a/c (b.f.)
To closing adv.
subscription
Particulars
Amount
xxx
By opening adv.
Subscription
xxx
xxx
By bank
xxx
xxx
By closing o/s
subscription
xxx
xxxx
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xxxx
STATEMENT OF CURRENT YEAR’S
Particulars
ADD :
SUBSCRIPTION
Amount
Subscription received during the year
xxxx
Closing o/s subscription
xxx
Opening advance subscription
xxx
xxxx
LESS :
Opening o/s subscription
xxx
Closing advance subscription
xxx
Subscription Income
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xxx
Liabilities
Common Balance Sheet in each
case Amount
Assets
Amount
Advance subscription
Accrued subscription
xxxx
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xxxx
ILLUSTRATION :Bombay Sports Club disclosed that it received Rs. 1,50,000 by
way of subscription during the year ended 31st March 2006.
Additional Information :( Rs.)

Subscription o/s 2004-05 .

Advance subscription received in 31-3-05.
4,500

Advance subscription received in 31-3-06.
5,100

Subscription o/s on 31-3-06 for 2005-06.
3,800
Show the total subscription of Bombay Sports Club.
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4,000
INCOME AND EXPENDITURE A/C
Dr.
Particulars
Cr.
For the year ending 31st March
Amount
Particulars
Amount
By subs. 1,50,000
ADD :closing
o/s subs.
1,000
ADD: opening
Subs. Rece.in
advance
4,500
LESS: opening o/s
Subs.
4,000
LESS: closing subs.
Rece. in adv. 5,100
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1,49,200
Dr.
Cr.
Particulars
SUBSCRIPTION ACCOUNT
Amount
Particulars
Amount
To opening o/s
subscription
4,000
To income &
expenditure a/c (b.f.)
1,49,200
By bank
1,50,000
5,100
By closing o/s
subscription
3,800
To closing advance
subs.
By opening adv. Subs.
4,500
1,58,300
Pradhyumn Somani
1,58,300
SOLUTION :STATEMENT OF SUBSCRIPTION
(for the year ending 31st March 2006)
Particulars
Add:
Amount
Subscription
1,50,000
Closing o/s subscription
3,800
Opening subs. rece. in advance
4,500
1,58,300
Less:
Opening o/s subscription
4,000
Closing subs. rece. in advance
5,100
Subscription income
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1,49,200
BALANCE SHEET
Liabilities
Closing adv. Subscription
Amount
4,500
Assets
Closing o/s subscription
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Amount
6,000
GENERAL FUND Vs.
SPECIFIC FUND
• As, the excess of assets over liabilities in case of ‘ not-
for-profit organisations ’ is called ‘ capital fund ‘.
The balance of Income & Expenditure acc. in the form
of surplus/deficit is transferred to capital fund every
year. This fund is also called ‘ Accumulated Fund or
General Fund’.
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•
Specific Funds are those funds which have been constituted for some
specific purpose like Prize Fund ,Match Fund ,Sports Fund, Building
Fund etc.
•
The income generated from these specific funds and expenses
incurred related to these funds are directly adjusted from the
concerned funds on the liabilities side of balance sheet and these are
never adjusted in Income & Expenditure A/C.
•
For instance, in the absence of match fund , match receipts & match
expenses will be shown in the Income & Expenditure A/C .
•
This will affect the Pradhyumn
surplus/ deficitSomani
& consequently ,it will be
CAPITAL
i.
CAPITAL FUND
The term capital is used by business
business concern.
i.
The term capital fund is used by
NPO.
ii. Capital is contributed by the owners
owners of the business entity.
iii. Capital can be withdrawn by the
owners if they desire so.
assets over liabilities of NPO.
iii. Capital Fund cannot be withdrawn
iv. Capital is the contribution of the
owners of the business.
ii. Capital Fund is the excess of assets
withdrawn by its members.
iv. It is made by capitalisation of
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FUND BASED
ACCOUNTING
•
When funds are created for some specific purposes such as
sports fund, building fund, prize fund, etc. then receipts and
income relating to that fund are credited to that fund and
payments and expenses will be debited to that fund .
•
So we can say fund based accounting is a book-keeping
technique whereby separate self- balancing sets of assets,
liability , income, expenses and fund balance accounts are
maintained for each contribution for a specific purpose.
Pradhyumn Somani
ILLUSTRATION

Sports Fund
35,000

Sports Fund Investment

Income From Sports Fund Investment

Donations For Sports Fund
15,000

Sports Prizes Awarded
10,000

Expenses On Sports Events

Interest On General Fund Investments
Pradhyumn Somani
35,000
4,000
4,000
20,000
SOLUTION :Income & Expenditure A/c.
Dr.
Cr.
Expenditure
For the year ended 31st march 2013
Amount
Income
nxcz `,ncmn
By Interest on General
Fund Investment
Amount
20,000
Balance Sheet
Liabilities
Sports fund
35,000
Add: Income from Sports fund
fund
Investment
4,000
Add: Donations For Sports
Fund
.
15,000
Less: Sports Prizes Awarded
.
10,000
Less: Expenses on Sports events
Amount
as on …..
Assets
Sports Fund Investments
40,000
Amount
35,000
Pradhyumn Somani
ILLUSTRATION

Sports Fund
35,000

Sports Fund Investment

Income From Sports Fund Investment

Donations For Sports Fund
15,000

Sports Prizes Awarded
10,000

Expenses On Sports Events
49,000

Interest On General Fund Investments
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35,000
4,000
20,000
SOLUTION :-
Income & Expenditure A/c.
Dr.
Expenditure
Cr.
Tonxcz
Expenses
on Sports
`,ncmn
Fund
For the year ended 31st march 2013
Amount
Income
Amount
By Interest on General
Fund Investment
49,000
20,000
Balance Sheet
Liabilities
Sports fund
35,000
Add: Income from Sports
fund
Investment
4,000
Add: Donations For Sports
Fund
.
15,000
Less: Sports Prizes Awarded
.
10,000
Amountas on …..Assets
Amount
Sports Fund Investments
35,000
44,000
Pradhyumn Somani
ILLUSTRATION
 Expenditure on construction of Pavilion
6,00,000
 Pavilion Fund (op.bal.)
8,00,000
 Donation for Pavilion received
10,00,000
 Capital Fund (opening bal.)
20,00,000
The construction work is in progress & not yet completed.
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Liabilities
Amount
Capital Fund :
Opening Bal. 20,00,000
Add: Trans. From Pavilion
Fund 6,00,000
26,00,000
Pavilion Fund :
Opening Bal. 8,00,000
Add: Donation 10,00,000
18,00,000
Less: Trans. to Capital fund
fund
6,00,000
12,00,000
Assets
Pavilion in Progress
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Amount
6,00,000
UNRESTRICTED
FUND
LOAN
FUND
CATEGORIES
OF
FUNDS
RESTRICTED
FUND
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ANNUITY FUND
ENDOWMENT
FUND
• UNRESTRICTED FUNDS :- This fund does not impose any restriction on its
management. It is free to use the amount of fund for purpose of organisation.
This fund is called as ‘General Fund’ or ‘Accumulated Fund’ or ‘Capital Fund’.
• RESTRICTED FUND :- It is the fund, the use of which is restricted either by
the management or the donor for a specified purpose. Examples of such funds
are:- Endowment Fund, Annuity Fund, Loan Fund, Prize Fund, Sports Fund,
etc.
• ENDOWMENT FUND :- This fund arises from a bequest or gift. It is a
donation with a condition by the donor to use only the income earned from
the investment of such funds for the specified purpose so that the original
donated amount remains intact.
•
ANNUITY FUND :- This fund is created from the contribution received for
giving annuities to the beneficiary.
However, the fund becomes the property of the organisation after the death of
the beneficiary and fund can be used as per terms of agreement.
• LOAN FUND :- These funds are created for granting loans on revolving basis
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