CK-12 Chemistry Concepts - Intermediate Answer Key Chapter 1: Introduction to Chemistry 1.1 Defining Chemistry Practice Questions 1. Read the label on a prepared food product (for example: bread, cereal, dessert). List all the ingredients in the product. Look up each ingredient on the Internet and write down what that material is doing in the food product. 2. Select your favorite hobby or activity. List all the items you use in that activity or hobby. For each item, find out how chemistry has contributed to the creation or better operation of that item. Answers Answers will vary depending on selections made. Review Questions 1. How did ancient philosophers study the world around them? 2. What is the macroscopic world? 3. What is the microscopic world? Answers 1. They discussed, but did not do any experiments or detailed observations. 2. The world that we can see around us. 3. The level of individual atoms. 1.2 Events in Chemistry History Practice Questions Use this resource to answer the following questions: 1 http://www.columbia.edu/itc/chemistry/chem-c2507/navbar/chemhist.html 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Who published the atomic theory? What elements are proposed by Aristotle? Who discovered the proton? What new elements did Marie Curie discover? Who is called the “Father of Modern Chemistry”? Answers 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. John Dalton. Fire, air, water, earth. Eugene Goldstein. Uranium, thorium, radium, and polonium. Antoine Lavoisier Review Questions 1. 2. 3. 4. Who invented the first battery? What contribution to chemistry did Robert Boyle make? Who invented dynamite? What was the first synthetic resin used for? Answers 1. 2. 3. 4. Alessandro Volta Basic ideas for behavior of gases. Alfred Nobel. Inexpensive and sturdy dinnerware. 1.3 Areas of Chemistry Practice Questions Do an internet search using one of the five chemistry areas as a search term. List two significant contributions made to chemistry by that area. Answers Answers will vary 2 Review Questions Match the project with the proper chemistry discipline a. measuring mercury in seawater 1. biochemistry b. studying enzymes in cells 2. organic chemistry c. measuring the electrical properties of solutions 3. inorganic chemistry d. synthesizing new carbon compounds 4. physical chemistry e. making new compounds for energy processes 5. analytical chemistry Answers a. b. c. d. e. 5 1 4 2 3 1.4 Pure and Applied Chemistry Practice Questions Use this resource to answer the following questions: https://www.genome.gov/10001219 3 1. What happens to red cells in sickle cell patients when the hemoglobin loses oxygen? 2. What is the difference between sickle cell trait and sickle cell disease? 3. List some treatments used for sickle cell disease. 4. What is the test for sickle cell disease? Answers 1. The red cells are distorted and the cell walls break. 2. In sickle cell trait, the gene for HbS comes from one parent. In sickle cell disease, the gene comes from both parents. 3. Blood transfusions, antibiotics, hydroxyurea. 4. A blood test that checks for hemoglobin S. Review Questions 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. What is pure research? What is applied research? Give one example of pure research. Give one example of applied research. Is it always easy to classify research as pure or applied? Explain your answer. Answers 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Pure research asks “what is it?” or “how does it work?” Applied research looks at developing new materials. Studying the structure of the atom. Developing better detergents. Sometimes, there are “in-between” situations. Pure research studied the hemoglobin molecule in sickle cell disease that led to being able to do applied research to develop treatments. 1.5 Energy in Chemistry Practice Questions Use the link below to answer the following questions: http://www.eschooltoday.com/energy/kinds-of-energy/what-is-chemical-energy.html 1. Define “chemical energy” 2. What is an exothermic reaction? 4 3. 4. 5. 6. Give three examples of stored chemical energy. What happens to the energy when an explosive goes off? Why is food considered stored chemical energy? How is the energy in coal harnessed? Answers 1. 2. 3. 4. Energy involved in bond breakage A reaction that releases heat. Dry wood, food, batteries, natural gas, coal, petroleum, biomass. The stored energy is transferred to its surroundings as thermal, sound, and kinetic energy. 5. Food is considered stored energy because the energy is released during digestion, in which food is broken down and new compounds are created through chemical reactions. 6. Coal energy is harnessed through burning, which produces thermal energy. Review Questions 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Who invented dynamite? How was the nitroglycerin made more stable? What kind of energy is released when we burn natural gas? How does burning gasoline power a car? How do batteries create energy? Explain how a hand-warmer works. Answers 1. 2. 3. 4. Alfred Nobel. Mixing with silica. Heat energy. Pressure from increased volume of gas which is formed from the burning of gasoline. 5. By releasing electrons to provide electric current 6. Chemical reactions produce heat. 1.6 Medicine Practice Questions Use this resource to answer the following questions: 5 http://publications.nigms.nih.gov/chemhealth/med.htm 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. What is MRSA? What role are chemists playing in treating MRSA? What is pharmaceutical chemistry? What is the role of combinatorial chemistry? What properties help determine a molecule's potential as a drug? What is an enantiomer? Answers 1. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. 2. They are working to create new forms of antibiotic drugs to address MRSA’s resistance to most disinfectants and antiseptics. 3. An area of research that focuses on designing and making pharmaceutical drugs. 4. Combinatorial chemistry helps narrow the search down for new drugs by identifying molecular matches for specific criteria. 5. Chemical makeup, stability, and solubility. 6. Two mirror-imaged versions of a molecule that are produced from a chemical reaction. Review Questions 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. What chemical is missing in the diabetic patient? Who discovered the structure of insulin? What two things need to be studied to develop a new drug? List two areas where chemistry has helped surgical patients What blood test can be run using material purchased from your local drugstore? Answers 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. insulin Frederick Sanger The chemistry of the disease and how the drug affects the body. Better sutures and artificial skin. Blood glucose. 1.7 Agriculture Practice Questions Use this resource to answer the following questions: 6 http://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/careers/college-to-career/chemistrycareers/agricultural-and-food-chemistry.html 1. 2. 3. 4. Describe the roles of an agricultural and food chemist. Discuss basic and applied research of an agricultural and food chemist. What are the differences between an agricultural chemist and a food chemist? What are the roles of a soil and plant chemist? Answers 1. Works on aspects of crop and animal production, food safety, quality, nutrition, processing, packaging, and utilization of materials including bioenergy. 2. Basic – study properties of proteins, fats, starches, and carbohydrates, and additives and flavorants to determine how they work in a food system. Applied – develop additional ways to use ingredients or develop new ingredients. 3. Agricultural chemists develop new chemicals to increase crop production and yield, defend against pests, and protect the environment. Food chemists focus on processing, packaging, preserving, storing, and distributing foods in ways that are safe, economical, and appealing. 4. Soil and plant chemists study the composition of soil and its effects on plant group and development. Their work focuses on conservation and management. Review Questions 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. List three things crops need for good growth. How much of the water used in farming is provided by irrigation? What fraction of crops are grown using irrigation? Why do nutrients need to be added to the soil? How do pesticides work? Answers 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Water, soil nutrients, and protection from predators. About 18% worldwide. About 40%. Because they are not present in adequate amounts in the soil. They interfere with some biochemical process in the insect. 1.8 Materials Practice Questions 7 Use the link below to answer the following questions: http://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/education/whatischemistry/landmarks/carotherspoly mers.html 1. Who established modern polymer science? 2. What is the importance of nylon? 3. What other polymers were developed at DuPont? Answers 1. Wallace H. Carothers. 2. It was the first fully synthetic fiber to be sold as a consumer product. 3. Polychloroprene (neoprene). Review Questions 1. 2. 3. 4. Who developed Kevlar? Where are liquid crystals used? What is a superconductor? What are synthetic polymers made from? Answers 1.9 Chemistry and the Environment Practice Questions Use the link below to answer the following questions: http://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/careers/college-to-career/chemistrycareers/environmental-protection.html 1. 2. 3. 4. Describe the role of an environmental chemist. What disciplines should an environmental chemist study? What courses should an environmental chemist take in college? List three technical skills necessary of an environmental chemist. Answers 8 1. Monitors air, water, and soil compositions to understand how chemicals enter the environment, what affects they have, and how human activity affects the environment. 2. Biology, geology, ecology, sedimentology, mineralogy, genetics, soil and water chemistry, hydrology, toxicology, math, and engineering. 3. Coursework in biology, hydrology, geology, engineering, math, and toxicology is useful, as well as in environmental chemistry, if offered. 4. Analytical chemistry skills (chromatography, spectroscopy, and spectrophotometer skills), understanding of green chemistry, knowledge of regulations and agencies, interpersonal and communication skills, criticalthinking skills, cultural awareness, and language skills. Review Questions 1. 2. 3. 4. Where was lead found in products? What is a hazard of lead? What happens to the lead in used car batteries? List two ways chemists help with issues related to lead contamination. Answers 1. 2. 3. 4. Paint, plumbing, gasoline. Brain damage, especially in small children. It is separated, melted down, and reused. Measure the amount of lead in blood, develop ways to remove lead from the body. 1.10 Alchemy Practice Questions Answer the following questions using information from this link: http://www.economist.com/node/18226821 1. Where did the study of alchemy start? 2. Why did the medieval universities reject alchemy? 3. What was a major problem for alchemists? Answers 1. In Egypt. 9 2. The alchemists were thought to be frauds and charlatans. 3. It was not skeptical enough about its theories and findings. Review Questions 1. 2. 3. 4. Why is gold considered to be valuable? Who owned the gold mines during the ancient Egyptian and Roman civilizations? What is the elixir of life? What contributions to modern chemistry were made by the alchemists? Answers 1. 2. 3. 4. It is a rare element. They were property of the state. It gave immortality to the person who had it. Development of acids and bases, glassware, better techniques for metal extraction. 1.11 Nature of Science Practice Questions Try to answer the students’ questions about the nature of science in the animation below. Then click on the answers to see if you are correct. http://www.evolution.berkeley.edu/evosite/nature/IIIQuiz.shtml Answers Answers found on http://www.evolution.berkeley.edu/evosite/nature/IIIQuiz.shtml Review Questions 1. Define science. 2. What is the goal of science? 3. Use examples to show how science may advance. Answers 1. A way of learning about the natural world that is based on evidence and logic. 10 2. To understand how and why things happen. 3. Answers will vary. 1.12 Scientific Problem Solving Practice Questions Use the link below to answer the following questions: http://cti.itc.virginia.edu/~meg3c/classes/tcc313/200Rprojs/lavoisier2/home.html 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Describe deductive reasoning. Develop your own example of deductive reasoning. What is a syllogism? Describe inductive reasoning. What is abductive reasoning? Answers 1. Deductive reasoning takes a general statement, or hypothesis, and then uses it to reach a specific and logical conclusion. 2. Answers will vary. Example: All mammals have hair. A lion is a mammal. Therefore a lion has hair. 3. A form of deductive reasoning, which uses a major and a minor premise to reach a conclusion. If all A are B, and C is a form of A, then C is B is an example of a syllogism. 4. Inductive reasoning takes a specific observation and uses it to make a broad generalization. 5. Abductive reasoning takes an incomplete set of observations and uses that to find the most likely explanation for the set of observations. Review Questions 1. What was the basic shortcoming of the Greek philosophers approach to studying the material world? 2. How did Aristotle improve the approach? 3. Define “inductive reasoning” and give an example. 4. Define “deductive reasoning” and give an example. 5. What is the difference between a hypothesis and a theory? 6. What is the difference between a theory and a law? Answers 1. They talked, but made no observations. 11 2. Aristotle observed the world around him. 3. Inductive reasoning – developing a general conclusion from a collection of observations. I conclude the sun will rise in the east tomorrow morning because I have observed it to do so on many occasions. 4. deductive reasoning – making a specific statement based on a general principle. If I drop a ball, it will fall to the ground because of eh law of gravity. 5. A hypothesis is an educated guess based on a small amount of data, while a theory is based on extensive observations. 6. A theory offers an explanation what why something happened, but a law simply states what will be observed. 12
