1.0 COMPANY VERIFICATION STATEMENT I hereby declared that Norazreen binti Sazuki and 1615942, student of department Physics, International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM) has successfully completed her Sciences Industrial Training from 4 February 2019 at Pejabat Meteorology Pahang. This report is prepared by the above mentioned student as a partial fulfillment of this training. All information given in this report is true and does not contain any confidential information or classified data that might in a way or another abuse the company’s policies. Endorsed by ______________________ (Puan Suzalina Kamaruddin) 1 2.0 2.1 ABSTRACT ORGANIZATION ACTIVITIES Pahang Meteorological Office is located at Kuantan Pahang, and one of the meteorological stations under Malaysian Meteorological Department which are known as METMalaysia. It is an agency under the Ministry of Energy, Science, Technology, Environment and Climate Change (MESTECC). This agency responsible for providing various meteorological, climate and geophysical services for wellbeing, safety and sustainable development. Hence, their product outcomes are issuing weather forecast, giving advice and alarming on weather hazard. They need to monitor the sea, onshore and air weather condition continuously throughout the country so they could provide climate analysis, earthquake and tsunami alerts to reduce the disaster’s risk. Besides, they are also providing an aviation meteorological services for aircraft operation. Thus, Pahang Meteorological Officers need to do several tasks to fulfill those services such as doing surface level observation, upper level observation and weather hazard warning. 2.2 SUMMARY OF REPORT This internship report stresses on the work experience I have gathered as an intern in Pejabat Meteorological Pahang at Kuantan, Pahang from 4th February 2019 till 19th July 2019. In this report, I mainly have incorporated my participation on doing instrument calibration, weather observation, administration work and more on analyzing elements on weather data which completely related to my study in physics. The inception of this organization in Kuantan is important not only for supplying weather forecast to general people but are also important in aviation meteorology hence they are following the standard of International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) and World Meteorological Organization. This report consists of experience on every event held by this organization during my internship period. I also have included my study on analyzing temperature data which have been recorded for every hour by this office over five years from 2014 to 2015. The project’s objective is to understand the importance of air temperature data in routine observation which are crucial for aviation meteorology. 2 2.3 ACKNOWLEDGMENT In this past 24 weeks, I had undergone my industrial training in Pahang Meteorological Office located in Kunatan, Pahang. Hence, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to the Almighty for giving me the strength and good health in my journey to complete my industrial training for 24 weeks and successfully writing my report within the given time. Next, my deepest thank you to Assoc. Prof. Dr. Azni binti Abdul Aziz, my industrial training coordinator who give me support and guidance from the very beginning of applying this internship placement till the end of my internship period. The opportunity I had at Pejabat Meteorological Pahang was great as I had the chance to understand Physics in meteorological department and to develop professional work ethics. Above all, I would like to express my appreciation to Puan Suzalina binti Kamaruddin, my supervisor which are also the Chief Assistant Director of Pahang Meteorological Office who in spite being busy with her duties, took time out to hear and guide and keep me in the correct path during my internship period. I have been given a research project by Encik Khairul Najib bin Ibrahim, the Director of Pahang Meteorological Office. Puan Suzalina’s encouragement and suggestion had gave me insight on how to complete the project. Lastly, I am thankful for Encik Khairul Najib bin Ibrahim, the Director of Pahang Meteorological Office, and all the staff of Pahang Meteorological Office that make me feel welcomed and treat me nicely. It is an honour to be given a chance in doing intern here. 3 3.0 OBJECTIVES The main objectives of industrial training for students is to give them working experience with specific task and responsibilities. This is relevant by giving 6 months of internship period at selected organization because most of students did not have the chance to experience in Physics working field. Therefore, with the existence of this subject, student can get the image on working in field that they have learnt. Pahang Meteorological Office is a service based industry which provide weather forecast to the nation. Thus, the second objectives are to relates the importance of physics in meteorological industry. This in advance will increase their knowledges and skills of application of physics especially in atmospheric physics which cannot be learnt in classroom. Currently, industries are more welcoming for new employment with job experience for they can ease their work in training new employees. Thus, industrial training would give added value for students in job application. Other than that, the purpose of industrial training is to develop soft skill and professional work ethics such as integrity, responsibility, and self-confidence. Students need to follow all ethical values and good working practices. In advance, student will learn about the safety practices and regulations inside the industry and apply a good teamwork spirit and built good relationship between students and employees. This will prepare the students so that they will easily fit in and fulfill the demands of their profession after fulfilling their course. 4 4.0 4.1 INTRODUCTION BACKGROUND OF ORGANIZATION Figure 1: Logo of the Malaysian Meteorological Department Pahang Meteorological Office is an office under the Malaysian Meteorological Department which formerly known as MMD and now as METMalaysia. It is an agency under the Ministry of Energy, Science, Technology, Environment and Climate Change (MESTECC). Pahang Meteorological Office is located at Kuantan, Pahang and was officially established in October 2013. Historically, the responsibility had been here in Kuantan since 1968 with the name “Stesen Kajicuaca Kuantan” before changed to “Pejabat Kajicuaca Kuantan” in 1980. This office equipped with radar, satellite image, and upper air observation and surface level observation instruments. The establishment of this office is to meet the need of METMalaysia’s vision and mission which is to be among the best of meteorological, climatological and geophysical service center. 4.2 VISION AND MISSION β’ VISION To be a leading meteorological, climatological and geophysical service center by 2030. β’ MISION To meet national needs in meteorological, climatological and geophysical services for societal wellbeing, safety and sustainable development. 5 4.3 STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION Figure 2: Organization chart of Pahang Meteorological Office 6 4.4 SUPERVISOR Name : Puan Suzalina binti Kamaruddin Position : Senior Assistant Director Pahang Meteorological Office Job description : • Responsible to coordinate security control of physical protection, documents and office personnel • Proposing and providing planning for maintenance of buildings, quarters and other infrastructures to have a conducive office and environment • Preparing annual expenditure reports, budget proposals and procurement as well as managing government assets in offices subject to director's instructions • Reviewing the process of production and distribution of products/services to meet customers' expectations and KPI targets. Thereby, giving advice to the officer in charge if applicable • Provide weather reports / surveys and submit meteorological briefings at state / district / agency level subject to director’s instructions • Responsible as a liaison officer between the office of Pahang Meteorological Office with the stakeholders and undertakes the task of meeting the meeting if necessary • Plan and make a divisional assignment among assistant directors and supervisors as best suited as possible • Responsible as a document’s manager and the “Urusetia Jawatankuasa Penilaian Risiko” for quality management system of MS ISO 9001: 2015 at the departmental level. • Responsible as “Ahli Jawatankuasa Kumpulan Kerja Teknikal” CAAM-MMD-TUDM • Responsible as “Ahli Jawatankuasa Pelaksana” for Information Security Management System (ISMS), ISO / IEC 27001: 2013 7 • Assisting the Director coordinate exhibition/ awareness program on disaster risk related to phenomena of earthquake and tsunami • Carry out other task tasks as directed by the director or top management metmalaysia 8 5.0 SUMMARY OF DUTIES February 2019 Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 1 2 3 4th Feb – 8th Feb : Ice breaking session with all staff in Pahang Meteorological Office and the trainees had learnt about the organization. I also had been asked to download My Cuaca apps and understand the features of the apps. Been briefed about upper air balloon. 11th Feb – 16th Feb : Learnt about Wind Runway Visual Range (WRVR) and briefed about the instruments at MET Farm Pahang Meteorological Office. Besides, the officers and interns went to visit “Pangkalan Tentera Udara Diraja Malaysia” and tried the aircraft simulator. In addition, the trainees divided works for games and learnt aerobic dance step for Family Day on 16th February 2019 so that everything flow smoothly. 18th Feb – 22nd Feb : Planned a visit to “Agensi Remote Sensing Malaysia (ARSM)” at Mentakab Pahang. Been briefed about the product of PM Pahang. I had observed and learnt on how to change AC/DC converter in WRVR instrument. Besides that, I had learned about radiosonde and tephigram. Went to Kuantan radar station and learnt on how the radar monitor the weather. Lastly, learnt on how to change filter paper of High Volume Air Sampler (HVAS) 25th Feb – 1st March : Given a task to present about Dasar Keselamtan ICT (DKICT). I had learned more about WRVR. Joined the first meeting with the director of 9 Pahang Meteorological Office. Next, attended a health talk from Jabatan Kesihatan Kuantan. Remarks : 5th Feb – 6th Feb : Chinese New Year’s Celebration 16th Feb : Family day of Pahang Meteorological Office March 2019 Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 4th Mar – 8th Mar : I had been briefed on how to observe the cloud. Then, consults with supervisor on DKICT slides. Besides, I had received reading materials to ease the understanding about meteorology. Continued preparing slide for DKICT presentation. Lastly, cleaned and rearranged books in library. 11th Mar – 15th Mar : I had learnt about atmosphere and clouds. I had been given main project for my internship from director of Pahang Meteorological Office. Besides, the trainee got task to draw plan of Pahang Meteorological Office. In addition, learned about aviation meteorology for internship project. 18th Mar – 22nd Mar : Visit to airport tower and 4 Briged Mekanize. Then, visit the sirens system at Teluk Chempedak, Kuantan, Pahang. Starts to do cloud observation with help from Experimental Officer (EO). Learned type of reports that need to be sent by EO. Lastly, planned flow for internship project. 25th Mar – 29th Mar : Aerodrome Routinely Weather Report (METAR) need to be sent every hour. Hence, observation is done every hour. Cloud observation includes 10 type of cloud and cloud cover (okta). In addition, EO also gave the trainees reading materials to increase knowledge in meteorology. In advance, experienced to read weather forecast for Pahang FM. Continued sorting out data for internship project. April 2019 Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 1st Apr– 5th Apr : Every hour following EO to do cloud observation to find out type of cloud and cloud cover. Learned about precipitation, thunderstorm and downburst. I had been given a task to tabulate data and to illustrate graph of operating system failure for Automated Weather System (AWS), WRVR, Radar and e-MET. After that, I had to do analysis on the plotted graph. Lastly, find out about heat wave and the level of heat wave since this country are facing precautionary level of heat wave. 8th Apr – 12th Apr : Starting the day learning about visibility which consist of type of fog. In advance, learnt about ice formation, apogee and perigee. Next, every hour following EO to do cloud observation to find out type of cloud and cloud cover. Furthermore, learned about the forces that generate wind. Lastly, joined and helped for farewell event for five officers and an intern. 15th Apr – 19th Apr : I had learnt on how to use and apply pivot table for internship project. Next, I had been given a task for tabulate data for highest and lowest value of monthly rainfall and temperature for climatological records. In addition, continued plotting graph for internship project. Learned from EO to 11 observe cloud type, cloud cover and visibility. Lastly, learned about cloud formation process. 22nd Apr – 26th Apr : Starting the day with illustrating graph for internship project. Next, followed EO to check on High Volume Air Sampler (HVAS) since it did not function well. The blower needs to be maintained. Learned about HVAS from EO. Then, discussed visit to headquarters of Malaysia Meteorological Department at Petaling Jaya. Then, the trainees visited HQ METMalaysia. Lastly, following EO to do cloud observation to find out type of cloud, cloud cover and horizontal visibility. May 2019 Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday 29 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 1 2 29th Apr – 3rd May : Following EO to do observation on cloud type, cloud cover and horizontal visibility. Next, learned about pressure system which can build weather on places. I studied about Earth’s slanting and type of monsoon experienced by Malaysia. 6th May – 10th May : I continued to study about sea breeze and land breeze since it is the basic to understand monsoon. Furthermore, find related videos that ease understanding on formation of monsoon. I asked help from Meteorological Officer (MO) about temperature data for internship project. In advance, increased my knowledge on standard day term to aid the project. 12 13th May – 17th May : Consulted with MO on duty to check my understanding on temperature and pressure. Learned about Earth – Atmosphere heat balance. Next, studied about altimeter setting and terminology, cooling process and adiabatic process which related to internship project. 20th May – 24th May : Studied about aviation meteorology. Next, I had followed EO to do observation on cloud type, cloud cover and horizontal visibility. Lastly, made video to welcomes and congrats the new general director. Made “Hari Raya” video for Pahang Meteorological Office. 27th May – 31st May : Learned about meteorological hazard. Next, finding related articles for internship project. Besides, I had learnt on how to draw wind flow at 850hPa with satellite image aid. Lastly, following EO to do observation on cloud type, cloud cover and horizontal visibility. Remarks : 1st May : Labour Day 22nd May : Wesak Day 23rd May : Pahang State Holiday June 2019 Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 3rd Jun – 7th Jun : Hari Raya Aidilfitri holiday with permission by Pahang Meteorological Office, comeback from holiday I continue to study back about my project which to study about temperature data. 13 10th Jun – 14th Jun : I had listed out the maximum temperature of the day throughout five years to ease the analysis. Tabled the frequency of the maximum temperature happens during the period for every month. I also had compared the most frequentness year that recorded highest temperature of the month with Ocean Nino Index (ONI). Next, listened to other trainee project presentation. Lastly, learnt about El-Nino Southern Oscillation. 17th Jun – 21st Jun : Starting the day with revising about partial pressure and relative humidity. I also listed out date of which have warning issuance from eMET and compared to temperature graph. Continued analyze graph. On Thursday, we had Gotong Royong of Pahang Meteorological Office. The next day, the trainees help to clean up the Uninterruptible Power Supply room and help EO dissemble Wet Only Rain Water Sampler. 24th Jun – 28th Jun : Starting the day with revising on how to read upper air observation from EO. Then, cleaned the evaporation pan. Next, the trainees helped supervisor of meteorological instrument to check Pahang Meteorological Office ICT asset. On Wednesday, the trainees present DKICT. While, on Thursday, the office had ISMS audit. Lastly, the trainees had joined Hari Raya Aidilfitri celebration of the office. Remarks : 5th Jun – 6th Jun : Hari Raya Aidilfitri July 2019 Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 1st July – 5th July : Following EO to do observation on cloud type, cloud cover and horizontal visibility. Prepared for slide presentation. Next, learn about 14 ARFOR, AD Warning and MET warning and continued to write main report. 8th July – 12th July : Following EO to do observation on cloud type, cloud cover and horizontal visibility. Next, releasing weather balloon during day and night shift. Lastly, attend meeting of Pahang Meteorology Office No. 1. 15th July – 19th July : This is the final week of internship, I had to present my internship project to the director and my supervisor. Finalizing internship report. 15 6.0 PROJECT Project title: Analysis of temperature data for 5 years and the impact on aviation meteorology. 6.1 INTRODUCTION Weather observation is a crucial work that need to be done every hour at meteorological station. Weather phenomenon is a thermodynamic process where transformation of energy in a system (earth) and between the system and environment (ground). Hence, it involved in every atmospheric process, from the large scale of general circulation to the local transfer of radiative sensible and latent heat between the surface and the atmosphere and the microphysical processes that produce clouds. This topic is too broad to be discussed, hence this project main goal is implication of thermodynamic effect which focus on temperature as one of the weather elements that being observed to aviation meteorology. An overview on how daily temperature change will be given. The ideal gas law will be introduced, together with the interpretation of fundamental atmospheric processes. 6.1.1 OBJECTIVE The objectives of this paper are a) to illustrate graph of hourly changes in temperature in Kuantan, b) to analyze the graph of hourly changes in temperature in Kuantan, c) to study the effect of monsoon on temperature, d) and to study the effect of temperature changes in aviation. 6.1.2 AIR TEMPERATURE A measure of average kinetic energy of air molecules of a substance is called air temperature. As air temperature increase, molecule of substance moves in higher speed, thus they are slightly apart from each other and become less dense. In contrast, a decrease in air temperature makes the molecule closely packed to each other and become denser. Temperature 16 should not be confused with heat. Heat is a type of energy that are being transferred because of temperature difference between one substance to another (Ahrens, 2007). According to International System of Unit (SI Unit), Kelvin (K) is the base unit of temperature. However, there are other common scale of temperature which are Celsius (°C) and Fahrenheit (°F). Temperature of a substance can be the lowest at absolute zero – 0 K, which is equal to 273.15 °C and −459.67 °F. 6.1.2.1 HOW TEMPERATURE IS RECORDED Temperature measurements are affected by the surroundings, covered vegetation, the presence of buildings and other objects, land type, soil moisture, humidity and cloudiness. Special instruments are used to record temperature which is a liquid-in-glass thermometer which is a glass tube filled with liquid which are often mercury or alcohol that expands or contracts with air temperature respectively. Alcohol has a freezing point of -112°C, thus are usually use for recording minimum temperature. While mercury has a freezing point of -39°C hence it is used to record the ambience and maximum temperature. The basic concept of a liquid in glass thermometer is thermal expansion. Liquid molecule in thermometer get excited and expand when heated. Therefore, an increase in level thermometer scale. While, it will lose energy and compress when it is cooling. In addition, the position of thermometer is important as temperature should be recorded as a representation of air condition surrounding the station. It should be place at meteorological station over large possible area at a height within 1.2m and 2.0m above ground level. The position of thermometer should freely be exposed to sunshine, wind, and not shielded by or close to trees buildings or any obstruction. Hence, temperature that are recorded on top of building are not preferable since it may be affected by variable vertical temperature gradient and the effect of the building. In 1864, Thomas Stevenson, a civil engineer had design and build a shelter for thermometer that specify requirement to get reliable temperature. This thermometer is then connected to an Automated Weather System (AWS) to be recorded in computer. 17 Figure 3: Thermometer Figure 4: Stevenson screen 6.1.2.2 THE CONTROLS OF TEMPERATURE The main cause of the variations of temperature from one place to another are a) Latitude Latitude is the measurement of the distance of a location on Earth from the equator. Every part of earth receives difference intensity of sun rays due to their respective latitude. Aside from that, the highest intensity of light rays is when sun rays strike the 18 earth at a right angle. This affect the seasonal patterns of the world which are obvious as a location is closer to the pole. b) Land and Water Distribution Land has different thermal properties than water resulting in differences in temperature. This characteristic is directly related to specific heat. Specific heat is the amount of heat per unit mass required to raise the temperature by 1°C. The specific heat of land is much lower than the water. Hence, the rate of absorbing and releasing heat is higher than the sea. Since Kuantan located nearby east coast, land and sea breeze plays a big role in temperatures between days and nights. c) Ocean Current Along the margin of continents, ocean currents often influence air temperatures. For instance, along the eastern margins, warm ocean currents transport warm water poleward, while, along the western margins, they transport cold water equatorward. This happens as they tend to achieve thermal equilibrium. d) Elevation Elevation is simply related to altitude. Location with higher altitude are cooler than at lower altitude. At similar latitude, mountain areas experience lower air temperature than locations near sea level. 6.1.3.1 EQUATION OF STATE One of the primitive equations that form the basis of all weather’s prediction models, is the equation of state. Temperature, volume and pressure are homogeneous substance that are connected by this equation. While, all gasses in some condition can be approximated into ideal gas law equation which is ππ = ππ π (1) Where π is pressure (Pa), V is volume (m3), n is number of moles π = π/π where m is mass (kg) M is gas molecular weight, T is temperature (K) and R is the universal gas constant. Ludwig Boltzmann, an Austrian physicist established the kinetic theory of gases which perfect gas is modelled as a collection of rigid spheres move in random direction and undergo perfectly elastic collision with each other, but otherwise do not interact. This lack interaction leads to derive the 19 internal energy of the gas π, that is the sum of all the kinetic energies πΎπΈ of the rigid spheres, as proportional to its temperature π such, 3 π = πΎπΈ = 2 ππ π (2) A second consequence is that for a mixture of different gases, for each component π, a partial pressure ππ as the pressure that it would have if it was alone, at the same temperature and occupying the same volume. Similarly, we can define the partial volume ππ as that occupied by the same mass at the same pressure and temperature, holding Dalton’s law for a mixture of gases π, π = ∑ ππ (3) ππ π = ππ π π (4) Where for each gas, it holds The value of gas constant for the particular gas under consideration depends on its molecular weight, π π πππ = π (5) πππ R= 8314.3 J kg-1K-1 The atmosphere is composed by a mixture of gases, water substance in any of its three physical states and solid or liquid suspended particles (aerosol). The main components of dry atmospheric air are listed in Table 1. TABLE 1. Main component of dry atmospheric air. GAS MOLAR MASS SPECIFIC GAS CONSTANT FRACTION FRACTION (Rgas) (J Kg-1 K-1) Nitrogen (N2) 0.7809 0.7552 296.80 Oxygen (O2) 0.2095 0.2315 259.83 Argon (Ar) 0.0093 0.0128 208.13 Carbon dioxide (CO2) 0.0003 0.0005 188.92 20 Since, water plays a vital role in weather and climate, it is preferable to treat it separately from other air component and thus consider atmosphere as a mixture of dry gasses and water. 6.1.3.2 HYDROSTATIC BALANCE The atmosphere is under the action of a gravitational field, so at any given level the downward force per unit area is due to the weight of all the air above. Although the air is permanently in motion, we can often assume that the upward force acting on a slab of air at any level equals the downward gravitational force. Figure 5: Forces on lab of air This hydrostatic balance approximation is valid under all but the most extreme meteorological conditions, since the vertical acceleration of air parcels is generally much smaller than the gravitational one. Consider an horizontal slab of air between z and π§ + βπ§, of unit horizontal surface. If π is the air density at z, the downward force acting on this slab due to gravity is ππ βπ§. Let p be the pressure at z, and π + βπ the pressure at π§ + βπ§. We consider as negative, since we know that pressure decreases with height. The hydrostatic balance of forces along the vertical leads to 21 −βπ = ππβπ§ (6) Hence, in the limit of infinitesimal thickness, the hydrostatic equation holds: ππ = −ππ (7) π = ππ π (8) ππ§ While, ideal gas law can be altered into, The hydrostatic equation becomes, π ππ = − π π πππ§ (9) and ππ π π = − π π ππ§ (10) into ππ§ π = ππ exp(− π π) (11) and π§ π = ππ exp (− π») (12) H is scale high which π»= π π ππ (13) This scale shows that higher temperature leads to larger scale high. 22 Figure 6: Illustration on hydrostatic balance Hydrostatic balance shows to us that the pressure decrease with height is dependent with temperature inside the vertical column. 6.1.3.3 FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMIC AND AIR PARCEL SYSTEM According the First Law of Thermodynamic, energy cannot be created or destroyed which given by ππ = ππ + ππ (14) In atmospheric thermodynamic, the term “air parcel” which is an imaginary volume of air is often used and be considered as closed system. A closed system can exchange energy (as heat or work) but not matter. An air parcel can exchange heat with its surroundings through diffusion or thermal conduction or radiative heating or cooling. Moreover, evaporation or condensation of water and subsequent removal of the condensate is an exchange of latent heat. If a system evolves without exchanging any heat with its surroundings, it is said to perform an adiabatic transformation. Processes which are not adiabatic ultimately lead the atmospheric behaviours. However, for timescales of motion shorter than one day, and disregarding cloud processes, it is often a good approximation to treat air motion as adiabatic. 23 6.1.3.4 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TEMPERATURE AND RELATIVE HUMIDITY The relative humidity (RH) is the ratio of the amount of actual water vapor in the air to the maximum amount of water vapor required for saturation at some value of temperature and pressure. RH are calculated into percentage and in certain condition can be changed by changing the air’s water vapor content and by changing the air temperature. Increasing the water vapor without the change in temperature, will increase the probability vapor molecule to condense and reach saturation, thus increasing percentage of RH. Next, by increasing temperature without changing the water vapor will decrease the RH percentage. High temperature means high average kinetic energy, the vapor molecule will be more excited and move far away from each other thus less probability in going through condensation process. Besides, hot air can hold more water vapor than cold air. 6.1.4 METEOROLOGICAL SERVICES TO AVIATION Meteorology plays important part in aviation operation. Meteorologist will provide weather information to the airport tower because weather has significant impact in aircraft operation. Hence, the integration of aviation meteorology with air traffic management is crucially important. There are special requirements set by an agency named International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) to standardize rule for safe flight operation. While, World Meteorological Organization (WMO) had establish ways for meteorologist to meet the requirements. Meteorologist need to send an airfield weather observation which need to be done routinely using Aerodrome Routine Weather Report (METAR). Besides, if weather change significantly, they need to send an Aerodrome Special Weather Report (SPECI). These reports will be sent to Air Traffic Control (ATC) operation officer. In addition, “TREND” forecast is attached in METAR and is reliable within two hours. All codes for METAR, SPECI and TREND are following to WMO. Furthermore, there are also others warning supplied to ATC operation officer which are Aerodrome (AD) Warning and Meteorological (MET) Warning. 24 6.1.4.1 AERODROME WARNING (AD WARNING) Aerodrome warning is one of the services supplied by meteorological office to operator aerodrome in service. AD Warning is a clear information about weather condition that will affect aircraft on the ground. According to Annex 3 – Meteorological Services for International Air Navigation, AD Warning should be issued if there are occurrence or expected occurrence of one or more of the following phenomena which are tropical cyclone, thunderstorm, hail, snow, freezing precipitation, hoar frost or rime, sandstorm, rising sand or dust, strong surface wind or gusts, squall, frost, volcanic ash, tsunami, volcanic ash deposition, toxic chemicals and others phenomenon that are agreed locally. The forecast warning needs to be sent at least before 10 minutes and are important for flight landing and takeoff of commercial flight operation. 6.1.4.2 METEOROLOGICAL WARNING (MET WARNING) Meteorological Warning or MET Warning is an important warning that should be issued when meteorologist is expecting an upcoming weather. According to ICAO this warning needs to be issued at least 30 minutes before the weather is expected to occur. This is a crucial warning for militaries aircraft because they fly at low altitude compared to commercial aircraft. 6.2 6.2.1 METHODOLOGY QUANTITATIVE ANALYZING Step 1: Data validation This project is an analysis of a dataset of five years temperature data from 2014 to 2018 in Kuantan. Hence, it is easier to collect METAR data which being recorded for every hour. METAR is a routinely weather observation recorded by experimental officers. Among the component that being observe is temperature, pressure, wind speed and wind direction. This set of hourly data are given by Cik Siti Khadijah binti Ramli which collected from Pusat Iklim Nasional (PIN), headquarters of METMalaysia. Hence, the data collected is reliable. In total there are about 43825 temperature recorded for every hour from 2014 to 2018. 25 2015 2014 40 Temperature Temperature 40 30 20 10 30 20 10 0 0 2017 40 40 30 30 Temperature Temperature 2016 20 10 20 10 0 0 2018 Temperature 40 30 20 10 0 Figure 7: Dataset of Kuantan temperature from 2014 to 2018 Location of the given data is located at the East Coast of peninsular Malaysia namely Kuantan, Pahang. Kuantan is located at the coastal region faces South China Sea. 26 Figure 8: Location of Kuantan on map Thermometer which are called dry bulb and wet bulb is used to collect the hourly data. It is kept inside a Stevenson screen to protect it from direct radiation and wind. Figure 9: Dry bulb and wet bulb Step 2: Data Editing There are few outliers that are important such as on 29 February, which only once recorded in 2016 and not any other years because of leap year. Hence, it is chosen to be one of the samples to be analyze. There are no missing data during the collection of temperature data. 27 Step 3: Data Coding The data is classified into dry temperature for every hour of the day. It is easier to simplify the given data into pivot table. Thus, there is approximately about 360 graphs. Besides by using pivot table, the maximum temperature value of the day also been opted out. Table below show how the data being separated. Figure 10: Data sortation 6.2.2 QUALITATIVE ANALYZING Step 1: Getting Familiar with the Data All the data given are numbers thus, line graph is the most suitable product to analyze the data. Observing the pattern of graph with the aid of how and why question would help in the interpretation. 28 Step 2: Revisiting Research Objectives Revisiting the research objectives and identifies the question that can be answered through the collected data and graph produced such. Step 3: Identifying Patterns and Connection Once the data is classified, graph which have significant patterns are sort out. Another method is making up a relative humidity against temperature graph to know the connection between low or high temperature with water vapour content inside the air, Step 4: Narrative Analysis This method is used to analyze content from various source such as from observation and experiences shared by the meteorological officer and experimental officer. Step 5: Grounded Theory This is the most helping method in analyzing the data. This refers to using qualitative data to explain why certain phenomenon occurred. Studying various similar cases, facts on meteorological books and thermodynamic books. 29 6.3 6.3.1 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION FAIR WEATHER 29 Feb 2016 Temperature (°C) 32 30 28 26 24 22 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Hour Figure 11: Hourly temperature on 29 February 2016 In the early morning, as the sun rise, sunlight warms the ground hence the graph soar upward and reach the maximum around 3PM to 4PM. Few processes of heat transfer take place which are conduction, convection and advection. Conduction is a process where heat is transferred from molecule to molecule. As sun strikes the earth surface, it heats the ground and the ground transfer heat to air molecule. However, air is extremely poor conductor of heat that make it affect air molecule that are only a few centimeters above the ground. The heat is the transferred vertically upward by convection. The heated air expands and become less dense than the surrounding cooler air. This warm air parcel rise and are called thermals. As the heated air parcel rise, cooler and denser air flows towards the surface replacing the rising warm air and the cycle repeats. This repeated cycle is called convective circulation. 30 Figure 12: Heat transfer Any air that rise will expands and any air that sinks will compress. This is scientifically an adiabatic expansion and compression process. Adiabatic expansion is a process where no heat exchange between air parcel and surrounding. As air parcel rises to upper altitude, pressure is low hence internal energy is only relied on work makes the air parcel expands and cools. This also prove that in higher elevation, the air density is low. While, the horizontal part of the circulation is called advection. An air flows that ‘pick up’ water vapor from the evaporating surface and bring it somewhere in the atmosphere. If the air cools, the water vapor may condense into cloud droplets and release latent heat. In the early morning, in between 6am to 7am, temperature will usually be the lowest. This is due to the cooling process that occurs throughout the night. This cooling process occurs start during sunset, where the earth surface and the air above start to lose heat. Radiational cooling process take place as the sun is set, where the land cools off rapidly than air. The warmer upper air transfer heat downward, a slow process as the air is a poor thermal conductivity. By late night, the air near ground are slightly cooler than the air above. This radiational cooling process– temperature increase with height during night is call radiation inversion. The cooling 31 process continue and become colder until the sun shines again. Hence, the lowest temperature in a clear day is between 6am to 7am. 100 95 90 RH (%) 85 80 75 70 65 60 22 24 26 28 30 32 Temperature (°C) Figure 13: RH against Temperature on 29 February 2016 The above graph shows RH against temperature on 29 February 2016 from 7 am to 7pm. Most RH values are low. 32 6.3.2 PRECIPITATION 8 December 2016 Temperature (°C ) 34 32 30 28 26 24 22 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Hour Figure 14: Hourly temperature on 8 December 2016 Illustration above shows variation of temperature on 8 December 2016. There are two obvious peaks for that day in the afternoon. After 1pm, temperature decline by 2.5°C till 2pm. It then rises again before fall down greatly to 24.5°C at 5pm. Factors that this event to happen are: 1. Precipitation because of convection between molecules are processed rapidly, 2. Precipitation because wind brings convective clouds to Kuantan area. Table 2. Dry (air temperature), QFE and RH values on 8 December 2016 HOUR DRY DEWPT MSLP (QFE) RH (%) 1 25.8 24.8 1009.2 94.2 2 26.1 24.7 1008.5 92 3 25.1 24.5 1007.3 96.5 4 24.7 24.2 1007 97 5 24.7 24.2 1007.1 97 6 24.6 24.1 1007.2 97 7 24.2 23.8 1007.8 97.6 8 24.5 23.8 1008.1 95.9 9 26.6 25.2 1008.8 92 10 28 25.8 1008.8 87.9 33 11 30.3 27.2 1008.6 83.5 12 30.9 26.9 1008.1 79.3 13 31.9 27.5 1007.5 77.6 14 29.4 27.2 1006.4 88 15 30 27.4 1005.5 86 16 30.4 27.6 1005.4 85 17 24.5 24 1006.7 97 18 24.8 24.4 1006.3 97.6 19 25 24.5 1007.5 97.1 20 25.3 24.8 1008.6 97.1 21 25.1 24.3 1009.8 95.3 22 25 24.3 1010.3 95.9 23 24.9 24.4 1010.6 97.1 24 24.6 23.9 1009.9 95.9 Table above shows RH value on 8 December 2018. From the table above we can see that at 2pm, RH percentage increased up till night. 100 95 RH (%) 90 85 80 75 70 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 Temperature (°C) Figure 15: RH against temperature on 8 December 2016 34 The plotted graph above are set of RH against temperature between 7am to 7pm on 8 December 2016. This shows that as temperature increase, RH value will decrease and vice versa. Hence, supports the hypothesis – when temperature drops, precipitation occurs. 6.3.3 LOW TEMPERATURE 11 January 2018 25 Temperature 24.5 24 23.5 23 22.5 22 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Hour Figure 16: Hourly temperature on 11 January 2018 The line graph above depicts the temperature value for every hour for 11 January 2018. This graph shows that air temperature values are not more than 25°C. The possibilities are: 1. Sun are hidden by clouds 2. Precipitation happens throughout the day. 35 98 97 RH (%) 96 95 94 93 92 91 23 23.2 23.4 23.6 23.8 24 24.2 24.4 24.6 Temperature (°C) Figure 17: RH against temperature on 11 January 2018 Graph above shows RH value against temperature for 7am to 7pm on 11 January 2018. Most RH value scattered above 90%. It is humid throughout the day. Besides, METMalaysia had issued heavy rain warning on 12:19pm that day which prove the hypothesis (refer appendix). 6.3.4 MONSOON Monsoon is a seasonal reversal in wind direction, causing dry and rainy season in Malaysia. The primary cause of monsoon is difference temperature between land and sea. 6.3.4.1 SOUTHWEST MONSOON As the sun’s zenith moves north, the land masses of northern Indian subcontinent, the Tibetean Plateau, and the Thar desert heat up considerably, hence resulting in low pressure area. This cause air over Indian Ocean to flows towards the land. This air current movement is called southwest wind in Asia. This wind causes dry and warm weather over east coast Peninsular Malaysia. Southwest monsoon usually happens from May to October. 36 Figure 18: Southwest monsoon flow July 2017 Temperature(°C) 34 32 30 28 26 24 22 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Hour Figure 19: Hourly temperature on July 2017 Graph above shows that most of the days in July have obvious peak around 32°C. There are less fluctuations which can be considered as clear weather. While the following graph below are few examples of temperature graph during August 2016. 37 16 Aug 2016 15 Aug 2016 40 Temperature(°C) Temperature(°C) 40 30 20 10 0 1 3 5 7 30 20 10 0 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 1 3 5 7 Hour Hour 18 Aug 2016 17 Aug 2016 40 Temperature (°C) 40 30 20 10 30 20 10 0 0 1 3 5 7 1 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 3 5 7 Hour 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 Hour 19 Aug 2016 40 35 Temperature (°C) Temperature (°C) 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 Hour Figure 20: Hourly temperature on few dates in August 2016 38 6.3.4.2 NORTHEAST MONSOON During winter, land mass region such in Mongolia, Siberia and Northern China cools off rapidly thus hereby creating high pressure area. This cause cold air over Asian Inland to flows towards the Indian Ocean which have lower air pressure. This air current movement is called Northeast wind in Asia. This wind causes rainy weather over east coast Peninsular Malaysia. The onset of Northeast monsoon in Malaysia are usually are on November and it offset are on March. Figure 21: Northeast monsoon flow January 2017 34 Temperature (°C) 32 30 28 26 24 22 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Hour Figure 22: Hourly temperature on January 2017 39 Graph above shows compilation of everyday temperature on January 2017. It shows that there are many days where air temperature fluctuates and did not have one obvious peak. Temperature are mostly low during Northeast monsoon. Whilst, graph below shows few examples on temperature graph in January 2017. 2 January 2017 40 Temperature(°C) Temperature (°C) 1 January 2017 30 20 10 0 40 30 20 10 0 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 Hour Hour 4 January 2017 40 Temperature (°C) 26 25.5 25 24.5 24 23.5 23 30 20 10 0 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 Hour Hour 5 January 2017 Temperature (°C) Temperature (°C) 3 January 2017 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 Hour Figure 23: Hourly temperature on few dates in January 2017 40 6.3.5 IMPACT OF TEMPERATURE IN AVIATION Aviation is a mode of transportation that are greatly affected by weather. Analysis temperature changes above does not give impact to takeoff and landing flight directly because temperature in Kuantan does not varies extremely. However, in a hot sunny day the aircraft need more runway and extra engine work and it have poor climb rate. While, low air temperature which associated with high humidity, the power engine of aircraft is reduced because less air available compared to water vapour. In addition, when temperature low, relative humidity is high and approaching 100%, visibility will be low and impact flight takeoff and landing. However, extreme temperature in different places on earth surface also can generate adverse weather such heavy rain and thunderstorm which will impact aircraft operation. 6.4 PROJECT CONCLUSION In conclusion, Kuantan temperature does not vary extremely throughout the day. The coolest air temperature usually between 6am to 7am. However, this are not always the case. When precipitation happened, it may be colder than the early morning temperature. Furthermore, temperature is slightly infected during monsoon season. Northeast monsoon makes temperature in Kuantan lower than any usual day. While, during Southwest monsoon, most of days has one obvious peak of air temperature. Lastly, aircraft operation might be affected when air temperature is low. The analysis show that low air temperature in Kuantan means low visibility and the occurrence of precipitation. 41 7.0 WORKING AND LEARNING EXPERIENCE On 4th February 2019, I went to Pahang Meteorological Office to report on duty. Cik Siti Khadijah binti Ramli, the meteorological officer on duty had welcomed me and other trainees. Then, Puan Suzalina binti Kamaruddin, my supervisor briefs us about the office and Malaysia Meteorological Department. For 24 weeks, I have been learning on the task of experimental officer and meteorological officer and the relation of meteorology in physics field. 7.1 TECHNICAL β’ RELEASING UPPER AIR BALLOON • I learnt how to release upper air balloon to get upper air observation. This balloon needs be released every 12 hours at 2331 UTC and 1131 UTC. The balloon is filled up with hydrogen gas and attached with a radiosonde. Radiosonde is used to detect the upper level atmospheric pressure, temperature, relative humidity, wind speed and wind direction. This balloon will last up to approximately two hours at the sky before it burst. Using Grawmet Software, it will then translate data from transmitter into codes that are easy to read. Figure 24: Set up upper air balloon 42 Figure 25: Releasing upper air balloon Figure 26: Radiosonde Figure 27: Radiosonde 43 β’ CHANGING HIGH VOLUME AIR SAMPLER FILTER PAPER • I learnt on how to change the filter paper of HVAS. This filter paper needs to be changed every week on Tuesday. It filters 24 hours air molecule and need to be takeoff from the instrument the next day. Figure 28: Replacing filter paper β’ CALIBRATING HIGH VOLUME AIR SAMPLER (HVAS) • I learnt the function of High Volume Air Sampler (HVAS) which is to filter the air molecule. It can filter molecule which size up to 10 nanometers. HVAS needs to be calibrated for every 3 months. Among the equipment needed to do this calibration are water manometer, calibration orifice, clean filter paper, mass flow probe and transducer. Figure 29: HVAS with calibration orifice 44 β’ SERVICE WIND RUNWAY VISUAL RANGE • I learnt how to replace AC/DC in wind runway visual range (WRVR) instrument. WRVR is an instrument that determine the landing and takeoff condition for aircraft pilot. It is used to monitor wind speed, wind direction and the surface visibility along the runway. Figure 30: Officers and trainees with WRVR instrument β’ TAKE OFF THE SEA CAMERA AT TELUK CHEMPEDAK, KUANTAN • I learnt on the function of sea camera. The sea camera is used to monitor the sea wave. Figure31: Sea Camera 45 β’ SERVICES SIREN SYSTEM AT TELUK CHEMPEDAK, KUANTAN • I learnt about siren system near the sea. Alarm system is important to warn the people near the sea if there are strong winds or strong wave coming. Figure 32: Sirens system β’ REPLACING NEW EVAPORATION PAN • The other trainee and I clean the evaporation pan. It needs to be cleaned when it is dirty. After that, we need to refill the new pan with water till it reach certain value for initial reading. • I also learnt on how to read the volume of water in the evaporation pan. The reading needs to be taken for every 24 hours to records the amount of water that evaporates. Figure 33: Pouring out water from dirty pan 46 7.2 COMPUTER SKILL β’ ILLUSTRATE PIVOT GRAPH • Using Microsoft Excel, I am able to do pivot table and pivot graph. This had ease me analyzing my temperature data. β’ MAKING VIDEOS • I had increased my knowledge in making videos since the trainees are assigned to make video of Family Day of Pahang Meteorological Office. β’ DRAWING PLAN • I had learnt on how to use Adobe Illustrator when I had been assigned to draw Wind Calibration Lab of Pahang Meteorological Office. Before, I never had used this creative software, I take this task as opportunity to learn on using this software. Figure 34: Wind calibration lab plan 7.3 TEAMWORK β’ I had learnt this throughout my internship period. Communication and sharing experience are important in reaching the organization’s goals. I observed that every tasks of officers are interrelated with each other. Hence, they need to remind and share their knowledge so products quality is well maintained. Besides, the trainees had been given several tasks such as in charge in games and aerobic session during Family Day, presentation of 47 “Dasar Keselamatan ICT”, drawing plans of Pahang Meteorological Office, tabulate data of instruments and system down, tabulate climate data and preparation for Hari Raya celebration. All these tasks need to be divided equally, so the task can be submitted on time. 7.4 COMMUNICATION SKILL β’ This skill is important to make a good teamwork skill besides to have a good relationship between employees. In the end of my internship period, I realized that I had improved my self-confidence and my communication skill. I could confidently ask for help from the officers when I had problem in understanding task given. This help me a lot while I am doing my internship project. 7.5 CRITICAL AND ANALYTICAL THINKING β’ It is important for us to organize our tasks and assignment, so it can be done on time. I had applied this skill while doing my internship project. Analyzing data is much easier when I listed type of graph I might need to illustrate. This makes my works flow smoothly. 48 8.0 CONCLUSION Overall, this internship I had at Pahang Meteorological Office was very beneficial for me. This whole internship period had given me real experience working in physics field. I had met lots of new people who welcomed and treat me nicely which allowed me with full opportunities to learn and know myself as a worker. All the staffs whose expert on weather physics are willing to share their knowledge to me, hence help me to build a good relationship with them. Every task included my internship project given also had been submitted successfully when we collaborate ideas to settle the works. Although I also had received criticism and advice but this whole experience brought out my strength and the areas I need to make up. Throughout my internship period, I had managed to relate and apply the theoretical knowledge from university into practice through many activities and tasks given. Weather observation which had been done every hour is the among the important thing in meteorological world. At first, it was not easy to observe weather, but with the help from experimental and meteorological officers, I had managed to understand how to observe weather and to understand the formation of weather. Every concept on formation of weather are related to physics. Hence, the second objective of this internship is achieved. Another important thing I had gain in span of 24 weeks are improving my skills on using Microsoft Excel, Adobe Creative software, and communication skill. In conclusion, all the activities being done during internship period had prepared me to face the challenging of real working environment. Pahang Meteorological Office should be one of student preference when they apply for internship program. This is because, this organization is truly the real working place where physics student could apply what they learn in classroom. Besides, it would be best if the logbook given by the university are in coil-binding book rather than standard book so that student could give better care to the book. 49 9.0 REFERENCE Ahrens, C. D. (2009). Meteorology today: An introduction to weather, climate, and the environment. Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole Pub. Cairo, F. (2011). Atmospheric Thermodynamics. Thermodynamics - Interaction Studies - Solids, Liquids and Gases. doi:10.5772/19429 Fundamentals of Aviation Meteorology. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://bmtc.moodle.com.au/course/view.php?id=136 Laman Web Rasmi Jabatan Meteorologi Malaysia. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.met.gov.my/ Noaa. (2001, January 01). NOAA's Climate Prediction Center. Retrieved from https://origin.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/analysis_monitoring/ensostuff/ONI_v5.php 50 10.0 APPENDIX Figure 35: Pahang Meteorological Office Figure 36: Visit to Pangkalan Tentera Udara Diraja Malaysia 51 Figure 37: Terompah Gergasi game Figure 38: Photography session Family Day of Pahang Meteorological Office 52 Figure 39: Visit to Radar Kuantan Figure 40: Join "Mesyuarat Pengurusan Bil. 1" 53 Figure 41: Health talk by Jabatan Kesihatan Kuantan Figure 42: Join medical checkup from Jabatan Kesihatan Kuantan 54 Figure 43: Visit to tower of Kuantan airport Figure 44: Visit to 4 Briged Mekanize 55 Figure 45: Farewell event for Pahang Meteorological officer Figure 46: Visit to headquarters of METMalaysia 56 Figure 47: Gotong royong of Pahang Meteorological Office Figure 48: Opening audit ISMS 57 Figure 49: Hari Raya Aidilfitri celebration 58 11.0 ATTACHMENT Hourly Temperature graph Year: 2014 January 2014 February 2014 35 Temperature Temperature 35 30 25 20 30 25 20 15 15 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 Hour Hour April 2014 35 40 30 35 Temperature Temperature March 2014 25 20 30 25 20 15 15 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 Hour Hour Jun 2014 40 35 35 Temperature Temperature May 2014 40 30 25 20 30 25 20 15 15 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 Hour 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 Hour 59 August 2014 40 35 35 Temperature Temperature July 2014 40 30 25 20 15 30 25 20 15 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 Hour Hour October 2014 35 40 30 35 Temperature Temperature September 2014 25 20 15 30 25 20 15 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 Hour Hour November 2014 December 2014 35 Temperature Temperature 35 30 25 20 15 30 25 20 15 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 Hour 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 Hour 60 Hourly temperature graph Year: 2015 February 2015 35 35 30 30 Temperature Temperature January 2015 25 20 15 25 20 15 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 Hour Hour April 2015 35 40 30 35 Temperature Temperature March 2015 25 20 15 30 25 20 15 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 Hour Hour Jun 2015 40 40 35 35 Temperature Temperature May 2015 30 25 20 30 25 20 15 15 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 Hour 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 Hour 61 August 2015 40 40 35 35 Temperature Temperature July 2015 30 25 20 30 25 20 15 15 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 Hour Hour October 2015 35 40 30 35 Temperature Temperature September 2015 25 20 30 25 20 15 1 3 5 7 15 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 1 Hour 3 November 2015 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 Hour December 2015 40 35 35 Temperature Temperature 5 30 25 20 15 30 25 20 15 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 Hour 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 Hour 62 Hourly Temperature Graph Year: 2016 January 2016 February 2016 35 30 30 Temperature Temperature 35 25 20 25 20 15 15 1 3 5 7 1 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 3 5 40 30 35 Temperature Temperature April 2016 35 25 20 15 3 5 7 30 25 20 15 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 1 Hour 3 5 40 40 35 35 30 25 15 15 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 Hour Hour 25 20 5 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 30 20 3 7 Jun 2016 Temperature Temperature May 2016 1 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 Hour March 2016 1 7 Hour 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 Hour 63 August 2016 40 40 35 35 Temperature Temperature July 2016 30 25 20 30 25 20 15 15 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 Hour Hour October 2016 40 35 35 30 Temperature Temperature September 2016 30 25 25 20 20 15 15 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 Hour Hour December 2016 35 35 30 30 Temperature Temperature November 2016 25 20 15 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 Hour 25 20 15 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 Hour 64 Hourly Temperature Graph Year: 2017 January 2017 February 2017 32 Temperature Temperature 34 30 28 26 24 22 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 Hour Hour March 2017 April 2017 40 35 Temperature Temperature 30 25 20 35 30 25 20 15 15 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 Hour Hour Jun 2017 40 40 35 35 Temperature Temperature May 2017 30 25 20 15 30 25 20 15 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 Hour 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 Hour 65 July 2017 August 2017 34 35 Temperature Temperature 32 30 28 26 24 22 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 30 25 20 15 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 Hour Hour September 2017 October 2017 40 Temperature Temperature 35 30 25 20 35 30 25 20 15 15 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 Hour Hour November 2017 December 2017 35 Temperature Temperature 40 35 30 25 20 30 25 20 15 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 15 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 Hour Hour 66 Hourly Temperature Graph Year: 2018 February 2018 35 35 30 30 Temperature Temperature January 2018 25 20 15 25 20 15 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 Hour Hour April 2018 35 40 30 35 Temperature Temperature March 2018 25 20 15 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 30 25 20 15 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 Hour Hour May 2018 Jun 2018 Temperature Temperatue 40 35 30 25 20 40 35 30 25 20 15 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 15 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 Hour Hour 67 August 2018 40 40 35 35 Temperature Temperature July 2018 30 25 20 15 30 25 20 15 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 Hour Hour October 2018 35 35 30 30 Temperature Temperature September 2018 25 20 15 25 20 15 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 Hour Hour December 2018 35 35 30 30 Temperature Temperature November 2018 25 20 15 25 20 15 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 Hour Hour 68