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P R E FA C E
This sixth edition of the text on the unit operations of chemical engineering has
been extensively revised and updated, with much new material and considerable
condensation of some sections. Its basic structure and general level of treatment,
however, remain unchanged. It is an introductory text, written for undergraduate
students in their junior or senior years who have completed the usual courses in
mathematics, physics, chemistry, and an introduction to chemical engineering. An
elementary knowledge of material and energy balances and of thermodynamic principles is assumed.
Separate chapters are devoted to each of the principal unit operations, grouped
into four sections: fluid mechanics, heat transfer, mass transfer and equilibrium
stages, and operations involving particulate solids. One-semester or one-quarter
courses may be based on any of these sections or combinations of them. The order
of the first 16 chapters has not been changed; later ones, dealing with mass transfer
and operations involving solids, have been rearranged in a more logical order.
Nearly all equations have been written for SI units, and the Newton’s law conversion factor gc has been eliminated except in the few instances where it must be
included. Symbols for dimensionless groups have been changed to Re for NRe, for
example, Pr for NPr, and so forth. Many new examples and problems have been
added, some reflecting the importance of biochemical engineering processes. Material on handling, mixing, and grinding particulate solids has been greatly condensed
and dealt with in a single chapter. The number of appendixes is reduced from 22
to 19.
Derivations of the differential equations for continuity and momentum balances, leading to the Navier-Stokes equation, have been added, as well as the differential forms of Fourier’s law and Fick’s law, emphasizing the analogies among
momentum, heat, and mass transfer. The chapter on adsorption has been expanded
to include new material on chromatography and ion exchange, and renamed “Fixedbed Separations.” Other new material has been added on viscoelastic fluids, laminar
flow in annuli, drag coefficients, affinity laws for pumps, high-efficiency agitators
and motionless mixers, plate-type heat exchangers, boiling by submerged tube bundles, cooling towers, aqueous phase extraction, cross-flow filtration, and many
other topics.
Many of the problems at the ends of the chapters are new or revised. Most are
expressed in SI units. Nearly all the problems can be solved with the aid of a pocket
calculator; for a few, a computer solution is preferable.
McGraw-Hill and the authors thank Dr. N. T. Obot for his many suggestions regarding fluid mechanics and heat transfer, and Professor Charles H. Gooding of
Clemson University for his detailed and helpful review of the manuscript.
Julian C. Smith
Peter Harriott
xvii
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CONTENTS
Preface
SECTION I
1
xvii
Introduction
Definitions and Principles
3
Unit Operations
Unit Systems
4
4
Physical Quantities / SI Units / CGS Units / Gas Constant /
FPS Engineering Units / Conversion of Units / Units and Equations
Dimensional Analysis
Basic Concepts
16
20
Equations of State of Gases
Symbols
Problems
References
SECTION II
2
3
24
25
27
Fluid Mechanics
Fluid Statics and Its Applications
31
Hydrostatic Equilibrium
32
Applications of Fluid Statics
Symbols
Problems
References
34
Fluid Flow Phenomena
44
Laminar Flow, Shear Rate, and Shear Stress
Rheological Properties of Fluids
Turbulence
Boundary Layers
Symbols
Problems
References
45
41
42
43
46
51
59
63
64
65
vii
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CONTENTS
4
5
6
7
8
Basic Equations of Fluid Flow
67
Mass Balance in a Flowing Fluid; Continuity
Differential Momentum Balance; Equations of Motion
Macroscopic Momentum Balances
Mechanical Energy Equation
Symbols
Problems
References
67
Incompressible Flow in Pipes and Channels
94
Shear Stress and Skin Friction in Pipes
Laminar Flow in Pipes and Channels
Turbulent Flow in Pipes and Channels
Friction from Changes in Velocity or Direction
Symbols
Problems
References
94
72
77
82
90
92
93
97
104
117
123
124
127
Flow of Compressible Fluids
128
Definitions and Basic Equations
Processes of Compressible Flow
Isentropic Flow through Nozzles
Adiabatic Friction Flow
Isothermal Friction Flow
Symbols
Problems
References
128
Flow Past Immersed Bodies
150
Drag and Drag Coefficients
Flow through Beds of Solids
Motion of Particles through Fluids
Fluidization
Symbols
Problems
References
150
Transportation and Metering of Fluids
187
Pipe, Fittings, and Valves
Pumps
187
133
134
140
145
147
148
149
157
162
171
182
183
185
194
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CONTENTS
ix
Positive-Displacement Pumps / Centrifugal Pumps
Fans, Blowers, and Compressors
209
Fans / Blowers and Compressors / Comparison of Devices
for Moving Fluids
Measurement of Flowing Fluids
219
Full-Bore Meters / Insertion Meters
9
SECTION III
10
11
Symbols
Problems
References
234
Agitation and Mixing of Liquids
238
Agitated Vessels
Blending and Mixing
Suspension of Solid Particles
Dispersion Operations
Agitator Selection and Scaleup
Symbols
Problems
References
239
236
237
259
265
270
278
281
282
284
Heat Transfer and Its Applications
Heat Transfer by Conduction
291
Basic Law of Conduction
Steady-State Conduction
Unsteady-State Conduction
Symbols
291
Problems
References
312
Principles of Heat Flow in Fluids
315
Typical Heat-Exchange Equipment
Energy Balances
Heat Flux and Heat-Transfer Coefficients
315
293
300
311
314
319
321
Overall Heat-Transfer Coefficient / Individual
Heat-Transfer Coefficients
Symbols
Problems
References
333
334
335
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CONTENTS
12
Heat Transfer to Fluids Without Phase Change
336
Boundary Layers
Heat Transfer by Forced Convection in Laminar Flow
Heat Transfer by Forced Convection in Turbulent Flow
336
339
346
Transfer by Turbulent Eddies and Analogy Between Transfer
of Momentum and Heat
Heat Transfer in Transition Region Between Laminar
and Turbulent Flow
Heat Transfer to Liquid Metals
Heating and Cooling of Fluids in Forced Convection
Outside Tubes
Natural Convection
Symbols
Problems
References
13
14
15
358
360
362
365
371
373
375
Heat Transfer to Fluids with Phase Change
377
Heat Transfer from Condensing Vapors
Heat Transfer to Boiling Liquids
Symbols
Problems
References
377
Radiation Heat Transfer
406
Emission of Radiation
Absorption of Radiation by Opaque Solids
Radiation Between Surfaces
407
Radiation to Semitransparent Materials
Combined Heat Transfer by Conduction-Convection
and Radiation
Symbols
Problems
References
423
Heat-Exchange Equipment
431
Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchangers
Plate-Type Exchangers
Extended-Surface Equipment
Scraped-Surface Exchangers
432
389
401
403
404
410
413
425
427
428
430
446
449
455
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CONTENTS
16
xi
Condensers and Vaporizers
Heat Transfer in Agitated Vessels
Heat Transfer in Packed Beds
Symbols
Problems
References
456
Evaporation
473
Types of Evaporators
475
Performance of Tubular Evaporators
479
459
463
467
469
471
Evaporator Capacity / Evaporator Economy
Vapor Recompression
Symbols
Problems
References
SECTION IV
17
498
500
500
502
Mass Transfer and Its Applications
Principles of Diffusion and Mass Transfer
Between Phases
Theory of Diffusion
Prediction of Diffusivities
Mass-Transfer Theories
511
512
518
523
Film Theory / Boundary Layer Theory / Penetration Theory /
Two-Film Theory
Mass-Transfer Coefficients
530
Experimental Measurements / Coefficients for Mass Transfer through
Known Areas
18
Symbols
Problems
References
540
Gas Absorption
546
Packings and Packed Tower Design
Principles of Absorption
Absorption from Rich Gases
Mass-Transfer Correlations
546
542
544
557
574
580
Absorption in Plate Columns
Absorption with Chemical Reaction
588
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CONTENTS
19
Symbols
Problems
References
590
Humidification Operations
596
Definitions
Humidity Chart
Wet-Bulb Temperature
Cooling Towers
596
592
594
600
604
608
Theory of Counterflow Cooling Towers
20
Symbols
Problems
References
618
Equilibrium-Stage Operations
622
Equipment for Stage Contacts
Principles of Stage Processes
622
619
621
625
Equilibrium-Stage Calculations for Multicomponent Systems
21
Symbols
Problems
References
639
Distillation
641
Flash Distillation
Continuous Distillation with Reflux
641
639
640
645
Material Balances in Plate Columns / Number of Ideal Plates;
McCabe–Thiele Method
Enthalpy Balances
Design of Sieve-Plate Columns
Plate Efficiencies
672
681
689
Theory of Plate Efficiency
22
Distillation in Packed Columns
Batch Distillation
Symbols
Problems
References
699
Introduction to Multicomponent Distillation
713
Phase Equilibria in Multicomponent Distillation
Flash Distillation of Multicomponent Mixtures
713
700
704
706
711
717
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CONTENTS
23
xiii
Fractionation of Multicomponent Mixtures
Azeotropic and Extractive Distillation
Symbols
Problems
References
718
Leaching and Extraction
739
Leaching
739
734
735
736
738
Leaching Equipment / Principles of Continuous
Countercurrent Leaching
Liquid Extraction
747
Extraction Equipment / Principles of Extraction
Special Extraction Techniques
766
Supercritical Fluid Extraction
24
Symbols
Problems
References
768
Drying of Solids
773
Principles of Drying
775
769
772
Phase Equilibria
Cross-Circulation Drying
Through-Circulation Drying
782
790
Drying of Suspended Particles
Freeze-Drying
Drying Equipment
793
794
Dryers for Solids and Pastes / Dryers for Solutions and Slurries /
Selection of Drying Equipment
25
Symbols
Problems
References
807
Fixed-Bed Separations
812
Adsorption
Adsorption Equipment
812
809
810
813
Equilibria; Adsorption Isotherms / Principles of Adsorption / Basic
Equations for Adsorption / Solutions to Mass-Transfer Equations /
Adsorber Design / Continuous Operation
Ion Exchange
Equilibria / Mass-Transfer Rates / Operation of Ion Exchangers
839
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CONTENTS
26
Chromatography
Symbols
Problems
References
845
Membrane Separation Processes
857
Separation of Gases
Separation of Liquids
857
852
854
855
878
Dialysis / Membranes for Liquid-Liquid Extraction /
Pervaporation / Reverse Osmosis
27
Symbols
Problems
References
896
Crystallization
902
Crystal Geometry
Equilibria and Yields
Nucleation
Crystal Growth
Crystallization Equipment
Crystallizer Design: Crystal Size Distribution
903
898
900
904
911
918
921
927
MSMPR Crystallizer
Crystallization from Melts
Symbols
Problems
References
SECTION V
28
936
937
939
941
Operations Involving Particulate Solids
Properties and Handling of Particulate Solids
945
Characterization of Solid Particles
Properties of Masses of Particles
945
951
Storage and Conveying of Solids
Mixing of Solids
955
Mixers for Noncohesive Solids / Mixers for Cohesive Solids
Size Reduction
Computer Simulation of Milling Operations / Equipment
for Size Reduction
965
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CONTENTS
29
xv
Ultrafine Grinders
Symbols
Problems
References
977
Mechanical Separations
986
Screening
986
981
983
984
Screening Equipment
Filtration; General Considerations
991
Cake Filters
993
Centrifugal Filters / Filter Media / Filter Aids /
Principles of Cake Filtration
Clarifying Filters
1018
Liquid Clarification / Gas Cleaning / Principles of Clarification
Crossflow Filtration; Membrane Filters
1021
Type of Membranes / Permeate Flux for Ultrafiltration /
Concentration Polarization / Microfiltration
Gravity Sedimentation Processes
Centrifugal Sedimentation Processes
Symbols
Problems
References
Appendix 1 Conversion Factors and Constants of Nature
Appendix 2 Dimensionless Groups
Appendix 3 Dimensions, Capacities, and Weights
of Standard Steel Pipe
Appendix 4 Condenser and Heat-Exchanger Tube Data
1035
Appendix 5
Appendix 6
Appendix 7
Appendix 8
Appendix 9
Appendix 10
Appendix 11
1070
Tyler Standard Screen Scale
Properties of Liquid Water
Properties of Saturated Steam and Water
Viscosities of Gases
Viscosities of Liquids
Thermal Conductivities of Metals
Thermal Conductivities of Various Solids and
Insulating Materials
Appendix 12 Thermal Conductivities of Gases and Vapors
Appendix 13 Thermal Conductivities of Liquids Other
Than Water
Appendix 14 Specific Heats of Gases
1045
1056
1058
1061
1063
1066
1068
1069
1071
1072
1074
1076
1079
1080
1082
1083
1084
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CONTENTS
Appendix 15
Appendix 16
Appendix 17
Appendix 18
Specific Heats of Liquids
Prandtl Numbers for Gases at 1 atm and 100°C
Prandtl Numbers for Liquids
Diffusivities and Schmidt Numbers for Gases
in Air at 0°C and 1 atm
Appendix 19 Collision Integral and Lennard-Jones
Force Constants
1085
Index
1091
1086
1087
1088
1089
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